luis lugo, why don't we start with you? >> well, i gave you a very broad picture of what's happened in terms of religion and public life in this country. that's not to say that it's been a smooth curve. there's been a lot of bumps, some pretty big bumps along the way. and it has to do with new entrants into the u.s. as a country, as a political system. again, primarily through immigration. pushing the envelope, as it were, certainly from the standpoint of the majority established community. i'll tabling one example and that's the experience of roman catholics in this country. again, because of major migrations from europe, but in that wave primarily from roman catholics countries such as ireland and italy and poland and so forth, this was profoundly unsettling to the mainstream protestant establishment and there were indeed not only tensions and conflicts but violence in places like philadelphia, for instance, where the main campus -- the original campus of my alma mater, villanova, was torched to the ground. it was in the

finally we have luis lugo, director of the pew's research forum on public life.r to joining the pew forum, he was director of the religious program at the trust and philadelphia appear before that, professor political science for more than 12 years, teaching courses on international relations, latin american politics, religion and politics. he holds a ba from the university met us and an m.a. from villanova and a phd in political science from the university of chicago. please join me in welcoming our panel. [applause] will proceed much like the first panel didn't spend the better part of an hour talking amongst ourselves and then will invite all of you to weigh in with questions and comments. and i'd like to take it off by asking her panelists to respond briefly to the briefing that headlines are panel. from the perspective of her on the ebony restate the question once again. what are primary entities calling upon loyalties of americans and how did the sub loyalties affect the way we review -- affect the way we view our relationship to the nation as a whole. i kn