from lincoln, you know, i've reference the part where lincoln says but for the slaves there would beo war. frederick douglass takes this as you are blaming us for the war. i'm sure he heard it that way. a lot of people heard it that way but, in fact, what lincoln meant, the context of the complete quote, but for this terrible situation that started with the importation of slaves and the slave system has been going on for centuries here, but for that we would not have white men slitting the throats of other whitening. he used that image. now, it's slightly better said that way i think and how it was heard, but slightly more benevolent towards black race in terms of saying, well, we messed this up and we ought to start all over again. but that was i think the feeling he had. in the back. >> yes. there are about 2 million men who served in the union armies and i think about 300 or so died in the war, most of them died after the emancipation proclamation was signed. prior to the war, or beginning of the war, they were fighting for the preservation of the union. did not the emancipation p

lincoln continues. "i always feel inclined when i say anything to soldiers to impress on them with a few brief remarks the importance of this contest. it is not merely for today but for all time to come that we should perpetuate for our children's children that great free government that we have enjoyed all of our lives. i beg you to remember this." in not merely for my sake, but for yours. reminds people that they are part of a larger whole. their work affected not merely themselves but future generations. who will, it is hoped, be able to enjoy the benefits of a unified country just like they have. he reminds the soldiers of his own humble beginnings. "i have temporarily lived in this big white house. i am living witness that any of your children can live here just as my father's child has. it is an order that each one of chance for your industry and enterprise and intelligence that people will have equal privileges and all of their desirable human aspirations." the soldiers were very likely to be fam

lincoln. john charles freemont refused to drop out of the race. he actually was the first republican candidate in 1856 and freemont was threatening to divide the republican party if lincoln didn't drop out of the race. what better patriotic day to hold a convention, and the democrats saw how badly the war was going and they thought, maybe we should wait and see how much worse it gets before we choose our nominee and also write our platform. so they waited until the last three days of august, when they convened on august 29th in chicago, they chose to nominate george b. mcclellan for president and george h. pendleton for vice president. george mcclellan was a very popular officer during the first part of the watr. the soldiers absolutely loved mckellan. he was a fairly moderate candidate, he was pro union and pro war, but he was also pro slavery. the vice presidential nominee was the more controversial one. george h. pendalton, who's also depicted in the spielburg movie, pendal pon is one of th

lincoln. historians have generally looked at the statistics, and they say it is pretty obvious, the soldiers supported emancipation and the soldiers supported lincoln that is why 80% of them voted for him. that in my book, i argue that i think historians have been getting it wrong for the last 150 years. i can only briefly summarize my findings tonight, but the main thrust of my book is to show how democrats in the army were intimidated and coerced into silence throughout much of the war. when they opposed emancipation. and the link in administration used to wear sieve measures as a way to try to teach the soldiers that they needed to fight in a war for emancipation. keep in mind, when the war begins, lincoln's argument is that this is a war for unions, say i amers enlisting enlisting into the union to its own lincoln had to teach them, i argue, that they needed to fight for emancipation. 1854, the election of there are a lot of soldiers opposing emancipation, speaking out against it. so the w

lincoln or no lincoln, but it's stunning to think demand that we call the great emancipator is speaking in such a way. who knows if he really meant this or if this is an example of a worthy political nature that people have described. still, in such statements, and there are many of them contained in the fury of this book, there is so much more clarity proclaimed and a man of many faces lingering unchangeable to greet the moment at hand and hiding when he truly believed whatever he truly believed. and it's my preference to look at both the good and the bad. he was, after all, a man, first and foremost. brock, self-serving, incompetence as well as billions and i think you'll find in reading my book that all of this is acutely part of what is perhaps most turbulent and tumultuous part of his life. centered around the issue over what is almost certainly the third most important documented american history and that is emancipation proclamation. it contains no poetry in no great praises for the ages like those in the second inaugural address. and no identifiable elements refined like all men

for lincoln. historians have generally looked at this statistic and they say, well it is pretty obvious. the soldier supported emancipation and soldiers supported lincoln. that's why 80% of them voted for him. in my book i argue that i think historians have been getting it wrong for the last 150 years. can i only briefly summarize my findings tonight but the main thrust of my book is to show how democrats in the army were intimidated and coerced into silence throughout much of the war when they opposed emancipation. and that lincoln administration used coercive measures as a way it try to teach soldiers that they needed to fight in a war for emancipation. keep in mind when the war begins, lincoln's argument, and his argument throughout the war, is that this is a war for union and soldiers who enlist in 1861 and 62 say i'm enlisting for the union. so lincoln has to teach them, i argue, that they need to fight for emancipation. and in this period of the election of 1864, there is a lot of soldiers p

lincoln came to have the same point of view. lincoln was a man of great humanity. he suffered great sadness for the carnage that the civil war exacted on the american people, both north and south. but said that the sooner we bring this war to an end, even if it takes harsh measures to accomplish it, the better off we'll be in the long run. >> rose: was any effort to somehow bridge a piece in terms of envoys, trying to talk to the other side to give up? >> there were efforts along that line. in 1863, at the time that lee invaded pennsylvania and the campaign that lead to the battle of gettysburg, jefferson davis appointed his vice president, alexander stevens as an envoy to go to under flag of truce to washington to talk to lincoln whom he had known when they were fellow members of congress back in the 1840s and fellow wigs when the wig party still existed. >> ride through the territory -- >> he had to go down to fort monroe and under flag of truce, and send word to washington, and the ostensible purpose was to deal with some problems that had come up with the priso

lincoln came to have the same point of view. lincoln was a man of great humanity.e suffered great sadness for the carnage of the civil war. exacted on the american people north and south. he said that the sooner we bring this war to an end, even if it takes harsh measures to accomplish it, the better off we will be. >> was their effort to bridge aps in terms of envoys to give up? >> there were efforts along that line. in 1863 at the time that we invaded pennsylvania, jefferson davis appointed his vice president, alexander stephens, as an envoy to go to washington to talk to lincoln, whom he had known in the 1840's. >> he wrote their territory controlled by the union. >> he had to go to fort monroe under a flag of truce and singapore to washington. the sensible purpose was to deal with a prisoner of war exchange. the real purpose was as lee was in pennsylvania lincoln would recognize the necessity. lincoln sent word back to bother to come. february 1865, the confederacy was on the ropes, lincoln met with the confederate envoys at the mouth of the james river. lincol

james linder aboard the c-span bus in lincoln, nebraska. charles in sioux city, nebraska, a parent there. go ahead with your question or comment. >> caller: good morning. i have a question, i have two grandsons going to your university in the ag department and wondering why is it so difficult to find scholarship or any kind of money to go to school if you don't do the right research, you end up getting none. >> well at the university of nebraska lincoln, there are a wide variety of need based scholarships and in fact at unl 3,000 students attend the university with no tuition charge. there are also other academic related scholarships depending on what field the student is in. very few student scholarships are actually focused on the potential research that a student might be interested in doing. unless of course, they are a graduate student and we have extensive support for graduate students who are pursuing master's degrees or ph.d. degrees. >> dr. linder, schools get more money for out of state students. do these students get preferences?

it was the abraham lincoln touch.incoln and johnson, their parties controlled congress by substantial margins. that has not been the case with obama. in some respects obama has been victim of bad luck. >> in terms of the makeup of the opposition? determination to oppose everything he stands for. >> you were once told you would be forced to choose between being a popular historian or a historian's historian. did you make that choice? >> i believe you can be both. >> i thought you would say that. >> history can be serious. history can be educational. , entertaining.e >> if it is well-written. >> if it has a great story to tell. >> if there is passion. that's right. >> live your passion for the civil war? >> the civil war is the hand everything that has happened in american history, fulfill the promise of the revolution and the constitution, the united states would survive as a nation based on broad popular suffrage. not as broad as today. most states blacks could not vote. more than any other country in the world. that

to become lincoln. he becomes the person. who were supposed to even the hotel. he was under an assumed name, but he wanted to go to a bar. we went to a bar and immediately someone came up to us and offered us drinks. i thought i got a 30 overpeer but they didn't recognize him. it was me they recognize. so we laughed and laughed and laughed. so anyway, we got through it and for an entire year he had me send them looks about clay and webster in the revolution and finally went to hinchman, virginia to see the filming, but he was no longer my friend into which he had been for a year. he was mr. lincoln. you couldn't talk to them as if he was daniel. i didn't get to see daniel again until the awards ceremony started in the premieres so the first one in new york the premier said we had to go to a bar to celebrate, to remember that night before when he was just becoming lincoln. the way of a couple drinks, old cubans, his favorite drink and i only had to yet more than me which is an important part of the story

president lincoln spent about one quarter of his presidency in the lincoln cottage. it's fairly modest, but it was outside of the center of the city. it was away from the white house for people who were always bothering him about something, and away from the disease and the heat of downtown washington, d.c., so he and his family would escape. he would ride back and forth on his horse, sometimes alone, and go to the lincoln cottage. high elevation. he could also look out and see the dome of the capital that was under construction, and it was one of his objectives that the capitol dome be completed to show the strength of the union. sadly, we know today that many of the people who worked on that dome were slaves, but for abraham lincoln, it was also a symbol of the union. if you go to the grounds of the lincoln cottage today, you can walk and see the capitol dome from there, and it remains a very inspiring site. also, sadly, you can go to the ford theater, where he was shot, and then you can cross the street and go to the peterson house where abraham lincoln died. you

issues, and lincoln as a writer. suddenly it occurred to me, what am i going to do next? should i do a biography of john quincy adams? only a madman will do this. it took me six years, but it also provided me with the pleasure of being here tonight with this distinguished moderator. >> thank you, fred. talking about quincy adams and lincoln, one of the amazing things about john quincy adams is he knew george washington and abraham lincoln. this biography gives us a full orchard of the public and private john quincy adams. i want to read something that john quincy adams wrote. he said, we are sent into this world for some end. it is our duty to discover what this end is and when we once discover it, to pursue it with unconquerable perseverance. you would think that john quincy adams said that at the end of his life. he wrote that when he was 11 years old. what kind of a child are we talking about here? >> when i was 11 years old i was writing other kinds of sayings. i deeply identify with that expression of dedication

it gave lincoln another 177,000 men. the united states army throughout the next 80 years are going to look on what they did. they are going to try to annihilate the enemy. morning, what grant strategy meant comes up for a man named theodore gerrish. he said, it, meaning grant army, has retained a grip on the confederacy, a grip that will it the relaxed until breathes its last breath. if you have any questions, i will stick around. mc.ll turn it over to our chris. [applause] >> we have a few questions. if you do have questions, i will pass the microphone on. let the microphone get to you before asking your questions. i have a question up here. many people in the south are asking about the war. >> that is absolutely correct. to make a statement. i want to do listen carefully to how i word this. davis is going to say it -- he knows were then commanders do. we will take what advice davis gets. he had a way of talking to him. jefferson davis commanded the war department essentially the way adolf hitler is going to command in

teddy roosevelt deliberately echoes lincoln and says he is echoing lincoln and stands up for lincoln and says he is lincoln spokesman. it doesn't get more lincolnian than that during his presidency. >> host: one thing i was fascinated by in your book is again and again we talk about and i'm paraphrasing obviously but when the lincolnian language is forgotten and financial or business fleets are able to accumulate great wealth and influence the political system it's almost like a rubber band in your narrative. there are some type of financial panic or recession that comes back. how did you formulate this thesis? were there any economics that you drew? i saw that john kenneth galbraith, says the pattern you discerned in history that depressions were caused by inequality of wealth? >> guest: you are asking about my entire graduate career. what have i drawn? i'm a little gob smacked simply because i mean the footnotes only have for the most part primary sources because of the sheer length of them. obviously i think keynes was onto something. >> host: items for example that friedman and s

to abraham lincoln. he is going to hit knoxville and franklin. he is going to destroy the confederate army of tennessee. as he does that he takes the force and allows sherman to make that exhuming north into the carolinas. -- takes wing -- big swing into the carolinas. what lee would have is sherman at the back door and grant at the front. these men, who employed these tax takes -- tactics, these men came up with a strategy that is going to be employed. it is so cruel the enemy does not want to wage it. they are going to employ the strategy they used against the natives, which is a campaign of annihilation. once they crossed over, the united states army will try to use a mixture of annihilation as well as maneuver. the united states army in northwestern europe is going to try to use maneuver when they can, but they will try to do what they can to concentrate firepower, airpower, seapower, anything they can. this is a doctrine that carried over. it gave lincoln another 177,000 men. the united states army

lincoln as commander in chief which received the lincoln prize and -- also receive the lincoln prize. he's going to talk to us today about his newest work, "embattled rebel" jefferson davis as commander in chief. i will turn it over to you. >> i apologize for keeping you waiting or perhaps i should require the gentleman who sabotage the air traffic control mechanics in chicago about 10 days ago because everything is -- and i've been in chicago as part of a book tour for this book. just about everybody who knows something about the civil war is familiar with the problems that president abraham lincoln had with general george b. mcclellan and who he described as the general who would not fight. less familiar except maybe here in the south and i'm sure about about that is the story of similar tensions between confederate general jefferson davis and -- johnson never ran for president the way mcclellan did against lincoln but the hostility between johnston and davis became more intense, lasted longer and perhaps had a more adverse impact on the confederate war effort than did the lincoln m

lincoln. the story in the "herald tribune" said that woodrow wilson went to the house judiciary committee for an informal discussion of the treaty of her side. but that is it. -- treaty of versailles. but that is it. >> did the house judiciary committee ask him to testify? >> he exit proposed to do so. -- he actually propose to do so. all sorts of questions were raised. not just from the usual political adversaries regarding possible motives behind this, and in the ensuing uproar, he decided that it would make perfect sense for him to break with tradition and in fact become the first president since lincoln to testify before a judiciary committee. the reaction was much more negative than he had anticipated. all sorts of questions were raised, and not just from the usual set of political adversaries regarding possible motives behind this. uproar, heensuing decided that it would make perfect sense for him to break with tradition and in fact become the first president since lincoln to testify bef

james mcpherson has a new book about confederate president jefferson davis or as i call him the lincoln of slavery. investigators found i.s.i.s. used ammunition from 21 different countries including china. oh, no! some of those pull et cetera might contain lead! this is "the colbert report"! (cheers and applause) captioning sponsored by comedy central (eagle caw) (cheers and applause) >> stephen: welcome to "the report." (audience chanting "stephen") (cheers and applause) >> stephen: well come to "the report"! good to have you with us! thank you so much for being here! nation, today is the first monday in october, the start of the supreme court's new session, and i am pumped to the gavels. it's like the start of football season, only, unlike the n.f.l., the players go to court. (laughter) and right here on day one, the court's already decided on a huge non-decision. >> the supreme court has said it will not hear any of the seven same-sex marriage cases that were filed over the summer. >> now the lower court rulings stand. >> in most of these jurisdictions now, same-sex marriage will be

harris, in another really fine book on lincoln and restoration, focusing on this question of what lincoln tried to do during the war, and trying to project what he would have done, had he lived. those very short statements focused on what in effect is section one, and bypass section two. i suspect that had abraham lincoln lived, two things. one, what they say, both he and harris, is probably true. it would never have come to such a sorry pass, had lincoln been at the home, which he was not. regardless of any of that, lincoln would have been a republican. he would have represented mainstream public opinion across the north. he would have voiced for it, push for it, seen as imperative -- you have got to fix the 3/5 clause, and you have two ways you can do that. let's review those before i run out of time. what should we conclude from this review of where matters stood when congress reconvened in december 1865? i proposal is this. i love this line. i corrected it years ago. it is the fourth time i have used it. in death and in life, southern slavery royals national politics.national in death

it drives lincoln's funeral procession off the front page of major newspapers. of this betrayal of the northern war effort which were not meant to keep southern state governments on the ground. when grant gets there, sherman says to him, but i don't understand. if we don't keep them in charge then who is in charge? here is no government. grant says that is exactly what they intend. for weeks and months in the south there is literal anarchy something sherman can't conceive of. as a legal description, there is no functioning government in large parts of the south. that then in turn creates the momentum for a little understood and often overlooked dispersion of u.s. troops across the southern countryside. in march and april of 1865 the u.s. army is in about 120 spots in the u.s. south in the rebel states. by the summer it'll be at 650. the total number of places it occupies over the course of the war probably approached somewhere close to a thousand. we'll never know exactly. this makes it one of the most geographically dispersed occupations in world history. in ot

so, wasn't only lincoln who saw mcclellan had the slows. confederates realized this, and i think they took advantage of it. >> i felt you made a pretty compelling case for davis' position. is this based upon material that was not available to, say, some of the earlier evaluations of davis, or is this simply your revisionist that's? >> well, i suppose it's mostly the latter, but to some degree, it's partly based on newly -- new material. there's been major project going on nor last dozen years or -- well, maybe 15 years, at rice university, to publish all the papers of jefferson davis. and they have only recently gotten all of the wartime papers completed and published, and so being able to use that, which previously had not -- some of it had not previously been available to historians -- is one of the things that helicopter persuade me of some of the points i have been making here in this analysis of the davis-johnston relationship. it's also my perception dish mean, i've written about the lincoln, mcclellan relationship, and in a way, look

towas one of the few people greet lincoln when lincoln came in kind of incognito into washington to be inaugurated. he was from illinois. he had a chance to make some people officers. guess who else was from illinois? ulysses s. grant. he was grants sponsor, patron, he defended him in the house of representatives. we somehow forget how after shiloh and northeast mississippi, grant was under a cloud. so washburn is a very important figure in this whole story. rosecrans lived until 1898. most of us would like to have a long life. for most of us would be a pretty prominent life. he was an ambassador to mexico for a while until grant became president, and that was the end of that. he was registrar of the treasury. his image has never been on currency. he served two terms in congress in california. he had the opportunity to have other elective offices. he was from ohio and other didn't want really to do that. he had the nickname the great decliner. he dies in 1898 in california, and he is reburied in arlington cemetery in 1902. if you are to come up on his grave, you would see these words.

and what freeling will say in his upcoming ir coffee of lincoln. biography of lincoln. it would never have come to such a sorry pass, had lincoln been at the home, which he was not. regardless of any of that, lincoln would have been a republican. he would have represented mainstream public opinion across the north. he would have voiced for it, pushed for it, seen as imperative -- you have got to fix the 3/5 clause, and you have two ways you can do that. let's review those before i run out of time. so what should we conclude from this review of where matters stood when congress reconvened in december 1865? my proposal is this. i love this line. i crafted it years ago. it is the fourth time i have used it. in death as in life, southern slavery royals national politics. in death, as in life, southern slavery roiled national politics. in a matter too little recognized in the literature, the political implications in the immediate post-civil war era -- the death of slavery, the transformed meaning of the 3/5 clause, and what that might mean for power, policy, and politics in

you should have seen it in the day of abraham lincoln, filled with opinion and fact. newspapers at the time advocated for and against candidates and issues. editors regularly sought office, and papers were tied to political parties in a way that would shock the most sippical critics of today. lincoln was so good at manipulating them, that you may question the age-old monnicer of honest aid. i had a chance to speak to harold holtser, author of lincoln, and the power of the press. he is the chairman of the abraham lincoln bicentennial foundation, of which i'm a member. good to see you. you start the book with a quote from lincoln saying he who moulds public sentiment: that focus on public opinion is something you expect the politician to say. lincoln. >> yet he saw so quickly that reaching the public was the only way to move people towards pol sighs that would enshrine unionism. he had a long road to travel to pursue the golds, and needed backing for what were basically unpopular clauses. >> it was important and unpopular. issue were more significant. that said, you see

abraham lincoln expert exposes lincoln's media savvy and a new holds barred approach dealing with theshutting down newspapers that were disloyal. "lincoln and the power of the press" is the latest examination of the 16th president. and joining us now in studio. so fascinating to hear and read the fact that he -- pampered, battled and manipulated three of the most powerful publications at the time. "new york times," "new york herald," "new york tribune." it was fascinating how he was able to mold the press during that time. >> you know, every politician who wanted to be successful had to have newspapers on their side. and fought newspapers that were opposed to them. and the difference then is newspapers were clearly pro democratic or pro republican on the news pages as well as the editorial pages. sometimes the editors were running for office themselves at the same time. >> well, it's interesting, harold. you wrote a long practice taught lincoln while his piercing voice could carry only a few hundred feet, newspapers could spread his words to the entire country. so where do you rank li

james linder aboard the c-span bus in lincoln, nebraska. charles in sioux city, nebraska, a parent there. go ahead with your question or comment. >> caller: good morning. i have a question, i have two grandsons going to your university in the ag department and wondering why is it so difficult to find scholarship or any kind of money to go to school if you don't do the right research, you end up getting none. >> well at the university of nebraska lincoln, there are a wide variety of need based scholarships and in fact at unl 3,000 students attend the university with no tuition charge. there are also other academic related scholarships depending on what field the student is in. very few student scholarships are actually focused on the potential research that a student might be interested in doing. unless of course, they are a graduate student and we have extensive support for graduate students who are pursuing master's degrees or ph.d. degrees. >> dr. linder, schools get more money for out of state students. do these students get preferences?

to justify his request to lincoln for more troops.convinced himself that troops that weren't there actually existed. in the midst of a mission that webster's health became an issue. the 39-year-old webster had to sleep on the ground after crossing chesapeake bay one cold, winter night. this led to himkz contracting rheumatism. a generic term for any ailment -- stiffening of the joints. webster suffered from in his life and for days kept him bedridden for days at a time. so his next mission south because of rheumatism he went with lewis still poising as his wife. this is supposed to be a short mission because after not being gone very long, pinkerton panicked not knowing where they were and sent to operatives south to find them. now, the problem that pinkerton had in selecting these two operatives is he had been using them in other capacities in washington, d.c. there was, for example, a senator jack morton whose wife messages to the confederates. when pinkerton went to search his house, he brought lewis and scully to search the morton

james lynder is the interim president of the university of nebraska, lincoln. part of c-span buses big ten college tour. >> c-span's campaign 2014 coverage continues tonight with the new hampshire senate debate between senator jeanne shaheen and republican and former massachusetts senator scott brown. the race is listed in some recent polls as a tossup and it's one of the races that could determine control of the u.s. senate. see it tonight, 8:00 p.m. on c-span. at 9:00, the first and only debate for oregon senate between incumbent jeff merkley and republican monica web bi. poll list this as likely democrat. a large field of congressional candidates face off in louisiana. here's a look at some ads running in the fifth district. life is filled with ups and downs. >> but a man's character is based on how many times he gets back up and stands again. >> i'm lucky to have been blessed with a great family and a wonderful christian wife. >> and i'm blessed to have a husband who owns up to his mistakes, never gives up, always fighting for the good people of louisiana.

fleet or from fortifying manila and kuala and so as lincoln would put it, the war came. we have known very little from that in our time. in fact, what we have been doing ever since much of the cold war has been to redouble our commitments while reducing our forces. you may have noticed that there was some trouble in ukraine to nine. well, that follows from the fact of ukraine has disarmed. why has ukraine disarmed? the united states government under both democratic and republican ministrations prevailed upon ukraine to give up the world's third largest stock of nuclear weapons. how? well, buy a guaranteed from the united states. well, it was not exactly well worded but it was interpreted by everyone as a guarantee of ukraine's independence and territorial integrity by the united states of america. now, of course, the united states of america watches as ukraine is being gently torn apart by the russian president. and i emphasize gently because he is not actually invading it openly but rather is grabbing enough power within it to manipulate the west and to take over all of

lincoln. the story in the "herald tribune" said that woodrow wilson went to the house judiciary committee for an of thel discussion treaty of her side. but that is it. -- treaty of versailles. but that is it. did the house judiciary committee ask him to testify? >> he exit proposed to do so. -- he actually propose to do so. all sorts of questions were raised. not just from the usual political adversaries regarding ,ossible motives behind this and in the ensuing uproar, he decided that it would make perfect sense for him to break and in facton become the first president since lincoln to testify before a judiciary committee. emember, this is after 25 years on capitol hill. there, andortable up the committee probably treated him less harshly than somebody they had not known and not worked with for 25 years. you say, he had spent 25 years on a hill -- stronge were lots of , and that was the committee that even i was rake nelsono rockefeller over the coals, they had asked some tough questions durin

lincoln. the story in the "herald tribune" to that effect. woodrow wilson invited the foreign committee to the white house for informal testimony on the proposed league of nations and treaty of versailles. but that is it. >> president ford pardoned richard nixon september 8, 1974. he was ousted by the subcommittee to testify? >> it was interesting. let it be said, the reaction of the party was much harsher and more negative than i think he anticipated. all sorts of questions were raised. not just from the usual political adversaries regarding possible motives behind this, and in the ensuing uproar, he decided that it would make perfect sense for him to break with tradition and in fact become the first president since lincoln to testify before a congressional committee. this is with 25 years on capitol hill paying dividends. he was comfortable going into the lion's den. i think the record will show the committee treated him less harshly than they might have someone whom they had not known and worked with for 25 years. committee,iciary comforta

>> at the university of nebraska, lincoln, the tenure density is around 60%. and the process at the university of nebraska lincoln is a faculty may enter a tenure track and after several years of service develop a portfolio that would be assessed to determine whether the faculty would be tenured or not. there are different systems used throughout the country. at our medical center for example, in omaha, faculty -- all faculty enter on what's called a health professions track and sometime during their career, it could be three years or ten years, may opt for a consideration for tenure. but it isn't the classic upper out situation you see in some tenured programs. >> back to calls, we'll go to brian, texas. william is watching us there. go ahead, william. >> yes. i would like to ask mr. linder how the philosophy of the mentality that would establish several in the early -- 100 years ago has changed. it was originally organized to support the agricultural area or the agrarian society. how has that changed and is the change in the right direction? >> well, the uni