to the extent that i have a beef with professor lowden, this five minutes could have all been food puns really easily. with her characterization of what scholars call the columbian exchange, this idea of alfred crosby from the 1970's, basically the columbian exchange stands for the exchange of all kinds of living things, whether they are microbes or plants or animals. that was triggered with columbus' first encounter with the new world at the end of the 15th century. if i am understanding her correctly, she argues that because the transfer of new world plants to the old world occurred without -- and i think this is a quote -- the accompanying new world technology, meaning the exchange was more or less a one-way, east to west transfer. had to rehydrate the chilies, for ansys. or you had to soak the maze to get the kernel out of the husk. to make it nutritive and not sort of quasi-poisonous. what that means is sort of a blood weight street. -- a one-way street. and all of that is true, by the way, as professor laudan can tell you. lots of italians in the 19 centuries consumed maize in the