he was lyndon's little brother. he has a reputation of being a heavy drinker and full of bravado and braggadocio. i found that was true. most the stuff he told me - - i said i've wasted enough time with them and i'm not going to talk to him anymore. in the interim, the next year or so, i heard he had a terrible operation for cancer. and that he had stopped drinking. one day i'm walking around because i used to do that a lot. walk around this little town to get to know the people. and there he was coming towards me and he was a different man. he had a cane. he was hobbling. when i started to talk to him i said, this is really a different guy. i knew by this time that whatever the secret of lyndon johnson's desperate ambition. has to do with his relationship with his father. who he idolized until he was 12-13 years old. he said the happiest days of my life, his father was a legislator. then his father next this one mistake. he loses the johnson brands. for the rest of lyndon johnson's boyhood, they lived in a house th

there had been previous books published on lyndon johnson.apter or two on his youth. i said, all i need are a few more details. i did a few interviews with people with whom he grew up. he died so young, at the age of 64. when i came along, he would have only been 67, so all of his friends were still there. the hill country is a land -- i grew up in new york. the hill country is so lonely, so isolated, so remote from the rest of the world. and these people weren't like the people of new york with whom i had spent my life. i said one day, you know, i'm just not understanding them and i'm not understanding this country and i'm not understanding lyndon johnson. we have to move there for a while. >> and one of the things you talk about is when you moved there, you realized how their lives -- these people's lives had been transformed by electricity, which of course lyndon johnson brought to the hill country. you talk specifically about the kind of work that the women used to do and how it took a long time before they would reveal that to you, to ta

on the upside, i have a problem with lyndon johnson. and the reason is this: yes, his record on civil rights, his record on domestic policy, the drugs of the great society, these -- the creation of the great society, these are all extremely positive things that would put him in the upper tier. however, this perhaps is where a president in our lifetime and the way we react to him might be the fact. my very first involvement in politics when i was a junior in high schoolac was working as a volunteer for a the campaign of eugene mccarthy. vietnam is something that hung over the country for many, many years. and of the five presidents, arguably, who had fingerprints on the vietnam war going back to eisenhower, i'm going through nixon, lyndon johnson was the one most directly responsible for getting the country involved inou a military quagmire on a vy large scale. and to me, that's not a small thing. and i note in your, in the c-span survey you note that lyndon johnson got extremely high marks for bringing equal justice to people and so on.

when lyndon johnson was majority leader. lyndon was his boss. robert kennedy did not like lyndon johnson as vice president. he had triggered an investigation into bobby baker. that is why the department of justice was covering down on bobby baker. that was a slash on lyndon johnson. bobby could take a new veep. robert kennedy is no longer attorney general. they still have to prosecute bobby baker. bill bittman does it with such skill that lyndon johnson's name never comes up. that is talent. johnson was his boss. this whole time, he was taking bribes and giving orders and everything else. dirty as candy. leon jaworski is a johnson protege. he does not want bittman to get slashed. this is the third bullet, there is an indictment meeting. there are two people taking notes. there is the recorder taking notes. then there is the james the set to write the report. the task force, the watergate task force comes in and does their presentation. they are line attorneys. there are five or six of them. staff attorneys decide and review about whether they wi

because, forising, some of us we remember lyndon johnson proclaiming the war on poverty, which was aimed at trying to improve the education of poor kids. and, through that improve their future lives. we have had consistent policies at the federal, and state government, and local governments to try and lift the poor kids up and close the gaps between rich or kids. host: what does that mean? does it mean nothing is working or that some things are working and it is getting worse? guest: as far as we can tell, nothing is working. you can always have offsetting forces, but if we think of education as coming from two sources, one is parents, which are important for kids learning, and schools. as best we can tell, the parents have gotten somewhat better. we have had more educated parents, smaller families, and we have some negatives. we have more single-parent families. on net, it is hard to say that parents and the families have gotten worse. on? you ask, what is going if we are doing all of this to try and improve schools, shouldn't we be seeing something? host: where does the achievement gap

on the upside i have this thing with lyndon johnson.he record on domestic policy and the great society. these are all extremely positive things in the upper tier however this is where a president in our lifetime might be said with the fact. my very first involvement in politics was working and a volunteer for the campaign. vietnam is something that hung over the country for many years and of the five presidents who had fingers on the vietnam war going back to eisenhower and going through nixon. lyndon johnson was the one most directly responsible is not a small thing. and i note on the survey and note that lyndon johnson got extremely high marks for bringing equal justice to people and so on. on foreign affairs he is one of the bottom couples. because of that i was very surprised to see him in the top ten. we've have the cycle of a realizing that racial issues should be part of this. i wonder if now it's can be a focus on presidential womanizing. there are in fact some pretty stories and are our week in a make distinctions between presi

he was secretary of the senate when lyndon johnson was majority leader. lyndon was his boss. liket kennedy did not lyndon as vice president and had triggered an investigation into bobby baker, that is why the department of justice was covering down on bobby baker, which would splash on linden and his brother could take a new vp. gotten shot, and now lyndon is president and robert kennedy is no longer attorney general. and they still have to prosecute bobby baker, but bill bittman does it with such skill that lyndon johnson's name never comes up. that is talent, because johnson was his boss. his whole time he was taking bribes and giving orders, ready as can be. jaworski is a johnson protege. he does not want bittman to be splashed, he is one of his favorite guys. there is an indictment meeting, this is the third bullet. there are two people taking notes, there is the recorder taking the notes who is going to be indicted, and then there is set that they are going to use to write the report. up comes colson. there are others, but the task force comes in and does their presentat

lyndon johnson and sam rayburn in the house and senate, president of the united states, dwight eisenhower, we thought we could do something comparable. unfortunately, the president isn't ready for that. thank you very much. [indistinct conversations] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2019] captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org. [indistinct conversations] >> c-span's newest book, the president's, noted historians rank america's best and worst chief executives. providing insight into the lives of the 44 american presidents. two stories gathered by interviews with noted presidential historians. explore the life events that shaped our leaders. theyenged -- challenges faced, and the legacies they have left behind. order your copy today. c-span's "the presidents" is available as a hardcover or e-book at c-span.org thepresidents. group in rojas is senior -- reporter with limburg law. this bill would increase the flexibility on retirement savings plans. how would it do that? a long ti

lyndon johnson and family learned in the house and senate the president of the united states, dwight eisenhower -- we had hoped we could do something comparable. unfortunately, the president is not ready for that. thank you all very much. >> [indiscernible] >> house speaker nancy pelosi made more public comments later in the day saying she believes president trump is obstructing justice and engaged in a cover-up. she was interviewed at an event hosted by the center for american progress. [applause] >> it is my absolute privilege to welcome our very special guest, speaker of the house nancy pelosi. let's just do one more round. [cheers and applause] speaker pelosi is the highest-ranking woman to ever hold elected office in american history. [cheers and applause] and she is one of the smartest, toughest, and most effective public servants our country has ever known. this past weekend, speaker pelosi also received the john f

chris: it's advice he's followed researching lyndon johnson.bj presidential library, and when you look up at the documents section, what do you see? >> you see at that time 32 million documents. they had 40,000 boxes, each of these boxes holds about 800 pages. that's the only time the i felt like turning around and going home. chris: caro says he has one big rule when interviewing. your notebooks are filled with a notation -- [laughter] >> yeah. chris: what does that mean? >> shut up. [laughter] people have a desire, a need to fill in silences. if you could just make yourself shut up, often they'll tell you what you want to know. chris: then there's writing. caro remembers what a professor at princeton told him. >> you're never going to achieve what you want to achieve, mr. caro, unless you stop thinking with your fingers. i knew exactly what he meant. it was so easy for me to write. i didn't think things through. chris: which brings us back to his final book on lbj which is about a third written. caro took us into his office. >> this is the ou

at the invitation of president lyndon johnson. a bill prepared by senator mondale out of minnesota. ind it was father james gropp gives it life, and energy when he testifies before congress and congress eventually passes it in april of 1958. downaw has been watered since, because fair housing really means more than the areas. to live in other yes, there are african-americans living in the south guide and -- the south side, and suburban communities. but it really means it really means stop creating methods that create ghettos, such as disparities,alth closing down of businesses, the continuation of that, creating food deserts. all of that has to do with fair housing, not just where i can or cannot live. because there are people who want to live here and want to have a quality of life right here, why do we have to have a ghetto? that is what fair housing addresses and that's what this bill, though it had been weakened quite a bit since its passage, that was the message and that was the goal. segregatede is still , racism still goes on. ghetto inave a milwaukee. islands, a food desert

leader in the senate was lyndon and the nd sam rayburn president of the united states, working eisenhower together to pass that for the good of the country and its president er eisenhower was that it would unify north america, it was a issue. so what we're talking about now, infrastructure, the president said "i" word i thought he was infrastructure. i said some of these things already. i thought, we could give him the to make a historic ontribution to the safety measure -- it's never been partisan. be partisan it to now, but i can only think that e wasn't up to the task of figuring out the difficulty costes of how to cover the of the important infrastructure egislation that we had talked before.hree weeks o -- but the president again stormed out. have the tv cameras in there while i have my say that and t work for him either temper time, another tantrum, again, i pray for the president of the united states. i wish his family or his administration or his staff would have an intervention for good of the country. yes, ma'am. >> would you be prepared to rhetoric given the political -- temper

the leader in the senate, lyndon johnson, in the house sam rayburn, and our republican president eisenhower working together to pass that for the good of the country. and its purpose under president eisenhower was that it would unify america. it was a defense issue. what we're talking about now, infrastructure, the president said i word, i thought he was talking about infrastructure, roads, bridges, mass transit. i said some of these things already. i thought we could give him the opportunity to make a historic contribution to the safety, because it's a safety measure, it's about commerce, it's about safety, it's about mobility, product to market and the rest of that. clean air, clean water. it's about a better future for our country. much needed. trillions of dollars in deficit. in terms of low or no maintenance. it's never been partisan. we don't want it to be partisan now. i can only think that he wasn't up to the task of figuring out the difficult choices of how to cover the costs of the important infrastructure legislation that we had talked about three weeks before. so the president a

lyndon johnson. and as it happened that person lived about five houses down from us, but no names.[laughing] >> well -- [laughing] we could probably spend the whole session talking about her dad. save your questions for later. so back to the book, it seems there's another thing in terms, in terms of the role that the press place in these stories. most so than with american journalist marie coleman who was the store war correspondent for the british newspaper the sunday times from 1995 -- 1885 until her death in 2012 when she was covering the siege of homes in syria. the book, "a private war," the story of private war is about marie coleman. she was suffering from severe traumatic poster medic stress and also serious alcoholism. she had seen more conflict than most soldiers because of all of the assignments that she had ass a war correspondent. and yet back she went with all of these issues. her editor encouraged her. >> absolutely. what's interesting about marie colvin, another marie which is not such a common name, marie is an american who grew up in long island, the daughter of t

a leader of the senate, lyndon johnson, sam rayburn and president of the united states, republican president eisenhower work together to pass that for the good of the country and its purpose, president eisenhower, it would unify america with the defense issue. what we are talking about, infrastructure, the president says i word, i thought he was talking infrastructure, roads, bridges and mass transit. i said some of these things, we would give him the opportunity to make a historic contribution because it is a safety measure. it is about commerce, safety, mobility, product, marketed, clean air, clean water, it is about a better future for our country, trillions of dollars in deficits in terms of low or no maintenance, it has never been partisan. we don't want it to be partisan now but i can only think he wasn't up to the task of figuring out the difficult choices of how to cover the cost of infrastructure legislation that we had talked about. the president stormed out and pound the table, walk out the door. next time, have the tv cameras in there while i have my say. that didn't work for him

was trying to help set right, it's not the america we had during the days of president kennedy and lyndon johnson, it's different. >> did you think -- there seemed to be a pattern. we had bill clinton, pretty darned good -- then obama. >> good. obama was good. >> obama even better. seemed like getting somewhere. what happened to get people to vote for trump? knowing his attitudes about race and division? >> i'm not so sure but somehow and some way his message arrested that movement toward goodness and openness. and people stopped respecting the worth and dignity of all of us. >> what about the history of our country, look at it in long stretch, going back to the civil war, before the civil war, slavery, 250 years of slavery, then 100 years of jim crow, 50 years of whatever you call this, improvements certainly. is there -- i used to think always battle between good and bad army, never clear who was going to wherein. always a battle. is that how it's going to be? force of going backwards against trying to make it better? >> i think they're going to make it better. forces of making it bette

the leader in the senate, lyndon johnson, in the house sam rayburn, and our republican president eisenhower working together to pass that for the good of the country. and its purpose under president eisenhower was that it was union -- it would unify america. it was a defense issue. what we're talking about now, infrastructure, the president said iword, i thought he was talking about infrastructure, roads, bridges, mass transit. i said some of these things already. i thought we could give him the opportunity to make a historic contribution to the safety, because it's a safety measure, it's about commerce, it's about safety, it's about mobility, product to market and the rest of that. clean air, clean water. it's about a better future for our country. much needed. trillions of dollars in deficit. n terms of low or no maintenance. it's never been partisan. we don't want it to be partisan now. but i can only think that he wasn't up to the task of figuring out the difficult choices of how to cover the costs of the important infrastructure legislation that we had talked about three weeks before.

arguably there would not had been a civil rights bill in 1964 unless lyndon johnson had an understanding of how you clear the decks in the senate. how you build a coalition. where broke down was later when vietnam came to dominate the presidency. and his inability to bridge that gap. since it has been in business in over 20 years. the greatest civic lesson you can even imagine. it is fantastic if you have never listened. go ahead. how did you decide where to rank william henry harrison. wasn't he an office for a while. i have no idea why they would put them there. the ones below him. it is a good question though. there is a lot of other questions if you've you studied the survey closely. it was a lot easier to think through the top five in the bottom five at least to me. who ranked 37th and who rate 38. they really required some research. who would go with him. with someone like william henry harrison he has no track record at all. ito know you don't know what he's gonna do. as someone who was born and raised in indiana. he was governor of the indiana territory. hi, can you hear me. firs

remember, linden -- lyndon was senate majority leader. he loved to tape telephone conversations when he was negotiating for votes. he would call the staff in and say, see, i got the vote. there's a two-volume set on the johnson tapes. but he reused them. they were played after and he would tape over them. it was not done as a record. you get two stories about what happened to nixon. one story, which is nixon's, is that john campbell, who was the head of pepsico, was talking to lbj and asked him if there were something he would do differently. johnson said he wished he'd taped more. i'm trying to write a biography and i cannot remember. i just cannot get stuff in order. kimble came back and said, we ought to start taping. bob hall had said no, i never talked to kimble about this. from day one, we were trying to figure out the best way of keeping a historic record of the oval office. we were making history. the first thought was have the staff guy write up what happened. the trouble was, it was too biased. the staff guy would say, the presi

in august 1964 lyndon johnson announced to be engage the gulf of tonkin asking congress to pass a resolution supporting those attacks the following day he added these words to his request, the united states teaching no wider war those were his words 1964 in addition almost decade aslong after that the basis of that document 55000 of my colleagues and my shipmates and felled marines soldiers and airmen, 55000 dead. we hadid a similar situation in iraq at the gulf of tonkin did not involve our ships but the allegations of assertions iraqis were developing weapons of mass destruction the president and the vice president secretary of defense and secretary of state all asserted these weapons of mass distraction to call on congress to give the president the power to respond appropriately. 55000 names on the vietnam memorial wall, there is no wall according to the 100 men and women that died in iraq since congress and president bush had the authority to respond to the perceived threat of weapons of mass destruction. there is no law those names are written in the graveyard of every state in this cou

mcnamara, as in a trickle of lyndon johnson's team -- as an inter-copart of lyndon johnson's team, it was designed as part of the war on poverty, the great society programs. early and mid-1960's, approximately 1.8 million men came of draft age every year. of that number about 600,000 were deemed unfit for military service due to mental or physical reasons. the split there was about 50-50. 300,000 of each type of disqualification per year. the thinking was that of the 300,000 who were disqualified for mental reasons, a good portion of them were simply victims of circumstance. they were men who had innate in ellet -- intelligence, but whose poverty prevented them from gaining the education necessary to qualify for military service. psw,s 1966 speech to the he cried that these young men had not had the opportunity to earn their fair share of this nations abundance. and through military service, these disadvantaged men could return to their communities with skills and experience, and by extension, better those depressed and marginalized communities. the road to hell is paved with good int

lyndon was senate majority leader. he loved to take -- tape telephone conversations when he was negotiating votes. there's a two-volume set on the johnson tapes. the reused them. they would take over them. it wasn't done as a record. the near two stories about what happened with next and. one story, which is next in's, which is that don campbell, 0 lbjimble, was talking to and asked him if there were something he would do differently. johnson said he wished he'd taped more. he is to write a biography and he could not remember. kimble came back and said, we have to start taping. bob hall had said no, i never talked to him about this. we were trying to figure out the best way of keeping a historical record of the oval office. the first thought was have the staff guy write up what happened. the trouble was, it was too biased. they could not trust it. they were going to have burned a, the deputy director of the walters, ae photographic memory, sit in the meeting and write it up. they thought it would foul up the meeting. t

when i was 14, 15, 16 years old, lyndon johnson nominated andrew bremmer to be the first black governorf the federal reserve. i grew up in washington, d.c.. this was headline news in "the washington post." for me, it was a twofer. it was an african-american guy coming from nowhere to be something important. i didn't know what quite what it was, but then it was the federal reserve. my father had been talking about interest rates and how they go up and down, and i found this government entity that sets interest rates. at a young age, 14 or 15 years old, this notion of being associated and understanding the fed became one of the motivating forces in my life. david: for many people, they would not think that is a straight line. that is not a normal career path. i'm not saying you necessarily said, i want to be a federal reserve governor, but did you have that direction in mind? roger: i always thought it would be interesting to be a federal reserve governor, but since i wasn't going to be an academic economist, it wasn't an obvious path. two things happened in my life. one, i kept the fed p

president lyndon b. johnson attached conditions for receiving development aid one of them being that recipient countries must reduce their population. and. it was a time of drought and starvation in india. the president spoke on the phone with the secretary of agriculture. put out this morning. that the president made it clear to drop but he wanted no part of an exhibit i don't want to get. already there by the way i'm over 30 but what are you out on the road no rapture i don't know but i don't know what i ought to get out of here it would appear to but. he stopped food deliveries until indira gandhi down to the demands. accusations were made that the west had imperialistic intentions with its population control for i checked. the department was founded at the united nations in 1969 the un f.p.a. the united nations pop. lation found through this ostensibly neutral paff western governments channel millions into population control in developing countries the major donors besides the united states were swed

in august 1964 the criticizes of lyndon johnson and knowledge that the u.s. navy were engaged and asked congress to pass a resolution supporting retaliatory attacks. the following day he added these words to his request. the united states [inaudible] seeks no wider war. those were his words in august 1964. his mission went on to justify buddy almost decade long war after that on the basis of that document. 55000 of my colleagues, my shipmates, fellow marines, soldiers, airmen and 55000 dead. we had a similar situation in iraq and did not involve [inaudible] did not involve did not involve the vietnamese but allegations that the iraqis were developing weapons of mass destruction and the president, vice president and that case bush and cheney and secretary of defense all asserted that iraqis were developing weapons of mass destruction and we call on congress to give the president the power to respondpo appropriately. 55000 names on the vietnam memorial wall and there is no wall w for the 4100 men and womn who died in iraq since they provided president bush auth

we didn't get a green enough we didn't get a pre-nup and he was a technical geek filming the barry lyndon scene he stayed. lenses down he was a massive camera geek yes i think if he was alive today he would be inventing apps and you know geeking out on c.g.i. because so so much is now said that he was such a family person they want to move and so full metal jacket which many people see is a brutal anti war film. trees in east the east end of london rather than going to a tropical location let alone all the wood to film it's movies you can do like movies it's magic and if you like being at home with your dogs and cats wife and children sleeping in your own bed what's a few palm trees why did you want to make that film given that there had been and he wore perceive that he wore vietnam films oliver stone has been on this show gore said he made his trilogy later because he wanted to explore different facets of the war he for he fell in love with the story somebody said you know how do you decide on what film you're going to make next or what book you're going to be influenced by and he said

afghanistan and sent cruise missiles to syria but it's a long tradition in one nine hundred sixty four lyndon johnson ran for president on a platform of not escalating the vietnam war and after he won guess what he did in one nine hundred sixteen woodrow wilson's campaign slogan for reelection was actually he kept us out of war and after he won the vote he got us into a new one presidents tend to win on antiwar platforms because americans don't like war however once they're in the oval office they just can't resist the temptation so next time you hear a candidate promising peace look at a map and ask where next often times the blame game is that not enough was done again it depended upon who is in power obama came in austin it's a blue and. or the scientist bush for the actions in iraq because it was then later revealed that the intelligence did not exist or bomber was less in to regime change trump in venezuela i haven't heard any plan on not only how to conduct there but where they're going to do want to see achieve power if the achieve power in the near future i do not see a change in this

he is assassinated and lyndon johnson his successor to push them through the senate with both roberted kennedy in the senate he find robert kennedy in 1968 becoming even more liberal and running against lyndon johnson for president and then you find ted kennedy in 1979 challenging the more conservative jimmy carter and going on to become the great liberal lion of the sudden passing legislation on healthcare, on civil rights, on aids, on women's rights on a host of issues that matter to families trying to get through the day. this is an example of where the kennedys began, ted kennedy's career is where the kennedy influence headed up and it's a far different place, time kennedy was much more of a nationalist. you never hear him say something like this about say an underdog group in the united states. he was a champion of the underdog ... 600 pages. a lot of standard stuck have to get in there. when he was born, he would to school, what he sponsored in congress. just the basic chronology of that part of the book. what you're looking for are intriguing, revealing anecdotes like this one

he is assassinated at lyndon johnson manages to push them through the senate, with both robert kennedy and ted kennedy in the senate. we find robert kennedy in 1968 becoming even more liberal and running against lyndon johnson for president, and then you find ted kennedy in 1979 challenging the more conservative jimmy carter and going on to become the great liberal lion of the senate, passing legislation on rights, aids,ivil title ix and women's rights, a host of issues that matter to families trying to get through the day. of wheres an example the kennedys began, ted kennedy's career is where the kennedy influence ended up and it was far different from kennedy the nationalist, you would never hear him saying this about an under grappa -- an underdog group in the united states. he was a champion of the underdog. host: what was the ratio of winners to the try to hold? >> maybe 100. i would go through dozens of these boxes and walk home with a smile on my face with one or two pieces of paper. but if you figure a book is 600 pages and there is a standard stuff you have to get in there, wh

lyndon johnson certainly lied to me about vietnam. other presidents have lied over the years. the framers of the constitution rejected those criteria. we have the longest surviving constitution in the history of the world. we ought to respect the constitution. the constitution provides for specific grounds of impeachment and removal. this is a fascinating story in history. alexander hamilton, who helped the constitution, committed a crime when he was secretary of the treasury. andubmitted to extortion made it a go three. it was not a high crime. accused, he wrote an essay in mating -- admitting adultery. he knew the difference between a low crime and a high crime. i think we should look at that to give us some guidance. host: do you see any action by the president related to the mueller report or unrelated that could be high crimes? guest: i do not. and ite were high crime was obvious like the nixon case. i supported impeachment of richard nixon because he offered oney tooney to -- hush m federal witnesses in front of the grand jury. it president trump or any other president w

lyndon was senate majority leader. what he loved to do was tape telephone conversations when he was negotiating votes. he would call the staff in and say i got this vote. there's a two-volume set on the johnson tapes. he reused them. they were played afterward and then they would tape over. it wasn't done as a record. the near two stories about what happened with next and. xon's, was which is ni talking to lbj and asked him if there were something he would do differently. johnson said he wished he'd taped more. he is trying to write a biography and he could not remember. kimble came back and said, we have to start taping. bob said no, i never talked to him about this. we were trying to figure out the best way of keeping a historical record of the oval office. we were making history. the first thought was have the staff guy write up what happened. the trouble was, it was too biased. the staff guy would say and then the president in a brilliant reaction, or something else. they could not trust them. cia whoy would have t

johnson signed the new civil rights act on july turnede most immediately to begin work with congress -- lyndon johnson said the gd toughest voting rights act you can devise. under the voting rights act, cases have been generally filed under one or two separate sections of voting rights. section five and section two. the means of eradicating practices or minimize the canceled out political effects of minority groups. totion two banned the use vote. what is voteedures dilution? it is swamping the votes of the minority with the majority voters. annexation was a classic way will require candidates to run a citywide or countywide rather than from the smaller districts was the very cornerstone. that was because of laws theyelves the segregated often would represent a majority and thus have the potential for electing candidates of their choice. white the majority of the electorate. here's the key thing. or whites vote as a block against candidates who were preferred by minority votes. if you didn't have racial bloc voting, it really wouldn't matter. the candidate's preference of the minority communit

you know lyndon johnson also used to hand out bags of money on the floor. there are things that were like done at that time which aren't done now. but to the better point, i think, about having safe spaces, i think they used to exist and they were taken away. there used to be congressional member organizations where staff would support members to come together around various issues where they would meet in private on a bipartisan basis and have conversations around issues. that was defunded in 1995. if you wanted to meet on agricultural or human rights or whatever issue you want to meet and have staff that can help and support you in that space, that is something that no longer exists. that has taken away from the nature of the conversations members could have privately. the funding foris entirely different than what it was before and that has changed the nature of the dynamic as well. >> i think we would probably all agree here that given the current information environment that we have to deal with that it is better for everyone if everybody is more educa