now, margie haynes did not win her case.but, even as i say that, i will emphasize that "courage to dissent" isn't just a winner's history. in fact i think it is important to write the history of societies losers. the voice of ethel mae matthews and her neighbors it seems to me is critically important, adding to the legal history, especially of civil rights movements again because they insisted that we remember that jim crow and poverty were integral and left a legacy. now i will conclude by throwing out the larger lessons that i think one can learn from this bottom-up view of constitutional history of the civil rights movement. but i want to offer three possibilities. the first is this. it seems to me that decentering the supreme court doctrine and even legendary lawyers like thurgood marshall from the legal history of the civil rights movement opens up a much broader, deeper and synthetic interpretation of civil rights history. one can really see how dynamic the movement was. it was so much more than a few marquee legal cas

the lawyers whom i have spoken about, margie haynes paid, lynn holt, howard maurer, these are figures whom it is important to recall. they were created. they offer models of social change that are different and important respects from the model that thurgood marshall embraced. and i say that in part because there is a literature -- a political science literature that are accused of civil rights lawyers are actually ill-served by reliance on the court, by affirmative constitutional litigation. and that is because it turned out that the supreme court would not or could not enforce its own decree. meanwhile, the movement was so focused on the law that it tended not to mobilize politically. well, what i argue in my work is that these lawyers did not fit that description. they were very savvy. they were able to use the courts and constitutional concept to their advantage, even when they were skeptical of those same concepts. a second lesson here is that i am telling a different story about accommodations. silly man like will then who is dismissed as an uncle tom and i lbf on hand and by st