generation who completed its fertility in 1970, you may observe that in two northern regions, namely liguria and piedmont, the completed fertility of this generation is 1.5 respectively, and 1.7. while for the same generation in the south, the majority of southern regions had a completed fertility of 3.5, so more than a double. the effects of low fertility in the north did not become apparent at first because the availability of industrial jobs drew in large numbers of migrants from the south. many of the jobs created in the industrial north of italy brought opportunities for women. [golini] in italy 20 or 30 years ago, women are in a backward position. so women improved very, very rapidly their position, and we have two indicators in my opinion are very important. the first one is that in the last year, the graduates in the university were more women than men. on the side of labor in the last 15 years in italy, we created three millions new full-time jobs for women and about 300,000 new full-time jobs for men. this means this is really a tangible indicator of the "revolution" we observed bo