lectures in history is available as a podcast.it where you listen to podcasts. >> you're watching american history tv, 48 hours of programming on american history every weekend on c-span3. follow us on twitter at c-span history for information on our schedule and to keep up with the latest history news. >> next on the civil war, kelly hancock of the american civil war museum talks about the 1863 richmond bread riots. she describes the inflation and scarcity of goods that led hundreds of poor and working-class women to protest, as well as the trials and laws passed in the aftermath. the american civil war museum provided this video. kelly: so the richmond bread riot. one thing that struck me as i was going over this talk, this is one i wrote a few years ago. one thing that struck me is it seemed a little more relevant

i am pleased to welcome you to the first lecture in this year's silverman series.ining dissents, not majority opinions, different aspects thereof. you have been warned about your

eastern, and lectures in history is available at a podcast. find is where you listen to podcasts. >>> up next, from our american artifacts series, they row across the delaware river at the spot where general george washington and the continental army crossed on christmas night in 1776. we'll see the re-enactment and talk with several participants. [ drumroll ] sdas we are doing a re-enact mint of george washington's crossing on christmas night 1776. what happened here is actually one of the most unexpected and daring revolution -- the story is washington they encamped in several locations around this area, including the to which aye kneely house, which is part of our park, and things are pretty did the paragraph, and the patriot cause. the continental affirm really needed a win. washington was aflay that the british were going to invade philadelphia and take over the capital. he really knew what he needed was a bold action. after meek with his war council, they made the decision on christmas night they would brought the delaware and attack the

eastern on american history tv and lectures in history is available as a podcast. find it where you listen to podcasts. descendents of presidents from james monroe to gerald r. ford convened in washington for a conference hosted by the white house historical association. next an interview with massee mckinley who descended from grover cleveland and william mckinley. this is 15 minutes. >> massee mckinley, we're talking to you at the white house historical association's presidential site summit in washington, d.c., and you're here because you work with the organization and because you're the descendent of two presidents. tell me your family's story. >> i'm related on my maternal side to grover cleveland the 22 and 24th united states president and on my father's side, the fraternal side, to william mckinley. i'm the great-great nephew of william mckinley and the great-great grandson of grover cleveland. >> how did those two families get together? >> it happened chance. my parents married and the two became one. interesting -- >> were your parents, excuse me, aware of

in more than $200.00 chat rooms and the lecturers are using that option. matthew i go to is studying graphic design from his parents' home online lectures took a little bit of getting used to so that a student is glad that the summer semester is taking place despite the coronavirus pandemic during the lectures he can ask questions like you would have in the past. it's worked pretty well there's no buffering there were a few bugs at the start but now it works pretty well but internet connections can be a problem for some for those who live in rural districts things aren't quite as smooth sometimes you can't understand what they're saying and have to ask them to repeat something because they freeze up or whatever but it works pretty well for me open your filtering it's going to good. yes now i can just about hear the. problems with internet connections at home can make studying more difficult for some. form. i'm not sure the students will have the self-discipline to keep up with the course. as. i can see how many people have called it the videos. but i don't

lectures and archival film. upcomingedule of c-span.org/history. unfiltered coverage of congress, can the white house, the supreme court public policy events, from the presidential primaries through the impeachment process. now, the federal response to the coronavirus. c-span'satch all of programming on television, on through our free radio app. be part of the conversation through our social media feeds. c-span created by america's table television companies as a and brought to you today by your television provider. announcer: aden mclean is the children,"mussolini's race and elementary education in italy" which focuses on the period between world war i and world war ii. she explains how the fascist state used schools to advance the goals of racial strife, creating a new roman empire. the museum in new orleans stage -- taped this event in february 2019. >> on with tonight's program. "mussolini's children: race & elementary education in fascist italy." it uses the lens of the state mandated youth culture to analyze the evolution of official racism i

. >> on lectures in history, university of pittsburgh professor marcus rediker teaches a class abouthe atlantic slave trade. he explores the portuguese and spanish origins of the trade soon after the 1492. and later, how plantations based on slave labor generated enormous concentrations of wealth. howprofessor also discusses traders captured trades on the west african coast and described the horrible conditions on slave ships for captives during the middle passage. this lecture was recorded in 2010 inside the university of pittsburgh's historic cathedral of learning building. prof. rediker: greetings. good morning. our subject for today is the

lectures in history on c-span 3 every saturday at 8:00 p.m. eastern on american history tv, and lectures in history is available as a podcast. find it where you listen to podcasts. >> the presidents from public affairs available now in paper back and e-book. presents biographies of every president organized by their ranking, by noted historians from best to worst. and features perspectives into the lives of our nation's chief executives and leadership styles. visit our website, c-span.org/the presidents to learn more each president and historian featured and order your copy today wherever books and e-books are sold. >>> now on american artifacts, a visit to the nra's national fire museum in fairfax, verge, to see its collection of

. >>> why universities across the country might move away from using lecture halls. are real people, not actors, who've got their eczema under control. with less eczema you can show more skin. so roll up those sleeves. and help heal your skin from within with dupixent. dupixent is the first treatment of its kind that continuously treats moderate-to-severe eczema, or atopic dermatitis, even between flare ups. dupixent is a biologic and not a cream or steroid. many people taking dupixent saw clear or almost clear skin. and had significantly less itch. don't use if you're allergic to dupixent. serious allergic reactions can occur, including anaphylaxis, which is severe. tell your doctor about new or worsening eye problems, such as eye pain or vision changes, or a parasitic infection. if you take asthma medicines, don't change or stop them without talking to your doctor. so help heal your skin from within and talk to your eczema specialist about dupixent. if your financial situation has changed, we may be able to help. if your financial situation has changed, they get th

i am pleased to welcome you to the first lecture in this year's silverman series. this year we are examining dissents, not majority opinions, different aspects thereof. you have been warned about your cell phones and apple watches and so forth so i will not appear that, but you will be in the doghouse if it goes off during the period of our evening. i also want to thank our host, justice stephen breyer, who , against all odds, agreed to come and introduce our speaker this evening on the first day of a busy term. justice breyer is one of the most faithful friends of the society. whenever we have called on him to help us out, he has shown up and done a wonderful job. i want us to thank him for taking time away from his busy schedule on first day of term. i don't want to impose too much on justice breyer's time, so i will abbreviate the introduction of justice breyer. he was born in san francisco and received an ab from stanford, a college oxford, and llb from harvard. he served as a law clerk to justice arthur goldberg of the supreme court of the united states during

lectures in history on c-span3 every saturday at 8:00 p.m.astern on american history tv and lectures in history is available as a podcast. find it where you listen to

o'donnell is a lecturer at the college of criminal justice, a former new york city police officer and trainer and instructor at the police academy in new york city. welcome to washington journal. (202) 748-8001 good to be with -- guest: good to be with you. host: let me ask about how this started. what you think went wrong in the encounter between the four officers and george floyd on that memorial day arrest attempt? guest: it is a complex conversation and it will consume a lot of time. it is a terrible outcome, my condolences to the deceased and the family of the deceased. in my view, the starting point is the play could break down at the top, i don't know why political officers in a pandemic are involved in a $20 counterfit bill custodial arrest. the think that's the same thing --pened in the eric andre the eric garner arrest. any police interaction, this is obviously a horrible 1, 8 minutes on the guy's neck, but no one can promise that you can't have some version of this going forward to -- you will have some version of this going forward. people offering the idea that if you can

and "lectures in history" is available as a podcast. find it where you listen to podcasts. >>> next on "the presidency," while the country confronts the coronavirus, we look back at presidents who faced crises while in the white house. in the 2003 program, john seigenthaler talked about james k. poke who conducted the 1848 war against mexico. this interview was included in c-span's 2019 book "the presidents," a compilation of interviews with noted historians. mr. poke ranked 14th in c-span's story of presidential leadership. >> john seeingigenthaler, autho "james k. polk." how did they talk you into doing a biography of this president? >> he called me and said you're a tennessean, james polk was a tennessean. why don't you write a biography for the series on the presidents. i said, arthur, i don't have time. i'm retired. he said i want you to do one thing. he said allen evans has done a paper back that excerpts his diary, his presidential diary. just take the weekend to read it and tell me no. i read the excerpts from the diary and i co

and lectures in history is available as a podcast. find it where you listen to podcasts. >>> next on "the presidency," while the country confronts the coronavirus we look back at presidents who faced crises while in the white house. in this 2003 program from c-span's book note series john talks about polk. mr. polk ranked 14th in c-span's historian survey of presidential leadership. >> how did they talk you into doing a biography on this president? >> arthur called me on the phone and said you're in tennessee and james k. polk is a tennesseen. and he said i want you to do one thing. he said allen evans has done a paper back that excerpts his diary, his presidential diary. just take a weekend and read it and tell me no. and i read the excerpts from the diary and i could say no. i was fascinated about the man. >> did you know much about him before this? >> i knew his grave was behind the capitol. there is no marker in nashville except a plaque on the side of a dirty motel wall. his old home place in columbia is preserved and i've been t

lecture theatres will remain almost empty this autumn, as universities prepare for a return to campuss living and studying in small groups. mummy! and the moment an nhs medic was reunited with her daughters after two months away, working on hospital coronavirus wards. and in sport on bbc news, american ryder cup captain steve stricker says fans would be cheated if they event goes ahead without them this september. good evening. all four police officers who were present when george floyd was arrested in the us city of minneapolis are now facing charges in connection with his death. derek chauvin, the officer who was filmed kneeling on his neck, has had his charge elevated to second degree murder. the three other police officers who were there have all been charged with aiding and abetting murder. george floyd's death has sparked huge protests in cities across america. the vast majority of demonstrations over the past eight days have been peaceful, but some have turned violent. today the us defence secretary, mark esper, distanced himself from president trump's suggestion that the milit

it was a chance to lecture. for others, a fatherly chat. >> you are on your way home. >> the topic chosen was loitering. >> really try to understand each other and to be fair with each other. >> we want to have one observer from each group to tell the rest of the group what happened. you see these officers as having been honest with you? add?ing else to -- he asked me about my feelings. i believe i am being very positive and very fair. >> did you believe what he said? >> like i said. >> yes or no? >> you cannot say. ok. now police trainees are brought together with the pride eminently -- the predominantly black college. >> there are ways to perform your authoritative duties, but you do not have to walk around alike lake, i am a policeman. change in the policeman's honor is the honor itself. neighborhoodin the and they jump out of the car, 15 black men. the white one has a shotgun standing around looking like david boone, anybody. how do you feel? >> self-preservation, you might call it. i do not want to go somew

so, welcome to our brand—new unused 580 seater lecture theatre.ready feel redundant. we miss our students and we are keen to have them back and give them the best experience we can, given the current government restrictions, so we may not get 580 in, but we could probably get 50 or 60 in. the timetable's been redrawn to help social distancing, and students may have to live and study with the same small group, to limit who they mix with. freshers' week is going online, like most of the lectures — no wonder some are reconsidering. i would just urge students if they are thinking about deferring, is not to make that decision just yet. gather as much information as possible, before making that final determination. a lot will change between now and september. they will go through an airport—style scanner, which measures their temperature. a lot‘s changed already, here in bolton, as they try to keep students on campus. fortunately i have cleared so i can go through. what we have done is followed all the social distancing guidelines and rules for workplac

lectures in history on c-span3 every saturday at 8:00 p.m. eastern on american history tv and lectures in history is available as a podcast. find it where you listen to podcasts. >>> the presidents, from public affairs. available now in paperback and ebook presents biographies of every president by noted historians from best to worst and features perspectives into the lives of our nation's chief executives and leadership styles. visit our website, c-span.org/the presidents to learn more about even president and historian featured and order your copy today, wherever books and ebooks are sold. now on america tv's look at the history of gay rights and the pioneering gay films of lilly vincenz. a gay rights group founded in 1950. ♪ ♪

hosted this event. >> we are privileged to have gordon s would with us for this 2019 james madison lectureessor wood is, i think it is fair to say, the dean of early american historians. he is a professor emeritus at brown university, born in concord, massachusetts, where the revolutionary war began. he was raised in that commonwealth and graduated summa con la out of from tufts university and earned a phd from harvard university, where he studied under bernard phelan.

lectures in history on c-span3 on "american history tv" and lectures in history is available as a podcast, find it where you listen to podcasts. >>> next, a conference about abraham lincoln's life. richard carwardine talks about abraham lincoln's sense of humor. this is 50 minutes. >> good morning, ladies and gentlemen. i'm a board member of the abraham lincoln institute and a former executive director of the commission. thank you for joining us today. unlike that of winston churchill, abe lincoln's humor tended toward self-depravation. the spectators shouted that lincoln was being two-faced. two-faced cried lincoln. if i had two faces, do you think i would wear this one? [ laughter ] >> lincoln's humor was an essential component of his personality and political persona. richard carwardine will explore with us whether his humor might also occasionally have been a handicap. richard carwardine was educated at corpis kristy. he taught history before being appointed professor at oxford university and a fellow of st. catharine's college. he was elected president of the college in 2010 and serv

>> next on lectures in history, virginia commonwealth history professor discusses the lives of formerly enslaved african-american following emancipation. she explains how they defined freedom for themselves, while the federal government debated political and legal definition. also discusses the role of institutions in newly freed african-american communities. >> all right. so today we're going to be talking about the meaning of freedom and i wanted to capture our sort of earlier discussions about the meaning of freedom when we thought about free communities, free black folks in the north and the south and how we came up with this way of representing freedom as freedom with a line through it. not quite freedom to freedom. the to -- right, this question of freedom and what did it mean. and so, for today we're going to be talking about what did freedom mean and in particular, we'll be thinking about what did freedom mean to the free people, right. and in january of 1865, secretary of war, edwin stanton and union general william sherman had a meeting with 20 preachers in savannah, georgia,

and lectures in history is available as a podcast. find it where you listen to podcasts. >>> tonight, on american history tv, a look at western history beginning at 8:00 p.m. eastern. with university of arkansas professor elliott west, lecturing about the environmental impact of the california gold rush. she describes how 19th century mining practices led to deforestation, mercury contamination, and sediment-clogged rivers. watch american history tv tonight and over the weekend on c-span3. >> c-span has unfiltered coverage of congress, the white house, the supreme court, and public policy events from the presidential primaries through the impeachment process, and now the federal response to the coronavirus. you can watch all of c-span's public affairs programming on television, online, or listen on our free radio app. and be part of the national conversation through c-span's daily washington journal program. or through our social media feeds. c-span, created by america's cable television companies as a public service and brought to yo

. >> eugene o'donnell is a lecturer at the john jay college of criminal justice, a former new york city police officer and trainer and instructor at the police academy in new york city. welcome to washington journal. guest: good to be with you. host: let me ask you about how this all started. what do you think went wrong in the encounter between the four officers and george floyd on that memorial day arrest attempt? it is a complex conversation. it will consume a lot of time. it is a terrible outcome. my condolences to the deceased and the family of the deceased. event, the this error gartner event, -- eric --ner event the same thing happened. they were in search of cigarettes. the mayors have to give more clarity. matters,ndly important police should not be involved. i hate that it had to end badly. this is so horrible, 8 minutes on the guy's neck. no one can promise that you won't have some version of this going forward. policing is the nature of the work. we have people offering up the idea that if you train, you can train your way to a point where this won't happen again. there is n

and "lectures in history" is available as a podcast.e you listen to podcasts. >>> next on "the presidency," while the country confronts the coronavirus, we look back at presidents who faced crises while in the white house. in the 2003 program, john seigenthaler talked about james k. poke who conducted the 1848 war against mexico. this interview was included in c-span's 2019 book "the presidents," a compilation of interviews with noted

we will talk more about that in a lecture next week as well. we will talk about the early end of the cold war and ronald reagan's role in that as well as mikhail gorbachev's and others as well. let's start with reagan and the new right. we can go to his biography. here have ronald reagan and his first job. really his second job. his first was as a lifeguard. his second as a radio announcer in des moines, iowa. his career was largely a career in entertainment, not in policy, in entertainment, in radio and in movies. inwas born ronald reagan dixon, illinois. it was a rural community where farmers came in to buy supplies, sell their goods, etc. and then at a young age he became a fan of franklin roosevelt and began his life as a teenager who was a new deal democrat. this was largely because of the experiences his father had -- his family had. his father jack reagan, as you can tell from the name was a descendent of irish immigrants. he was a fast talking , backslapping shoe salesman. well loved. and as a shoe salesman, he went door to door. he act

and lectures in history is available as a podcast.re you listen to podcasts. >>> next on "the presidency," while the country confronts the coronavirus we look back at presidents who faced crises while in the white house. in this 2003 program from c-span's book note series john talks about polk. mr. polk ranked 14th in c-span's historian survey of presidential leadership. >> how did they talk you into doing a biography on this

i mean, i can make this lecture, ladies and gentlemen. just pick two battles and i could put it up there. i mean, the list could go on and on. we can put chickamauga there. we can put chancellorsville up there. we can put spotsylvania, i was . i was driving down here and the lady who talks to me on the phone that tells me where to go from time to time, she is having me drive past grant headquarters in 1864. i am like, this is really cool, she must really know what i like. [laughter] you could really argue. you could really argue. what is the turning point? is there a big turning point? let me start by saying that i do recognize that, ok? there are other subjects and there is a lot of subjects, especially in the western theater, when i say that i mean mississippi, tennessee, those type, even west of the mississippi. there is a lot of subjects that are uncovered out there. but the problem is i am supposed to and i sincerely thank the editor of ecw, chris, for his patience with me on this book on vicksburg, which is almost at 500 words if i

lectures in history on c-span3 every saturday at 8:00 p.m. eastern on american history tv and lectures in history is available as a podcast. find it where you listen to podcasts. >> tonight, lecturing about the environmental impact of the california gold rush. he describes how 19th century mining practices tloed led to deforestation and sediment clogged waters. watch american history tv tonight and over the weekend on c-span3. >> c-span has unfiltered coverage of the white house, congress, and the impeachment process and now the federal response of the coronavirus. you can watch all of the programming on television, online, or listen on our free radio app. and be part of the national conversation through c-span's daily washington journal program or through our social media feeds. c-span, created by america's cable television companies as a public service and brought to you today by your television provider. >> next on "lectures in history," professor alisa gutierrez-romine teaches a class about laws and policies regard ago bor regarding abort

i could spend a whole lecture talking about the founder of non-list. he is -- you have a lot of about the founding of it in your reading by jonathan black. one of the things i think is important in looking at this moment and at this figure is the machines shaped in this and the proliferation of exercise in the united states. when he went to -- i have a small issue right here. sorry about that. when arthur joan, the father of nautilus, started lifting weights, he was horrified by the lack of efficiency in lifting traditional barbells. he set to work. he did not have much money back then. he set to work devising what he thought was a more efficient way all health and fitness. what came out of that, a guy who was deeply skeptical, only had a ninth grade education himself, phd's was as good as two today, he built the machines and engines, which are those machines, in order to increase weights, you would take out a little pin, put them in and raise the weight by putting the pin in different places. as you read in your text by jonathan black, he peddled this

"lectures in history" on c-span3. every saturday at 8:00 p.m. eastern on american history tv and "lectures in history" is available as a podcast. find it where you listen to podcasts. >>> the senate health committee holds a hearing tuesday to get an update on the coronavirus response and plans to re-open the u.s. economy. witnesses include white house coronavirus task force members dr. stephen hahn, dr. anthony fauci and dr. robert redfield. live coverage begins at 10:00 eastern on c-span3, online at c-span.org, or listen live on the free c-span radio app. >>> richard schroeder is a former cia officer and author of "the foundation of the cia: harry truman, the missouri gang and the origins of the cold war." up next he talks about the history of u.s. intelligence gathering through world war ii and details how and why president truman established the cia in 1947. mr. schroeder also tells the story of the missouri gang, allies from president truman, who were instrumental in the creation of the ci aa. the international spy museum recorded this event

i don't cover this in the lecture. but they were actually so organized they created their own credit arm so they helped to finance women who couldn't afford it up front. they charged more for it. but it created a payment plan for some of the women who could not pay for it up front. they were very innovative. yeah. this ring, they're in operation for a few years, after many tips, there is a series of raids. it's eventually brought down by giant task force of the lapd, san francisco police department andal meeta county sheriffs. will all members of the ring were arrested. it's incredibly profitable though. i don't think i can stress that enough. if we're just look teg downtown los angeles office, they netted the equivalent of about $85,000 per month. that's after all of their fees, commissions, everything. that is their profit, $85,000 per month, just from the downtown l.a. office. they also had offices in san diego, long beach, seattle, san francisco, oakland, and more. so they're not doing too bad. the district attorne

i this i this lecture already made its main point or exhausted your patience.his was a formidable organization whose officers took their trades seriously and sought to make the most effective use of the resources entrusted to them. it was no accident that the british soldier won most of his battles of it took americans eight grueling years to secure their independence. like the u.s. military in vietnam, afghanistan and iraq, they learned it's not much to vanquish armies on the battlefield when also confronted by an armed insurgency that controls much if not most of the countryside along with the populous, no matter how well great powers train their troops and the latter adapt, mighty armies will squander their strength by not including a viable formula for winning hearts and minds in their strategic plans. thank you. we have a few minutes for questions, i believe. up front? >> thanks, professor. to having done a great job at show showing how bad the seven years war outfits were at getting officers killed and how stupid marching in a bad line, presenting a near

, make friends, thatis to see my lecturers, make friends, that is quite a lot of money for universitiestional student numbers are not good to recover, this is a big financial problem for universities and that is a big problem for many, many towns and cities throughout the uk. laura? yes, exactly. and they think one of the big problems as you are not getting this money from overseas. if students are not able to fly here and work and attend university, on a very human level, it's not very much fun turning up for precious weekend being constricted to small social bubbles, but if you don't like who you are in a bubble with them in a large part of university is the academic side, but let's be honest from a lot of young people go to university for the life experience to make friends and to have fun. it doesn't really sound like much fun at the moment. so hopefully for students it does get better. i do feel sorry for starting unit versed in september, thank you both of you forjoining us. it's been good to have you and good to talk through some of those front pages ahead of tomorrow. we of cour

lectures in history on c-span3 every saturday at 8:00 p.m. eastern on american history tv and lectures in history is available as a podcast. find it where you listen to podcasts. >>> next, on american history tv, andrew mackillop explores his homeland's role during the american revolution. despite fighting for the opposition, many scotts gained land. the museum of the american revolution and the pritzker museum and the richard von hess museum held a three-day international conference. >> want to welcome you back. we had a great key note session last night. that is the 2019 international conference on the american revolution. we're meeting here in philadelphia at the museum of the american revolution. we're very grateful to our sponsors, who you could see on the screen, the pritzer library and richard c. von hess foundation and john m. and jeanne rowe. there is a long genealogy that is fair to say to this particular topic which goes back more than a quarter century. very personal for me. it starts with the insight which is brought out in the e

host: eugene o'donnell is a lecturer at the john jay college of criminal justice. he is a former new york city police officer, and instructor at the police academy. eugene o'donnell, welcome to washington journal. guest: good to be with you. host: let me ask you about how this all started. int do you think went wrong the encounter between the four officers and george floyd on that memorial day arrest attempt? it is a would say complex conversation. it is going to consume a lot of time. it is a terrible outcome. my condolences to the family. pointview, the starting is political breakdown at the top. i don't know why police officers in the middle of a pandemic are involved in a $20 counterfeit bill custodial arrest. the same thing happen in the eric garner case. the mayors have to give more clarity. any police interaction can end badly. this is obviously a horrible one. nobody can promise that you can't have some version of this going forward. you will have issues going forward. it is the nature of the work. we have people that are offering up the idea that you can t

in part by lecturing students. your kids may have seen him speak.'ve certainly heard a lot of people like tim wise. in america's schools, the revolution has been in progress for quite some time. rochester in new york has been a black lives matter themed lesson plan, including dismissing america's bedrock institutions in america itself is inherently racist. questions include, how does mass incarceration and function as a mechanism of racialized social control? one specific racial group is singled out for exclusive blame. the curriculum promotes a book called "white rage: the unspoken racial truth of our divide." in other words, there's a reason hatred and inequality exists. these people did it! that's what your kids are learning right now. that's not an overstatement. yesterday in iowa, the principal sent an email to the parents in which he promised to increase the "race conscious education of our students." he distributed materials from the southern poverty law center. ironically, the southern poverty law center is itself a hate group. that is been

he serves as president of the ford foundation and will be our 2020 terry sanford distinguished lecturer. i have to say, given all of mr. walker's extraordinary accomplishments, whoever introduces him has their work cut out for them. born in lafayette, louisiana, darren walker was one of the first children in the nation to benefit from the head start program. he went on to were a scholarship at the university of texas at austin, where he would graduate with degrees in government, speech communication, and law, before pursuing a successful career as an attorney and an investment banker. for the past three decades, mr. walker has been one of our nation's foremost philanthropic executives. he has served as chief operating officer of harlem's largest development corporation. vice president of the rockefeller foundation, co-founder and chair of the u.s. impact investing alliance, and for the past seven years as president of the ford foundation, where he overcease an endowment of $13 billion and $600 million in annual grant making. he is dedicated to tackling the most difficult issues in the w

for the next part of today's lecture, i want to talk a little bit about just that. the slave trade experience. i want to draw on research i did for a book called "the slave ship: a human history." the examples i want to give you are drawn from the british and american slave ships of the 18th century. beginning about 1700 and going up to the abolition of the slave trade in 1807-1808. this is regarded by many as the peak period of the slave trade. this is the moment when more people are shipped than in any other. this is the moment of the formation of the american slave system. what i would have you try to do right now, and for the next few minutes, is to imagine what it would have been like to be one of roughly 300 people gathered together and placed on board a slave ship. maybe this will help you think about it. imagine that the 300 are going to be drawn from a number of different cultures, a number of different language groups. know that the 300 will have been enslaved by other africans before they got to the ship. but also understand that they did not all consider