in 1898, marie curie discovered a new element. 47 years later, the atomic bomb named little boy was dropped on hiroshima, japan. on august 6, 1945. diana preston talks about her book before the fallout from marie curie to hiroshima, and which she investigates the scientific discoveries that led to the development of the atomic bomb. this was recorde

she was the daughter of marie curie. chadwick tackled the problem with increased vigor in 1932. applying the classic ceiling, wax, and string principles to make his equipment the simplest and the cheapest fit for the purpose, we know that chadwick violated rutherford's rule, but all work in the laboratory should cease by 6:00 p.m. this was part due to enthusiasm, but also so that his sensitive equipment would not be affected by others work. and after three weeks he had shown that radiation from bombarded berilleum and powerful enough to knock particles out of hydrogen, argon, and others. the particles expelled from the hydrogen were clearly protons, and the others were whole nuclei of the target substance. his measurements of their penetrating power, of their velocity, proves that gamma rays, as has been claimed, could never have caused the ejicks of ejection oftion -- particles of such energy. the only viable conclusion was that the radiation flowing so powerfully from the bombarded berrileum consisted of powerful of mass one and charge zero. in other words, neutrons. now, chad

preston talks about her book "before the fallout: from marie curie to hiroshima," in which she investigates the scientific discoveries that led to the development of the atomic bomb. this was recorded at the national archives in washington, d.c. in 2005. it is 50 minutes. [applause] very much, thank you indeed, and i would like to say what a pleasure it is to be back here at the national archives. and i would like to acknowledge at the arts at -- at the outset that the archives have been a considerable help that i had from the archives in writing this book. the destructive flash which seared hiroshima into history was really the culmination of 50 years of scientific creativity and of more than 50 years of political and military turmoil. generations of scientists had contributed to that moment in physics. yet, when they first began to tease out the sequence of matter, not even future nobel prize winners, i think, could have predicted how their pioneering insights would combine with exterior events to produce such a defining moment in history. for the scientists of many nations, this journey

here is mary curie. she made mobile x—ray devices. these devices went down to the front. to the front. a lot of these pioneers and innovators making different inventions that are still used today. here we are remembering those from the commonwealth who volunteered to come to fight in the first world war as well. it is incredibly beautiful, colourful work of art. here is the artist sara. why did you want to make it so colourful? i wanted to bring everything to live. i wanted to get away from looking at black and white photographs. and yes, just bring people to life. anybody can come up to the illustrations and really relate to them. it feels like you could almost bump into these people in the street. is that what you wanted to create? absolutely. it was purely by chance. i coloured them in as an experiment and as soon as i did i could feel how alive they felt. there is one particularly special person in this montage. and this is your great—grandfather down here. tell me a little bit how you came to find out about him? through my research. ijust wanted to find out more abou

here is mary curie. she made mobile x—ray devices. an experiment and as soon as i did i could feel how alive they felt. there is one particularly special person in this montage. and this is your great—grandfather down here. tell me a little bit how you came to find out about him? through my research. i just came to find out about him? through my research. ijust wanted to find out more about him and so i did that and found out where he fought and he died just before the end of the war. i live in brighton and he was from there. so it felt really special to include him in the illustrations. and i actually found out he lived just around the corner for me. it just around the corner for me. it just brought it all to live. that is incredible. do you think that is —— as it has been a hundred years since the war ended that it is difficult for people to relate to?|j the war ended that it is difficult for people to relate to? i think yes. people might not think they have a connection and i hope through this campaign people can now... they can lo

i am nowjoined by dr kirsten moore a senior research fellow at the marie curie palliative care esearchwithout the support to back—up their role and keep them in turning that role, they get a lot of symptoms, such as depression, grief, loss. there are dealing with a lot of emotional stress and burden. they are needing support with practical tasks to get them through the day. psychologically and physically, it is quite stressful? yes. it depends on the need of the person leading supporter. there are definitely physical and logical impacts. this applies to people paying for their own parents, but also professional carers? yes, we have a lot of care workers in this industry who are under a lot of pressure. they're having to care for a large number of people, either in the home or care settings. they're expected to look after large as of people and provide all of their needs, with eating, bathing, with not much time to have social interaction or real care. as we have been hearing, this willjust be increasing in the coming years. what are you recommending that could be done to help the carer

. >> in 1898, marie curie discovered a new element. radio. -- radium. 47 years later, the atomic bomb named "little boy" was dropped on hiroshima, japan on august 6, 1945. next on history bookshelf, diana preston talks about her book "before the fallout: from marie curie to hiroshima," in which she investigates the scientific discoveries that led to the development of the atomic bomb. this was recorded at the national archives in washington, d.c. in 2005. it is 50 minutes. [applause] very much, thank you indeed, and i would like to say what a pleasure it is to be back here at the national archives. and i would like to acknowledge at the arts at -- at the outset that the archives have been a considerable help that i had from the archives in writing this book. the destructive flash which seared hiroshima into history was really the culmination of 50 years of scientific creativity and of more than 50 years of political and military turmoil.