think then: i don't social media campaign did. they were engaging in activities consistent with the trump campaign's and knees. they were trying to mobilize constituencies that he needed to mobilize like evangelical catholics, for example. they were trying to demobilize black americans, and they were trying to shift votes where they could to third-party candidate jill stein. we knew that from the early evidence available. by the time the second edition came out, we had a complete block of all the twitter content, though facebook was much less revelatory. what we could tell from that, from the additional materials that had been exposed between the first edition and second edition -- second edition just came out in june -- we were able to analyze the extensive content that was there, that very large multi-million-dollar number, most of which is not direct electoral content. if you look at the amount of the exposure they had, they would have had to reach high levels of susceptible individuals in large numbers to create a decisive imp

howie: this is media buzz. i'm howard curtsdz. president trump and numerous top officials are strongly denying an explosive report by the atlantic that he disparaged american soldiers. the editor in chief cites four unnamed officials saying president trump canceled a visit to honor soldiers in 2018, saying why should i go to that cemetery, it's filled with losers and calling the marines suckers for getting killed. >> it is a disgraceful situation. by a magazine that's a terrible magazine. i don't read it. but i just heard about it. they made it up. if people really exist that would have said that, they're low lives and liars. i would be willing to swear on anything that i never said that about our fallen heros. >> in my opinion, this is one of those stories, a rabid created and manufactured by the left. there's no sources, no evidence, no tames. and in my -- tapes. in my experience, runs contrary to what people who know president trump know about his disposition, his love for vets. >> the way that trump is quoted, the things that

outlets ought on at least some foreign media outlets because the b.b.c. germany's deutsche avella canada c.b.c. amongst many other foreign media outlets that all working in the united states without this designation right outside that doesn't like this law is being applied selectively but in the case of a.j. plus there is a bit of a back story and it has to do with so. recent political history in the gulf in 2017 saudi arabia the u.a.e. basra and egypt all sever ties with qatar the differences are largely to do with regional geopolitics but one of their major gripes was with qatar's funding of al-jazeera and how the network covers the region in fact they even demanded that the entire network be shut down which clearly didn't happen but it's been widely documented that the u.a.e. has been aggressively lobbying in washington for us members of congress to force others are artists based in the us to register under fire why agent placers being targeted is unclear ok nick so this looks like a story that we develop a bit so we keep our eye on it one of the funda

out that's them and when you have a controlled media system well people don't believe that. at the same time governments need to do is open up their own information holdings a lot more governments need to be far more transparent with the statistics about infections for example but i think it's about tests and more transparent about the contracts countries that they are getting to counter cope with these emergency conditions dr abdul rahim i what i do want to get your thoughts on the issue of free speech how can we stop on full information without harming free speech i don't think free speech is freedom to put out misinformation so again i think by teaching people to be to educating people to be. aware or consumers and to be able to assess claims then if someone uses their prints for misuse of their freedom of speech to put forward information that can be harmful i think they should be hauled out on it and i think they should be held accountable for it as well i think that's really important because. it does end up causing a lot of harm i just point out something on the on th

media myths. and in a way, media myths are cousins to fake news. we thought of cases of fake news that have mass car aided as accurate for many years media myths. and also they could be thought of sort of the junk food of journalism. the junk food of journalism. appealing, alluring, delicious, perhaps, but not terribly wholesome and not terribly healthy. the junk food of journalism. some of the features of media myths, these invariably are pithy tales, suck sink and short and to the point. they're almost always simplistic and media centric. they involve around media, actors, journalists. they're easily remembers, easily retold, they're almost too good not to be true. these are some of the defining characteristics, some of the defining features of media myths. they almost always place journalists at the center of the action, at the center of important events. and do so in a decisive way, for good or evil. for good or evil. and this anecdote that we're discussing today, this media myth that we'll be deconstructing is often cited as evidence that will

and is the media-- as a society and particularly the media, is the media prepared to identify or at least be suspicious to a greater degree than they were in 2016, of such information coming out in order to potentially label it as kathleen says, hacked content. >> when you say media, there are -- there are, you know, wide variances in the spectrum. so, i don't know the answer to your question about how well the media is prepared or the public. i don't know. i'm frankly concerned about how the government reacts. >> right, so what's your thought about that, jim? and then i'm going to turn back to kathleen and ask her the same question. >> well, you know, the appearance, at least, of sort of muzzling or at least, i think, slanting the message a bit that we've received so far, i can't say i'm-- i have a level of confidence about is how much of this will be shared with the media, the american public or anybody, even the congress, for that matter. >> kathleen, do you think we're better prepared to deal with this kind of hack and dump, this time around than we were in 2016? >> i don't know. and

incident in space on this specially because of social media. constantly engaged in some form of comparison if bad news also gives us an opportunity to compare and contrast indecent compared to terrible things going on in the world you might feel something like a sense of relief. and class your own life might feel pretty sad at the moment but in comparison to all the disasters out that it might seem more bearable. type to here shine let's look at the story that has affected us all in 2020 the novel coronavirus cause in covert 19 we've spent the last few months consuming news about deaths infection rates bottlenecks in medical care interesting and public life the virus is like a specter an invisible threat that it's making its mark on our daily lives and that scares a lot of people. crises often trigger specific fears and diffuse anxieties and they can spread from person to person. when people see pictures of empty supermarket shelves or reports of a travel ban they might stock up on goods and buy much more than less of. by the way in english squ

photos they gathered kind of seen these social media. or seen the role they spoke in the arab spring because in the winter iran during protests there and all of those it as time went by much more. but. social media sites are supposed to just really enable democracy or it turns out that it's much more complicated. and valerie's we're seeing this kind of message that we're going to which we will be telegraphing to part of what's happening online it's a real meaningful change happen in dollars can take more than posts and messages it's going to take very clear leadership and we're going to do a show and so i'm really interested to see telegrams beyond this really horrible world what would be pro-democracy movement. living in the country. we're discussing other media stories on our radar this week with one of our producers phil phillips flow another month another book about the trump presidency why is this latest one causing so much controversy the president trump may have lied is not the only news story here it's not like we haven't heard t

howie: this is media buzz. i'm howard kurtz ahead we'll talk to cory lewandowski of the trump ca campaign. president trump nominating amy coney barrett to the supreme court. her husband and children also at the white house yesterday. a media assault quickly got underway. >> judges are not policy makers and they must be resolute in setting aside any policy views they might hold. >> confirm this justice right before the election and re-elect this president, so we can and will nuke your health insurance less than two weeks later. >> there's going to be a fighting mood out there as it becomes clear that, you know, ms. barrett means the end of roe v wade as well as the end of the affordable care act. >> how cool is it to get a working mom on the supreme court. and by the way, a working mom of seven kids. you know, i mean, this woman is going to be something to reckon with. >> democrats, the media, the mob, they're beginning to try and paint this woman as a monster. buckle up. they're attacking her faith and god, her

they do this for russian media but they don't do this for state affiliated media of other countries like voice of america for example so we're seeing this ongoing war against russian media and this is just the latest front it in that war use the term censorship there of course serve up full talks a long and hard about its commitment to freedom of speech such as that tie in if this is censorship work that apple is also the same time zone is committed to freedom of speech well absolutely it shows a double standards because we're in a very high tech a we all know that a lot of people now get their news from their apps on their 'd i phones and i'm doing whatever they get it on on their on their phones and of course if you were to stop or not make it possible for people to download the apps of russian media than that of course the sense is quite clearly censorship should be up to the owner of that for which apps they can download where they want to download the b.b.c. at the r.t. at whatever and so that is just another front and it recognizes the fact that as i say an increasing number o

and then you had social media and that handout. they have the power, the media has the power. i learned that probably about 10 i saw a story, the code enforcement in some cities is just out of control. and nobody wanted to hear about it. choose andck and because of the covid, it seems like every scab is being picked and we can't get out of the news cycle. i heard you talking about portland, i know people that live in oregon, and i live in mineral bluff which is not too far away from atlanta, and i would not go to atlanta on must i had to get on an airplane or i'm about to go to 75. there's many people in rural areas who would not dare to go to the cities. if president trump can't choose his words when he says on fire, he just means it's burning down, he just means that there's a people and things of that matter. we appreciate your call. guest: i respect what you're saying and i think what you're saying is a view shared by many impression,ave this but i don't think it reflects reality and i will tell you why. unrestworst night of the in new york city, i was out driving, i was s

particularly the mainstream media is at a crossroads the main risk. becoming irrelevant i mean what is the press if they don't report what's happening. this of course to the 1st draft of history. and yet you just pretend that what you're seeing is not happening. what is your role as a journalist. and other media story that's on our radar this week relates to coverage of the dispute that's flared up between turkey and greece over gas reserves in the eastern mediterranean i mean actually ravi has been. looking into it man up president erda one of turkey has taken issue with the coverage of this geo political story which media outlets is he talking about specifically he certainly isn't happy with what the media have been putting out richard turkey and greece both laid claim to gas reserves in the eastern med and over the past few months there's been a fair amount of matter time just in between the 2 countries the media coverage has been pretty charged 100 people in particular the right wing athens based democrates published a pretty cockatoo front page w

we discussed ukraine's targeting of russian media organizations with john. and donald is off. of course it's censorship and of course it goes contrary to our freedom of speech the ukraine as doing its best to create a special relationship with the united states and the u.s. is responding and for whatever draws those 2 countries closer together has washington's approval so therefore one of the ukraine makes a request like this of apple apple really can't say no because it knows that the that washington wants it 'd to comply it sets a very worrying president doesn't if you think about this then if apple does yield this and it looks like it is going to then you could get any other security agency say in germany or belgium or anywhere else saying look we want you to take down of this country and it's very paul very poor 'd that will and they still lose credibility as if they'll continue simply to request the one country security services against another country so you know apple will lose out on this the same way facebook is going to lose out twitter is going to lose credibility o

do you think the media criticism, the media pressure will affect what the senators do at all?-- i disagree with most of what mike huckabee in the segment but i agree with him that harry reid made a big mistake to get rid of the filibuster. the good news for the trump side is that this changes the subject from the pandemic. everyone is now covering this. the bad news for the trump side is that as i recall in 1992 when i first ran for congress and the image was anita hill, clarence thomas and the choice issue, this could mobilize a lot of suburban women to vote for biden. so i doubt there's going to be a vote before the election. i'm sure, at least i enthusiastically agree with saddam -- susan collins and lisa murkowski. i think if trump loses they'll be a lot of pressure not to have a vote. he wins, i don't know how it comes out and maybe a new senator that could change it, but we will see. it's sadly confirmations have become circuses. got it. howie: jane harman, good to see you this sunday, thank you very much for joining us. jane: you too, howie. howie: cnbc kramer apologize

and of course, they are media -centric. they revolve around media and media actors and journalists. they are easily remembered, easily re-told and almost too good not to be true. these are some of the defining characteristics, some of the defining features, of the media myths. they almost always place journalists at the center of the actions. at the center of important events. they do so in a decisive way, for good or evil. for good or evil. this anecdote that we are discussing today, this media myth that we will be deconstructing. is often cited as evidence that william randolph hearst, a young newspaper publisher from new york city, fomented or brought about the spanish american war. it is as i say, a tenacious and often invoked medium it. what are some examples of other media myths? this furnished the war anecdote is hardly the only media myth of their. one of the most tenacious and popular is the notion that two young reporters from the washington post, through their dog reporting, brought down the corrupt presidency of richard nixon in 1974. another well-known media myth is the

used facebook and social media to win n an election. but they didn't stop there we began to see these vicious attacks on facebook against anyone who questioned. the killings in the drug war and in october i wrote this three part series on the- propaganda war. when we released it i was attacked the propaganda machine came after us with a bag in it was immediate. you know i've been called every animal you can think of i my sexual life has beenen dissected and at the beginning i faced it like a traditional journalists we try to fight it. then you realize known you can't. it's not t ilt. you can you don't fight this by looking up content. you fight this by looking at the networks and lookinat algorithms. that's when i realized something was going on and we began gathering data. so we call it the shark tank but what it is truly. social networks spread disinformation that have been used in attacks so we have more than three hundred fifty million comments one fifteen million accounts. so the data set it is probably the largest outside of faceb

so far the saturday thanks for watching check it out of our social media for everything we're talking about today reporting from moscow kevin owen here with a great weekend. join me every 1st day on the alex salmond show and i'll be speaking to guest of the world of politics sports business i'm showbusiness i'll see that. the new gold rush is underway and gonna thousands of ill equipped workers are flocking to the gold fields hoping to strike it rich is there goes the other person that bottles that whatever children are torn between gold and education from. i was very poor i thought i was doing my best to get back to school which side will have the strongest appeal. i didn't want to listen we ought to have love. for probably have. vaccines have to be acceptable to the point too late before they were rolled out in a in a society because if the end was acceptable there is a real risk of undermining faith in the vaccination system as a whole and i think governments are under such pressure to introduce a vaccine rapidly that the willingness to consult and to ensure acceptability or someho

it is not what the media chooses to cover. it is what the media chooses not to cover.fter the national guard went in. fbi came in enforcing citywide curfews. president saying statues have topped being torn down. after 10 years. stop that hollywood and media ramping up talk of a possibility of a quote, civil war or race war. you know, even joe biden has said, the protester, the protests are still peaceful. that he is saying that the trump supporter who was shot in portland, that he was inciting responses. your reaction to that? >> well i mean the idea that donald trump is going to cause a raise war is absolutely ridiculous. look, this has been going on, this unrest has been going on for many years, including under the obama-biden administration. when you demonize cops, you jump to conclusions about police shootings and local officials don't enforce the law, it is not rocket science to figure out what is going on here. what happened the democrats, their allies have to admit riots are going on. they're looking for a new angle. essentially they're committing extortion. wha

particularly the mainstream media is at a crossroads the main risks. becoming irrelevant i mean what is the press if they don't report what's happening. this of course to the 1st draft of history. and yet you just pretend that what you're seeing is not happening. what is your role as a journalist. and other media story that's on our radar this week relates to coverage of the dispute that's flared up between turkey and greece over gas reserves in the eastern mediterranean meenakshi ravi has been. looking into it man up president erda one of turkey has taken issue with the coverage of this geo political story which media outlets is he talking about specifically he certainly isn't happy with what the media have been putting out richard turkey and greece both laid claim to gas reserves in the eastern med and over the past few months there's been a fair amount of matter time just in between the 2 countries the media coverage has been pretty charged 100 people in particular the right wing athens based democrates published a pretty cockatoo front page we need

hour russia accuses ukraine of disregarding free speech after camp asked apple to remove all russian media content from the app store in the country. and germany says it's accepted moscow's request to cooperate on a probe into the alleged poisoning of opposition figures have i mix it up only as the issue of parts of german lawmakers debate in parliament. why does not only need such a level of protection for most security services. is part of the putin system why would the russian government be so stupid and even let the money fly out to germany instead of hiding him in russia. this is our 2 international coming to you live from the russian capital this saturday evening welcome to the program. elvis activists are back on the streets of paris for their 1st major rally since march defying restrictions on large gatherings due to a spike in corona virus cases and more than 200 arrests have already been made and the french capital. is there for us but the tensions have broken through here now we need our new device which is. i quite close to the uk to feel that story to get a look up there not c

non political apolitical media if you will how have they been handling trump's messages. well i think mainstream journalism has done a much better job of late in covering trying so one of the one of the greatest mistakes that was made early on was just to take you know what the president was saying at face value and kind of reporting it right to quote whatever trump and saying and oftentimes this fell into the trap of reporting on claims you know that have no basis in factual reality but by lending you know a new york times headline to kind of something that the president was saying this sort of gave it credence and then that was echoed in other media sources and and you know took on a life on a its own and of late journalists have become better at calling things that the president is saying outwardly racist at you know and fact checking while speeches are ongoing and i would say that done a better job the question that remains is if the audience is still to whether the people that are reading the new york times or maybe watching this show are actually the ones that are g

media doing it for them.ck to what you showed earlier about nancy pelosi and chinatown. they're not going back to "the new york times" quoting an epidemiologist, there is more fear than anything else here. not going back to the issue they were saying go out to do these things. when they goat caught, they didn't want to admit they were wrong. they wanted to blame the president. elizabeth: democrats accused the president trump calling the coronavirus a hoax. the hoax what they were referring to was democrat attacks on the administration handling of the outbreak, not the reports. report the are surfacing from "politico" and cbs in 2009 that the obama administration botched the response to swine flu epidemic, vaccine shortfalls, fights over funding, contradictory messaging. the obama administration told states to shut down testing for swine flu without explanation. ron klain, biden's chief of staff at the time said the obama administration didn't do anything right and was pretty lucky here. your reaction? >> my r

were talking about the media. you don't really get a fair break in the media.have the citizen reporters who have these video of these events which are quite different than what we get a lot of times from the media which seems to be sort of censoring violence. the word narrative means there is no objective truth. there's no real story of what happened. everyone has their own narrative and you get to where the press can justify presenting a story that doesn't really correspond to objective truth but it's our narrative. we have a narrative, you have a narrative. i've been appalled at this violence because it's happening right out in the streets. anyone with eyes can see what's happening. they see the violence, they see these groups of agitators and their black outfits, there helmets and their shields which incidentally have a hammer and sickle on them most of the time, rushing the police, causing violence, people showing up with the rocks in the frozen bottles. that's happening in front of people. you don't see it on the national news or the networks or other cabl

is out is there a lie from doha also coming up international pressure builds on as a by john and on media to hold escalating violence after they accuse each other of starting a war. mali's government names a veteran politician as interim prime minister hoping to convince neighbors to lift sanctions imposed since last month. and they may not look very space age but we'll tell you how these tractors the bradley smiles in farming with help from about. struggling properties vast write offs and debts telling in the hundreds of millions of dollars these are some of the reported revelations from the u.s. president's tax records but he's long for to conceal the new york times says donald trump has not paid any income taxes in 10 of the past 15 years mostly because he reported losing far more money than he had made the publication goes on to say trump paid just $750.00 in federal income taxes in both 20162017 the tax return data obtained by the paper extend over more than 2 decades for trump and the companies that make up his business organization. donald trump says the report is absolutely false

media outlets speak of it right about our media in the eyes of by john having period which you say theydon't have that you say it's wrong to even write about that why is that. so basically what happens is every time there's an attack. community says well we don't know who initiated it so they issue a generic call on both parties to refrain from violence when that effectively does is it takes the perpetrator and rewards them it emboldens them to be more violent because they're not going to be called out and it puts the victims at greater risk so instead of having this artificial neutrality or false parity the international community should deploy those gunfire locators and the next time there's an attack neutral monitors can tell everybody including the parties you know who initiated the direction and they can be held to account there is this complaint disengagement by the u.s. in the region and i guess a cynic might say that if i'm here by john has launched a military offensive one of the reasons that it may have done is because the u.s. is disengaged at the moment do you agree with tha

they are doing their best in social media and overt media to grow these divisions again.esse: just another russia conspiracy. but it's not work. the new conspiracy is trump will declare victory on elect night and refuse to leave the white house. facebook being flamed for running fake russian ads last cycle is apologizing this way. they will censor trump online if he declared victory on election night. hillary told joe not to concede and he won't because he's a puppet. david brooks is preparing the country for a civil war. trump says he won't let democrats. it's time to start thinking about what you would do? it's subtle. he's planning a -- planting a dangerous idea in the heads of deranged people. other members of the media are less subtle. >> what i'm worried about is this country descending into a race war. >> stoking division, stoking culture wars, stoking a race war. >> he's stoking a race war. >> donald john trump instigated a race war in america. portland, oregon is ground zero. jesse: a white and i a terrorist shoots a white trump supporter, that's a race war? the

, our media does not do a good job also what is happening abroad. we are incredibly ignorant of what's happening abroad so you shine a light on why that's important to us and why that's happening now 's thank you asha. the goal if we can for the next 15 minutes or so is to give people a bit of a teaser of the important takeaways of the book and i think the single most important one to start with is from all of these case studies and from the history that asha referred to, what is it that we can learn that we should have known as early as 2016 but really that we should know in 2020 and maybe before 2028 as your conclusion suggests. >> there's two things that i think stand out among these case studies and they weren't necessarily things i knew i was going to encounter when i was out there doing the reporting. the first is the homegrown element to all the operations that i detail. often americans talk about fake news as if it is stuff that is just purely cut and dry fake and i had a conversation about my editor about the subtitle of the book and i didn

russia accuses ukraine of disregarding free speech offered asked apple to remove all russian media content from the country. and britain prepares to limit gatherings of more than 6 people after surging coronavirus cases as the w.h.o. tells me that the spikes are inevitable. we will. find. life. just 1 in the morning on sunday here in moscow i'm calling brayley's of the big stories that we're tracking for you this hour 1st to france where yellow vest activists have held their 1st major rally since march so today's protests quickly spiraled out of control there with more than 250 activists detained shot to do but he was there for us. well the tensions have broken through here now we need avenue device which is quite close to the uk to feel that story to get a look up that clouds of tear gas as people are now trying to move away from that just give you a stay still what's happening here on the ground. protesters and police officers have being clashing at what is the renewed version of the yellow vests it was cooled by one of the de facto leaders jury rodrigue as he suggested he wanted civil d

that's various culture in the mainstream media.nd for that you are seeing him be a socially lynched and stripped of his identity. >> it's beyond belief and how patronizing it is, and that's a most american thing you can save it they don't recognize that right. >> they don't. and what i get especially frustrated with, this kind of thought process is only placed on black americans. it doesn't even sound right, suddenly you are like what are you talking about, you have to come to us with ideas and get us to your perspective. when it's black americans they view it as proprietary, there was something up proprietary about black skinned democrats, and like various other apprehensions. and that seems wrong to me. candace owens, thank you for joining us. amy coney barrett is on the short-list we are hearing of the supreme court. what are they going to say about her? we will tell you after the bre break. c) - hello world do you see me? though hidden, i am here waiting for the rest of my life to unfold. soon i will arrive. (music) or will i?

media. of course biden is now suddenly condemning the violent riots. a little late, joe. a few weeks ago joe said he absolutely wants to redirect funds away from police. for months, he didn't have a single nice thing to say about any of the brave men and women that put their lives on the line daily. that's police. around the country that protect and serve. very difficult circumstances. 99% of good cops. biden's campaign staffers actually donated to a fund that helped get rioters out of jail. he promises they will have a no bond policy, no bail policy, just like new york. kamala harris actually promoted this idiotic fund. now all of a sudden it backtracking 63 days before the election. joe and kamala are attempting an election time conversion. not because they really care about the violence and destruction. instead for them it's all about the polls. look at this, according to pew, the ongoing riots are now a top 2020 concern for all americans. it should be. meanwhile, brand-new emerson poll s

of social flow a tech company which helps media platforms distribute social content from albuquerque is alan schroeder a professor at northeastern university and author of presidential debates risky business on the campaign trail thank you for joining us jim before we get into the details now. that it is limiting political facebook taking a lead position or is it purely the move i'm not sure they're taking a lead position but facebook we need to remember is a dominant company at 60 times larger than twitter by market capitalisation so it's easy to sort of think that facebook twitter snap tick-tock they're all the same size they're not facebook is a giant so i wouldn't expect them to have necessarily taken the lead and i think we've heard mark zuckerberg say time and time again that he doesn't want to be the arbiter of truth is the phrase he's used often in testimony to the u.s. congress i think they've realized well they may not want to be the arbiter of truth but clearly they have a role to play and elections and in the u.s. election and they have to do something jim this is a compa

before november 3rd election but it will continue to show what's already in the system the social media giant has been criticized for allowing political as to be micro targets only seen by small and select communities instead of being debated by a wider audience it's also accused of not doing enough to fact check articles on its platform so. c.e.o. mark zuckerberg unveiled the new measures in a facebook post he says this election won't be business as usual and admits he has a responsibility to clear up confusion he says he's worried about divisions in the country and the could increase the risk of civil unrest he believes there could be intense claims and counterclaims as ballots are being counted so facebook will put labels on posts from candidates attempting to declare victory before the final results come in over the past 2 years facebook's been scrutinized for how it handles misinformation last november were summoned by the u.s. senator answer questions about russia's sway the 2016 presidential election here method 470 fake accounts were linked to a shadowy company with ties to the

i think everyone trusts some form of media.ut what's happened in the past two decades, is we don't trust one news source. what has exacerbated this is a daily dose of media bashing on fox where stars like hannity and tucker carlsen and laura ingraham tell viewers not to trust anything but fox. fox is a 24 hour, seven day a week ad for fox. promotewe try to newspapers and diversity of media. they do not do that on fox. there has been a polarization on -- polarization of trust. it's happened on the right where there is incredible distrust of media. that's partly fanned by donald trump and his aides who rail against the media and call the press the enemy. i hope that this is a chapter in american history that is not the new norm. i hope folks will be able to see in the future that the press is imperfect but trying to report the truth about what is going on in the trump administration. when it comes to these polls, we need to use them as a challenge, it's a challenge every day to try to be better listeners and win trust back. host: