and they met in los alamos on june 15 and 16th.s tremendous controversy about what should be done. should there be a demonstration? it was a whole group of physicists who felt they should be a demonstration in some remote island some remote place. and that demonstration we could invite japan, maybe some other countries to that demonstration. they would see the power of this weapon and they would prevents further war. the other camp was, that is not going to work. the logistics are harming this for one thing. and we need to drop it to show the japanese in particular, the germans had already surrendered. the japanese that we have a weapon of mass destruction. that was the controversy in this committee, this panel the scientific panel of port scientists look at it and they made the recommendation that there was no viable alternative other than to drop the bomb on a major city, a major industrial center. fermi was part of that. fermi looked very much at the technical parts of it that was part of the decision-making. at the same time wh

los alamos scientists formed a group called the association of los alamos scientists, which the acronym for that -- can't do that quickly, is called alas, and these were people who were saying we have to figure out what to do about the bombing the future. and fermi did not join that group. >> i would ask, i mean, i i would add to that, you did i i believe also ask if anybody left the project. as far as we know, there was only one person who left, a band, a polish physicist who had emigrated to england and came over as part of the english mission, and he left at the end of 1944 when it was beginning to become clear that the germans did not have the capacity to build the weapon. he was a distinguished physicist, but not one of the major figures of los alamos. he later became a peace activist. >> maybe one more question. okay. >> had fermi zweifel not been jewish -- wife -- do think there was a possible it would not of, to the united states? >> no. [laughter] >> i think he would have come. this is where the science was happening, among other things, that the leading scientists from germany

he had a name and this was when he was at los alamo's, henry farmer. that was the name he traveled by. but he was considered a loyal american. >> let me add a footnote to that. the talented university system is a state system so the universities essentially, all of them had our cities and in 1931, all professors were asked to swear their loyalty and basically to join the fascist party. 1200 professors at the time, a 12 refuse them and those were, all 12 were either integrating or work reaching retirement so they felt safe. we don't do this then we will be replaced by people who are really fascists so we should, this is something we should do. so fascism in italy is of course, was a terriblething . but it's not quite the same i think as not theism was in germany. not theism, it wasn't that terrible. well, let's maybe not talk about that as terrible. okay. right here. in green. >> please stand up so the camera can see you. >> i think it's odd we are talking about fascism. i can't imagine why. but i do wonder at the sort of, a love of physics and it equat

so where their discussions, yes there were discussions in los alamos again prior to even the test at trinity being successf successful. this is a scientist at los alamos who insisted that there would be discussions about this and people could air their opinions. so the decision-making is such for the scientists and they knew about the discussions into the controversies and made their judgment for better and worse. but it was widely discussed in the lab. she didn't know what had happened when he came back from the test. he hadn't driven home a that nit and he was exhausted or emotionally spent. we don't know, but it was rare not to be at the drivers wheel but she had no idea what happened. ..

he had a name, this was when he was at los alamos, henry farber was his name. that was the name he traveled by but he was considered a loyal american. >> let me add to that, the italian university system is a state system so the universities essentially all of them are state universities and in 1931 all professors were asked to swear their loyalty to mussolini and basically to join the fascist party. 1200 professors at the time, only 12 refused it and those were all emigrating or reaching retirement so they felt hey, if we don't do this then we will be replaced by people who are really fascist but this is something we should do so fascism in italy is of course, was a terrible thing. it's not quite the same i think as nazism was in germany. >> it wasn't that terrible. as nokia's in. well, maybe not totally. totally bad and terrible. >> how about here? please stand up so the camera can see you. >> i think it's odd we're talking about fascism in 2016. i can't imagine why. >> but i do wonder at sort of a love of physics and that yielding a passively about the world

>> los alamos would have had a third atomic bomb ready and going forward from there there would haveen about three bombs a month. there would have been ten through the end of 1945. what's chilling is to see the plan about how they were to be used. starting in october, november. they were going to be used for tactical support for the invasion of japan which meant they would have been dropped on the japanese concentrations two or three days ahead of an american assault. at that time, there was no real understanding of the effect of the gammaray sickness of nuclear atomic fallout. it begs the imagination to envision what it would have looked like. something to get into in the book is the experience of the uss haven in august 1945 of nagasaki. yothey are occupying japan, demilitarizing the japanese military and society and we are also tending towards our own in great numbers. so, nagasaki, the pows have been through the bombing of mike sacchi. the navy medical teams have never seen with japanese are calling the disease. the effect of the exposure there's really no understanding. everyone

los alamos would have had a third atomic bomb ready by the end of september. and going forward from there would have been about three bombs a month. we would have had ten bombs through the end of 1945. what's chilling is to see what the plans said about how they were to be used. starting in october/november be, they were going to be used, atomic bombs were going to be used in tactical support of the invasion of japan which meant they would have been dropped on japanese troop concentrations two or three days ahead of an american assault. at the time there was no real understanding of the effects of gamma ray sickness, of nuclear atomic fallout. it beggars the imagination, i think, to envision what that would have looked like. i get into the experience of the hospital ship, uss haven, that pulls in to the pier in august of 1945 at nagasaki, and they're there to evacuate u.s. p.o.w.s. again, we were occupying japan, we're demilitarizing the japanese military, japanese society and are also tending to our own who are in great numbers as.o.w.s -- as.o.w.s. 9/11 come

in their los alamos. and when we went there, inside los alamos, and we spent weeks working together hand-in-hand, you could barely tell who was doing what. what we found is that, to the russians, the nuclear complex was not an inheritance from hell. to them, it was the means for the revival of a great russia to nuclear weapons. i usually try to give the inheritance from hell to an american side. identify the loose nukes for weapons. as you heard, there were tens of thousands of loose materials. there were over one million kilograms of enriched uranium. loose people, perhaps, hundreds of thousands in the nuclear complex. and loose exports, the sale of everything that was not nailed down. that's what we were concerned about. those loose problems. that is not the way the russians looked at it. the weapons were to ensure the sovereignty of the country. especially when everything was coming apart. the nuclear material, especially the plutonium. it was fair their children -- it was for their children. it was go

main challenges are nuclear weapons arsenal, that the department of energy, the national labs, los alamosclear weapons policy, relationships with russia are very important, nuclear waste through various states, electricity issues. the big problem that i have, and i think rick is capable because he has political stature and that's what you need this that job, is what is this president going to do about climate change? i mean the first day, inaugural day, they eliminated the climate change information from the white house website. for rick perry, he is one of the main climate change people pushing renewable energy, pushing solar and wind. we have to keep our commitment there and i'm worried that he's going to be hamstrung, i think one of the big problems early on with a trump administration is there's no grown up within the white house that restrains this president from doing the things he's doing, the spicer statement, going to the cia, blaming the media, a very nationalistic speech against basically is opposition, catering to red states, is just not a good s.t.a.r.t. -- start. >> a lot of

in their los alamos. and we spentthere, weeks working together hand-in-hand, you could barely tell who was doing what. is that, to the russians, the nuclear complex was not an inheritance from hell. for theit was the means revival of a great russia to nuclear weapons. i usually tries to give the inheritance from hell to an american side. as you heard, there were tens of thousands of loose materials. and one million kilograms of this stuff. perhaps, hundreds of thousands in the nuclear complex. sale ofe experts, this everything. that's what we were concerned about. way the russians licked that it. the weapons were to ensure the sovereignty of the country. especially when everything was coming apart. the nuclear material, especially the laddonia. platonium.addonia -- uranium was down blended to make our electricity. the best and the brightest in all of russia. the engineoing to be of their economic recovery. some exports, we did have problems in the 1990's. russia became a responsible clear exporting state.

cut me off if i don't use my time wisely but i want to say on behalf of the 25,000 -- who work at los alamos and d.o.e. i want to thank you for your statement as well a regret for calling for the elimination of d.o.e. and i'm going to make it here for the second round and we will get to some of those other issues that are important here. >> thank you madam chairwoman. governor perry thanks for coming to visit and listening to my concerns about the department. i would like to ask you about the department's so-called barters are transferred to talk about. it's certainly a component with the department of energy. these are the transactions in which the department turned some of its excess uranium for services that the department gets for contractors. we have seen a lot of a lot of this in the obama administration pay the department uses his uranium because you refuse to ask congress for the appropriations to pay for the contractors but in the process the department has in the past violated a number of federal laws. it is also flooded the market with tens of millions of pounds of uranium so as a

they work at los alamos and i want to thank you for your statement as well and for calling for the nation. we are looking forward to hearing from you. >> thank you madam chair. congratulations again and thank you for listening to my concerns about the department. i would like to ask about the department transfers that we talked about which is a component in the department of energy. these are the transactions that the department trains and its access uranium department gets for contractors and the have seen a lot of this in the obama administration. the department has violated a number of federal laws. it's also flooded the market with tens of millions of pounds of uranium so as a result, the people that are out there producing in wyoming and texas and other states ended up laying off workers and canceling projects. if confirmed, will you consider suspending the department's so-called darters of excess uranium until you can at least review the policy? >> i will commit to you that we will follow the law. at this particular point in time there is a question on what is being followed. i will

my time wisely but it want to sell behalf of the nearly 25,000 new mexicans who work at sandia, los alamos, at nnsa and d.o.e. i want to thank you for your statement as well. and regret for calling for the elimination of d.o.e. >> thank you, senator. >> thank you madam chairwoman. governor perry, congratulations. thanks to come to visit and listening to my concerns about the department. i'd like to ask you about the departments so-called barters or transfers and we talked about the excess uranium which is certainly a component within the department of energy. these are the transactions in which the department trades some of its excess uranium for services that then the department gets for contractors but wasting a lot of is under the obama administration to the department uses this uranium because it refused to ask congress for the appropriations to pay for the contractors. but in the process, the department has in the past violated a number of federal laws. it's also flooded the market with tens of millions of pounds of uranium. so as a result of people that are out there producing the ur

atl at los alamos, for example, it will take about $4 billion over the next few decades to finish that effort. that effort's not as technically complicated i think as the hanford site. but it requires resources. i think if the budget is flat you'll have your hands full on this front. but we've heard about a potential hiring freeze. i have a article this morning from the hill talking about rolling substantial portions of the d.o.e. budget back to 2008 levels. how are you -- and this is a trump transition team article. how are you going to meet d.o.e.'s commitments to states like new mexico, to states like washington who have consent agreements on these cleanup efforts if we have a dramatically smaller d.o.e. budget? >> yes, sir. senator, over the 14 years -- actually, i'll even expand it a little bit. over the 30 years that i was either a state representative, an appropriator, i was an agency head for eight years as -- and then i was the governor of 14 years. we had budgets that did this. they went up and they went down. we had some really tough budgets in the state of texas in 1985 and

lo que estaba solicitando, una corte menor ratifica esto inmediatamente despuÉs a canacero guzmÁn. es una decisiÓn polÍtica del presidente peÑa nieto que pudo haber recibido. nos aguantamos con el chapo uno o dos dÍas, Álamos estoy pensando la manera tan distinta en que se manejan casosde reos importantes o capturas de personas importantes en mÉxico y estados unidos. en mÉxico, por lo regular se convoca a la prensa y se pasean frente a la prensa para que lo vean. eso vimos la primera vez, las tres veces que ha sido capturado el chapo. siempre se pasea frente a la prensa. la Última vez que ocurriÓ en esto es como de pelÍcula. si te fijas en la pared del hangar, que es una de las puertas gigantes, se ven lo que aparentemente segÚn la informaciÓn que nos estÁn dando son dos o tres de los agentes o marshalls que custodiaron a joaquÍn el chapo guzmÁn una vez que entrÓ en territorio norteamericano y una vez que se encontraban correr en territorio mexicano hasta aquÍ. marÍa elena: en este momento es incierto cuÁnto tiempo va a permanecer en el aeropuerto de long island.tambiÉn es cierto a dÓnde va a ser trasladado el chapo guzmÁn pero una de las cosas mÁs interesantes que nos hemos enterado en las Últimas horas e

. >> buenos dÍas, desde san antonio texas, estamos en el Álamo, uno de los lugares mas histÓricos delgra. >> ¿ quiÉn pudo hacerlo?. >> pienso que su... porque hay pruebas de amenazas que se nos hicieron en un tiempo y muchas cosas mÁs. >> con quien estÁ en contactos es con su tÍo pablo, hermano de juan gabriel. >> se ha portado muy bien conmigo cada vez que hablo con Él, es una lindÍsima persona. >> entonces afortunadamente ya no tuvimos que usar una prueba de adn con Él pero ya no se necesitÓ. >> ya no, ya no, muchas gracias por todo pero ya no, lo principal ya estÁ. >> recordando esas Últimas palabras de su padre nos dijo quÉ le hubiera gustado decirle. >> me dijo, entiendo que cantas, te he escuchado cantar por un cassette que llegÓ a mis manos, yo deseo que salgas adelante, que seas mucho mÁs que yo, Échale ganas, todo es posible, asÍ sali adelante, no mÁs decirle que lo quiero y siempre lo he querido y siempre lo voy a querer. >> aunque claudia no ha tenido contactos con sus hermanos no descarta tener una relaciÓn con ellos si asÍ lo quisieran, desde san antonio texas. >> gracias

she grew up in los alamos and she and gino are a husband and wife team with seven children and grandchildren. i'm proud to call them my friends. please welcome gino and bettina. [applause] >> i'm going to start off with something a little unusual but i want to thank the