mappable battleground. as mappable as gettysburg or the sea to vicksburg. they became archives of slavery's defeat. we may argue today and for years to come about this thing called self-emancipation versus lincoln and the union army as emancipators, but in the end going back to jim mcpherson, the question that appears as the subtitle of his book, how american negroes felt and acted during the war for the union remains as urgent as it was nearly 50 years ago when he wrote that book. perhaps more importantly, it is a part of mcpherson's life in american history. it's a part of his rearchiving of american history itself. i recall finally, and to close the memorable and all sided description of the formal surrender of lee's army that appears in battle cry of freedom. whether northern general joshua chamberlain orders his men to shift to carry arms as a salute of honor, while the confederate general gorton leads his men to this formal surrender, mcpherson writes, quote, these enemies in many a bloody battle ended the war with shame on one's side and exultation on the other but with the soldiers salutatio