madison himself was conflicted on this.ederalist 39 talks about a dual sovereignty where both the states in their sovereign capacity occasionally rule and sometimes we the people rule. he said that two sovereignties was a state within a state, which the framers considered that you couldn't have two sovereign powers. it took the civil war to vindicate wilson's vision. today our national unity, represented by national populous sovereignty, is all thanks to james wilson. but, of course, james wilson is not -- i said he is the most under-appreciated framer. he is not the most famous. the most famous and i suppose the most beloved based on the amount of shininess on his hands in a few weeks is benjamin franklin of pennsylvania. at age 81 he is the oldest of the framers, printer, inventor, scientist and statesman. he's not well at the time of the convention, but he is so respected and his wisdom so acknowledged that when he did speak he was closely attended to. the main thing to say about franklin is kids love to sit on his lap.

madison opposed the bill of rights for two reasons. he thought it would be either unnecessary or dangerous. unnecessary because the constitution itself was already a bill of rights by limiting and spelling out the powers of congress and, and dangerous because madison thought people might assume that a right wasn't written down and it wasn't protected and he and the other framers thought if they come from god and not government, it would be a bad idea if they can have a determinant list, but based on the opposition of these three dissenters, the anti-federalists geared up. i told you that hamilton and met under the pseudonym, and they served a series of counter com threats with anonymous pseudonyms themselves like a federal farmer and so forth and basically they said don't ratify the constitution unless it contains a bill of rights and based on this opposition many of the state ratifying conventions came to agree with them and demanded subsequent amendments in the course of ratifying the constitution and as a result of this groundswell

so brexit would've been anathema to madison in that idea madison in that idea that we've designed thetem of separation of powers and checks and balances and individual rights in order to promote liberation was crucial to the project. we know around the world there are new forces threatening the idea. new social media technologies are making it possible for citizens to express themselves in quake mob like places rather than to proliferation. places like polarization and the self sorting of citizens and to filter bubbles and echo chambers challenging their reasoned deliberation that madison thought was necessary in the future of freedom. they're for the constitution center has convened a summit of the greatest minds in america from all four branches of government, the three branches in order to address this really important national question. i'm so glad you've taken the time to come to philadelphia, those of you here and many more of you watching us on c-span and on the aclu live feeds. we are going to launch this commission and bring you some of the greatest thinkers in america for ea

madison? >> i don't think it connects really -- >> well, we're going to have to stop because -- >> here's the thing, that john marshall -- here's the maw izing thing about the oath, it doesn't require a profession of religion. you're allowed to say help me god if you like, but you don't have to. two of the folks up there including washington and lincoln were not conventional church goers. there's no religious test for public office. >> when the chief justice delivers the opinion, the cases boil down to three central questions. the first was did marbury have a right to his commission. the court said what? >> yes, he did have a right to his commission. >> question two, if he had a right and the right was violated, did the law provide a remedy for him? >> yes. two both these questions he believes they acted against the law, that they were duty bound to give them the commissions once they were duly appointed. and so it's actually the harshest criticism of a presidential administration in a supreme

madison himself was probably conflicted on this score. federalist 39 talks about a kind of dual sovereignty where both the states in their sovereign capacity occasionally rule and sometimes we the people rule. others like wilson said the idea of two sovereignties was an impeero -- sorry, was an impeer yum within an impeero, a state within a state, which the framers considered a solessism, you couldn't have a state with two powers. today, our national unity represented by national popular sovereignty, is all thanks to james wilson. but of course james wilson is not -- i said he was the most underappreciated framer. he's not the most famous. the most famous, and i suppose the most beloved based on amount of shininess on his hands in just a few weeks, is benjamin franklin of pennsylvania. at age 81, he's the oldest of the framers. printer, inventor, scientist and statesman. he's not well at the time of the convention. but he is so respected and his wisdom so acknowledged that when he did speak, he was closely attended to. the main thing to s

president, james madison. new permanent exhibit is opening the door on a rarely told side of madison involving his slaves and how they lived. >> reporter: this sprawling bucolic virginia countryside is the plantation where james madison, the so-called "father of the constitution" puzzled over liberties as he helped frame america's democracy. it's also here over time that he and his wife dolley held over 300 slaves. now, with a new interactive exhibit "the mere distinction of colour," there is a new way of looking at that story. >> reporter: visitors hear stories of montpelier's slaves told by their living descendants. there's insight into economic, ideological and political factors that cemented slavery in the constitution, without ever using the word slavery. >> don't shoot him! he has no weapon. >> reporter: and films connect the past to the present, looking at the legacy of slavery to issues of race and identity today. in addition to the new exhibit in the madison home itself, there are new ways of talking

so, washington is tight with madison. medicine balls that with him when he goes all in with jefferson -- but madison falls out with him when he goes all in with jefferson. at the same time, he is a man, he is very self-monitoring. heat -- he has a distance. that made him bury -- that made him very unapproachable by design. that is one of the reasons that he's not as beloved as lincoln today. click to see these folks as they saw themselves -- but to see these folks as they saw themselves and understand them on a human scale makes it infinitely fascinating. we put washington on a pedestal because we make their wisdom so much less accessible. but we understand them as flawed people, in pain, full of doubts as to whether they could succeed. it makes a whole exercise of reading history so much more accessible, and more more -- and much more inspiring. he is moving through the presidency, he is overseeing crises, and is seeing the formation of political parties, which he cannot stop. one of the things that is happening is he is

it may be in madison.e will take it to our court and somebody will say why don't we appeal it to the supreme court? this is the only court in wisconsin that gets to choose which cases they want to hear. they get over 1,000 requests a year. too many. they pick out about 100. schedule themselves ten cases a month for ten months. then the group is on vacation in july and august. the murals are moments of history. behind me it says they were signing the u.s. constitution, independence hall, philadelphia, 1787. the guy behind the desk would be george washington. there's three guys talking on the side. the guy with the chubby guy looking at you, that's ben franklin. the gentleman over here with the raincoat over his arm is james madison. he is considered the author. for us that live in madison, we name our city after james madison, the president. in front of me a judge in the chair. a federal judge trying chief oshkosh for murder. supposedly killed a member of a tribe in a hunting incident. as he listens, things

let madison -- i get your point. madison, go ahead. >> so you would like to say just because in the one instance where the woman was hit by the car. liz: which is a disgrace. >> absolutely terrible. someone could have hit the person in the wrong part of their head, and they could be dead too. the violence is unacceptable from either side. >> are you kidding me? >> no, i'm not kidding you. liz: let's get the president on race relations. listen. trump: i think they've gotten better. look, they've been frayed for a long time, and you can ask president obama about that because he made speeches about it. but i believe that the fact that i brought in -- it will be soon millions of jobs. you see where companies are moving back into our country. i think that's going to have a tremendous, positive impact on race relations. liz: okay. let's talk about jobs for a second here. madison, this -- the irony is he's talking about infrastructure. why do i say irony? okay. there's dc gridlock; right? there's media-induced gridlock beca

and in fact madison was so taken by witherspoon that after he graduated, madison stayed on about nine months, almost an entire year studying two things privately under witherspoon as his direct tutor. and they say he was hebrew and law. so he read the hebrew language and he read law. at that time you couldn't get hebrew in the regular college curriculum. and what this tells us is madison was like many young people not sure what he was going to do with his life when he grew up. so he stayed on thinking about becoming a minister and thing about becoming a lawyer. and i traced this out when i was at princeton, and it turns out there were a number of young men who did exactly what madison did, but they only studied hebrew, and every one of them but madison went onto become an ordained minister. so it's clear he's thinking about the ministry as a vocation. and historians are of one mind about this. i'm not forcing the facts at all. and we know in any event he did neither. he kind of became our first career politician instead. even in old age madison was convinced as he says, "belief in god

and we named our city after james madison, the president.t of me we have a judge sitting in a church, a federal judge trying chief ashgosh for murder. listens to the evidence with his jury behind him. things don't look good at all. he says wait a minute, i don't really have power over ashgash. he said, you're a free man. you committed no crime against the united states. above the door is the word latin for law. because we have a big building. in a lot of supreme court's it's in separate areas. we are now in the assembly. this is part of the legislative unit of wisconsin. as i said this is the assembly. we have 99 representatives. once you're all in the room, you have the big chair in the front. the political leader is called the speaker. and speaker takes care of all the political issues. when they're going to meet, what they're going to talk about, who the chairmans of the committees are. so the most important person in the room would be the speaker. the mural in front of you is called wisconsin's past, present and future. the artist worked

madison, the president had no military experience, but he was an astute politician. basically she he turned to his governors who then appointed relatives and friends as our officer corps. but he also turned to veteran said the resolution -- revolution who had been young soldiers 35 years before. but now, some of them were too old to be sitting on a horse. for example, henry dearborn was put in charge of the american army. he really wanted to stay in boston because he loved to buy supplies. he burned up the appropriations happily. but when he did and he had his first review of the american army, first his hat fell off. then he lost the grip on the saddle in henry dearborn selloff in the horse ran away in front of the american army. but madison also pointed someone named william hollywood that in the nature of the revolution engaged in the northwestern army in charge of the entire, what we call the midwest. hall had a couple of problems. one inebriated into his new duty station in detroit, he took his daughter and grandchildren to be out on the frontier rate your tecum

as far as madison goes, he has tremendous respect for madison and madison rewards him by recognizing his skills, first appointing him ambassador to russia and then secretary of state. so without jefferson and madison, he doesn't get to be president. and he doesn't even have a chance of being president. he doesn't have a chance of being in the room where it happens as we say now, quoting the hamilton play. so he's quite aware of that. not in a crass way but a way of we can all be on the same page. that's what national republicanism is about. >> yeah, the only thing i would answer to maybe try to give some clarity is it's not that different with someone like madison and someone like john quincy adams if you were going to just -- sit them down, abolitionists love to do this. sit them down and say i'm going to ask you a simple question. are you for or against slavery. their answer was never simple. they would go on for an hour. like we just did. right? yes. i'm anti-slavery. but i'm all this other stuff, too. i'm anti-slavery but i'm pro union and pro improvement. i've got all this other

goes, he has tremendous respect for madison, and madison rewards him by recognizing his skills, first appointing him ambassador to russia and then secretary of state. without jefferson and madison, he doesn't get to be president or have a chance of being president or a chance of being in the room where it happened according to hamilton, and so he's quite away of that, and not in a crass way, but in a way we'll all be on the same page. that's what national republicanism is about. >> yeah. only thing i answer to give clarity is it's not that different with someone like madison and adams. if you were going to just sit them down abolitionists loved to do this. okay, simple question. are you for or against slavery? their answer was never simple. they'd go on for an hour. like, we just did, right? i mean, it's -- yes, i'm anti-slavery, but, i'm all this other stuff too. i'm anti-slavery, but pro-union, pro-improvement, i have all the other stuff. never just separate it out, an up or down question, come on, man, it's much more complicated than that. that's the way madison would have answered

all the item dolly madison was the on roach of the white house with a telescope.she was one of the last to leave washington. you know the famous story, also what you get in high school, she went to cut out george washington's picture from the frame. unfortunately the picture was glued to the roll and she had her slave boy to cut it out and rolled it up and handed it to a citizen who was there and told them to take it to safety. she rescued madison's government papers, the family silver, and the original copy of the declaration of independence. and then she fled. one of the last to leave. when the british did come, the only place that was resistance was from a privateering captain and his ship's gunners who tried to keep them away from the capitol building and failed. inside the capitol building they tried to blow it up. it wouldn't blow up. it wouldn't catch fire. they fired their rockets. they had new rockets which were more danger to the person firing it than the target. but the ceiling was steel. the capitol could not be easily burned. but they kept working at

james madison, fourth president of the united states, i perform as james madison, teach in high school, et cetera, so this is very central to the issues that i talk about with high schools, et cetera. my reading is that the first four virginia presidents were all adamantly anti-slavery. it is confusing, and i'm lost where would a northerner, especially in massachusetts, be so sensitive about this issue? i would have expected in general principle for him to take exactly the opposite point of view, and, of course, in massachusetts, when i'm in schools, i have to talk about this. i mean, it's a big issue, and so i'm lost. >> madison is a great example of why adams is hoping that things are going to turn out differently than they did in terms of the expanse of slavery. there's a wonderful diary entry when adams is in paris with his father, meeting overson, and talking about writing notes on virginia, and talking about virginia saying that, it's clearly talking about slavery in a way that makes it clear he disapproves of it and wishes it go away and thinks it might be going away. that was m

jefferson,ttacking madison. washington didn't want to do that. the american daily advertiser was uniquely committed to that independent perspective. a cynic would say that the reason is they had a lot of congressional publishing contracts going back to the declaration. it did not make sense to throw in with one faction or another. philosophicaluine point of view that that is where they felt the paper should be. independence is key to the integrity of a news brand. that tried to write above the fray and believed that that was closer to the mission is journalists. out five blocks from the executive mansion, all the papers are located next to each other. and he each other's guts. he sends out the top aide to bring a note down to david claypool and the president would like to meet you. new sort of angled sofa on the fireplace. a portrait of king louis of france. falling in love with the french revolution naively. he basically delivers the greatest scoop. the things written for five years, they go very quickly. it is roughly the ninth anniversary of s

if you want to demonstrate something, look at dolly after james madison died, she was selling slaves because she had no money. go down to -- you have to pay to and see this. there is a video downstairs where a black slave had written a letter how she was scared to death of eating sold by dolly madison so she could have money in her lifestyle. is there an equivalency between some of these confederate figures and non-confederate figures who owned slaves? there is not an equivalency. there are issues i would describe as analogous or similar. i think they have done a much better job interpreting the issues related to slavery. i would like to see it better. what the caller describes is actually something extremely important. issue of what happens when a slave holder dies. this is part of the myth of the old south. that the slaves loved their masters. when the masters died, slaves often cried people say, see how much they love their masters? slaves cried because they knew what would happen next. just as when someone dies now, you often have to sell the house for the family to divide the es

madison the court convened in the lobo of steles hotel. there's some confusion about where steels hotel actually stood. but at the time justice chase was suffering from gout and they moved it to the hotel so he would not have to walk to the capitol. that lasted only four years until the british burned the place down, and the court went wandering again for five more years. in 1819 the great chief justice and his colleagues returned to the old supreme court chamber in the capitol building, convened there until 1860 when it made the move finally up stairs to the old senate chamber. of course the court didn't move into this building until 1935. now, as i mentioned today the supreme court sits very near where john marshall delivered his decision in marbury v. madison. the hotel in which he announced that decision is gone. the decision itself will remain the solid foundation of the role of this court in articulating the meaning of the constitution. when john marshall announced his decision, most governments if not all of them, consider the const

madison says he should publish it in a newspaper which he eventually does. and, basically, a number of things occur. and the real problems for washington occur in the second term. washington becomes persuaded that if he leaves, the country could degenerate into civil war. he is aware that madison and jefferson have been attacking his administration through newspaper here in philadelphia, the national gazette. jefferson lies to his face when confronted about it. and he backs off the idea, doesn't formally announce it. we're at this point where he's not going to be persuaded to stay. >> we are going to move to that time now where he is being persuaded. knows there is a value in this address. i am curious to know why he was formmined to put this into and at the same time consult with people who he knows do not get along. he was consulting with pamela and and medicine, it is a double restaurant. -- question. >> i think that partly, he's consciously trying to build a document beyond factions, beyond parties. that, really, if you wanted to steal washington's wisdo

chief justice who is seated immediately behind madison. but monroe was ill for much of the time and had to resign before the convention adjourned in 1830. elizabeth monroe died in 1830. her grieving spouse went to new york city physically unable to return to virginia, monroe died on july 4, 1831, five years to the day after the deaths of thomas jefferson and john adams. after an elaborate funeral in which there was an estimated 70,000 attendees, monroe was buried in new york city's marble cemetery. commonwealth of virginia had his remains exhumed in 1858 and reintured into cemetery. their daughter is actually buried in paris. the ornate gothic revival tomb, the bird cage as it's called over the monroe tomb there in hollywood cemetery is a familiar landmark, if you ever been there. this is in 1865 photograph soon after richmond's fall. the tomb has been restored and going through an extensive process of refurbishment in which almost 30% of the original iron has been replaced. and i'm hopeful that it's going to be ready in time for monroe's

the body here, and former chief justice john marshall who is seated immediately behind madison. but monroe was ill for much of the time and had to resign before the convention adjourned in 1830. elizabeth monroe died in 1830, and her grieving spouse went to his daughter mariah's home in new york city. physically unable to return to virginia, monroe died on july 4th, 1831. five years to the day after the deaths of thomas jefferson and john adams. after an elaborate funeral in which there was an estimated 70,000 attendees, monroe was buried in new york city's marble cemetery. the commonwealth of virginia had his remains kpumed and reinterned in richmond's cemetery. the remains of mariah was brought to join them. their daughter ee liza is buried in paris. the bird cage over their tomb is a familiar landmark. this is an 1865 photograph, soon after richmond's fall. for the first time since its creation, the tomb has been restored and has been going through an extensive process of refurbishment in which almost 30% of the original iron has been replaced. i am hopeful that it will be re

president james madison now james madison owned over one hundred slaves and in his personal letters he said some pretty reprehensible things about black people do you feel like there's a little hypocrisy that we're changing things in the south but not changing things here absolutely which changes every way i think if he represents you know a troubled past or is there's a difference between honoring history and recognizing the. we shouldn't repeat it should they stop madison avenue. and rename it yeah no i think it's fine so if one person does affect people there will be by the city you'd be a good idea to take it to the it should be a democratic but i think a lot of people in the south do want to take the statues down it's not just people in the north that are trying to take down. now we're here in thomas jefferson park thomas jefferson was the ideological founder of the american republic and he was also a slave owner not only did jefferson own hundreds of slaves he actually impregnated one of them there's a number of african-americans living today who can trace their genealogy back to

on the bottom is an autograph of james madison. that's there to remind me that calling congress to guard and protect and enforce the constitution. i've read biographies with james madison as well. he's not as well known. but one of those early, dedicated individuals for help build our country. he's really great president. to the answer to the question, so happens that yesterday morning read a book called the gatekeepers. it's about the chief of staff of presidents. it is this book right here and i hope you don't take this personally, i think you might've benefited a little bit by having his own chief of staff. it's a good book. it could be slightly better if he had a chief of staff that might be better to put on his hat. maybe there's half a dozen paragraphs that but i thought about taking me out. still worth reading. my staff is nice enough to type up whenever i read a book, i underline every book i have. this will be an example of my book notes. this was a book i read before the gatekeepers in this was wonderful. i would recommen

should they stop madison avenue. and rename it yeah i think it's fine so if one person does affect people there will be by the city you'd be a good idea to take it to the it should be a democratic but i think a lot of people in the south do want to take the statues down it's not just people in the north that are trying to take down. now we're here in thomas jefferson park thomas jefferson was the ideological founder of the american republic and he was also a slave owner not only did jefferson own hundreds of slaves he actually impregnated one of them there's a number of african-americans living today who can trace their genealogy back to thomas jefferson and one of his slaves sally hemings before him having slaves he was a youngster changes play very shouldn't be this even slaves right now and does they have heard of them. on the way still get out. get out by and try to kill the show. the first president of the united states george washington started owning slaves when he was just eleven years old by the time of his

we've got to say goodbye to our specialists, madison gesiotto and matt welch. you for joining us. up next, more on the incredible rescue efforts in texas. adjusts on both sides. the new 360 smart bed is part of our biggest sale of the year where all beds are on sale. and right now save 50% on the labor day limited edition bed. fitting into my skinny jeans ♪again? that's cool. feeling good in slim fit? that's cool. looking fabulous in my little black dress? that's cool. getting the body you want without surgery, needles, or downtime? that's coolsculpting. coolsculpting is the only fda-cleared non-invasive treatment that targets and freezes away stubborn fat cells. visit coolsculpting.com today and register for a chance to win a free treatment. >> pete: no "wait, what" today. instead we want to shine a light on the rescue and relief efforts. i will start. this photo caught my eye. this is a grandmother in the doorway of her own home being rescued by a volunteer on his jet ski. it was posted on social media. he came with lifejackets. pretty cool. people helping pe