discuss the impact are patrick shields, executive director of the learning policy institute, professor lisa sim many son from the department of special education at san jose state university. welcome to you both. patrick, which school subjects are seeing the most severe shortages? >> as would typically happen, it's math and science. especially special education. right now, we have about 8,000 teachers who are unprepared in california's classrooms. they are teaching but haven't gotten their proper credential. in areas like special education, a full 50% of the new hires have not yet fully prepared to be special education teachers. >> that's astounding. why is this happening? wasn't there funding in the new budget? >> that's what happened. in the great recession, 2008, 2009, state revenues just dropped. school districts' revenues dropped. what they did was to stop hiring new teachers. in response to there not being jobs, young people stopped going into the profession. there was a drop of 70% in the number of new teachers in the state. as the economy has recovered, school districts' budgets have be