i ideas 2,300 men noted as captured. 70% of these men survived. more than 1,500 men. hundreds escaped. hundreds resisted. hup s hundreds survived and outlived the confederacy and were able to make use of their freedom after the war to put their voices into the record, which i'll talk about. it's the existing interpretations, basically. one of the main reasons why it's been so difficult to find black pows is because of the prevalence of narrative of white pows. andersonville, high mortality rates of white pows, the visual history, culture surrounding white pows. the knowledge of who they were. white pows were codified, right? their lives were recorded, and their deaths were recorded. they were a known entity. this is not the case for black pows. they were not recorded in the same ways. they were not followed in the same ways. they were basically reintegrated into the enslavedconfederacy. for a long time, we had to rely on the records that had come from the prisoners and white prisoners of war to understand what black pows went through. we had to rely on andersonville,

for many of the men. but it very. there were some obviously older men and younger men. some, the book also captures the story of boy soldiers. and in many cases they were drummer boys. music was a very important part of being able to communicate on 18 century battle. you needed a drum to fight and really orders and many of the younger members were musicians, drums or papers and they went to war with their fathers. and we have some really extraordinary stories of father and son teams at work. >> another question coming in, she asks a good question about the recognition of obviously your book is a great example of how centuries later will we still discover and recognize service. what kindof recognition did these people received during their lifetime ? >> most of these men and women received zero recognition. in fact most of them were bankrupt after the war . and what you see in the pension file applications after the war, if they were lucky enough to even make it that long their penniless. this is especially true for the soldier mariners of color . they are extremely impo

to do and my men did likewise. when burnside arrived in newbern, he noted that residents and white people in particular were for some time suffering for food and that this suffering and anxiety is far beyond anything i had anticipated, he recalled. refugees presented themselves to serve in the military while also employing creative ways to survive. despite prevailing white fears of dependency and indolence among african-americans they made earnest efforts to work even as the government failed to pay them their wages at various moments in the war. the missed scarcity and exclusion from the military, singleton's men continued to rally behind the union cause. after having trained his new recruits at the ame church, he approached an officer with a proposition. enlist these black men to help defeat the confederacy. although burnside refused, some military officials thought differently. confederate officials caught wind of clandestine efforts to arm african-american men. that same year the confederate war department issu

it's washington's hand-picked men that guard him. and it's not a small group of men. it mushrooms up to 200 men and these men are involved in operations, in battles but they also guard his papers. they act as his aide-de-camp in many ways and it's marbleheaders that leads this unit and shapes it. it's quite an extraordinary story in and of itself but not only do they say and protect the unit but there's a little bit of mystery involved. prior to the battle of brooklyn there are several members of the guard that have leanings towards the british. loyalties if you will they are lured into a plot to assassinate washington. that relatively humble untold story is told in the indispensable's as well. they uncover the plot and the guard protects washington and they take out their own. the first first americans to be executed is a member of the guard but it's a fascinating story. as the book moves forward it's the indispensable's that are washington's elite force in many of the battles in new york. and the british once again land up in northern part of manhattan. at a place c

at like these men in the river here. and that meant sometimes, not only weeks, but sometimes months without bathing properly as we would consider it today. of course, proper baths were different for everyone. it was due to this fact that these men were not bathing all the time, or at least weekly that you could smell an army before you could see them. men often hadn't bathed in a month or two, and now they're camping close together and are all staying close together. so, you can imagine what that smell would've been, or maybe you do not want to imagine with that smell would've been. one of the worst, the gray backs, and i'm not talking confederates i'm talking about these little guys. lice! these would be an issue for the u.s. army for years and years and years. as a guy who also delves in the first world war, this is where the term cooties comes from. cooties are lice. and the men in this oval war would call them gray backs. one soldier recalled, i once heard the orderly of a company officer relate that he had picked 52

men and women got very different wanls with women getting a fraction of what men got, and men got $10 a month, but then they were not paid directly, and instead, it is in a general fund to be used, and they would take the money for rations and find some way to really not pay the people at all. the most notoriously offensive office handling all of this was the quarter master's office. they were in charge of distributing these provisions. not surprisingly, the blacks complained they were being exploited, and they did not receive anything, and sometypes -- sometimes they did not receive the rations. even the missionaries at the fort feared that the rations were not always reaching the people. one said, i confess my fears that others than the contrabands have received the greater part of them, end quote. under such condition, it was not possible to find eager and willing workers. to have disgruntled blacks work at the fort, they sent john wool down to the fort, and how did that work out? so john wool decided to begin to drop people from the ration rolls if they refused to work. the intent

there were obviously older men and younger men. the book captures a story of boy soldiers and in many cases it was drummer boys. music was a very important part of being able to communicate in an 18th 18th century battle. he needed drums to fight to relay orders and many of the younger members were musicians from the pipers and they went to war with their fathers. we had some extraordinary stories of father and son teams. >> anotherio question coming in from janet who asked questions about the recognition out of your book is a great example of how centuries later we can still discover and recognize the service. what kind ofe recommendation dd these people receive during their lifetime's? >> most of these men and women received zero recognition. in fact most of them are bankrupt after the war and what you see in the pensionth file up occasions they were were lucky enough to even make it that long. this is especially true for the soldier mariners of color. they are extremely accomplished and glover himself was wracked with ptsd and y

the men who got out, were heroes. the men who did not get out were they were heroes.es, fresh ready to shoot. [gunshot]. everything was said, just right. nice to hear the study strum of your own mortars, even nicer be here them slamming them out. [gunshot]. and together, they were terrific. [gunshot]. and i went up 5000 percent went up the morale, and we had pressure now, we turn it on and coursed through victory. in a time like this, frontline tasted better than peasant. the rally was short. one might do okay for a day on that same day, five other sections of the frontline would be feeding the enemy's hard blows predict envelopment, infiltrations. some of our strongest was my patrols, small groups battered by the enemy and beaten by the mongols, falling down tired. after climbing over half a dozen members, major more tired just to look at them. if you like the bear who went over the mountain and saw another mountain. getting anywhere in korea was backbreaking are you did it the korean way, slowly grade you were the bulldozer. don't pull up here, to build across the s

said, men stand opposed to one another in war simply as men under the laws, which is a branch of international law. the origins of this natural argument can be found in the writings of abolitionist prior to the war. he contradicted the ideas of other military thinkers like henry with whom he frequently correspondent. he argued that quote, it is not belong to the military to decide upon the relationship of master and slave. such questions must be settled by the civil courts. no fugitive slaves with therefore be admitted within our lines. the orders recognized african americans on the basis of natural law, which affirmed their humanity as opposed to the chattel principle that grounded sleeve law. issued just months after the emancipation proclamation, lever made an argument that establish the legal framework for how congress and the president would address the status of enslaved and free african americans under martial law. confederate secretary of war charge that levers orders were designed to quote, subvert by violence the social system and domestic relations of the negro slaves and confederac

the men become involved in this restaurant business for a single reason. 90% of them were men, of the,000 people that showed up in 1848, the greater portion of them were men. it was hard to find a woman in the territory, then state of california. i retract that. you could find a woman, but it was quite expensive. what was to happens with this 90,000 to 120,000 men that show up, they're all young. the greater portion are under the age of 21. at this point who could make the trip? if you grow wheat or corn it takes several months. if you grow bok choy, it takes five to six weeks and is ready to eat. it's better the younger it is. the shoots are more edible. so this man had fresh vegetables almost instantly. they began to cook for themselves and for each other. the first chinese restaurant son arrangement is made underneath the guidance of a great negotiator. his name is henry clay senator, henry clay. we are standing on the edge of clay street. sonora henry clay shepherds in california as the 31st state of the union now. this was not a small deal because this united states at this inter

men didn't sew, men didn't cook. they might grow crops, but didn't garden or the table. men didn't wash. so there was opportunity for the chinese men to extend this to other groups. that continues to do day. things are percolating along. so many people arrive. an arrangement is made underneath the guidance of a great negotiator. we are standing on the edge of clay street. interior henry clay shepards in california as the 31st state of the union this was not a small deal. the united states at this point were 30 states of which 15 were slave born and 15 were free. he brought california in as a free state. an interesting problem arose which was the united states was in two sections. shortly after the gold rush about 10 years later, silver was discovered in nevada. there was a silver rush. the wealth of the nation tipped to the far west. you take a look at this map. this is roughly from 1860. the white portion on your right hand side are the states up to that point. there is a yellow area which is the territories. then suddenly there was california on the pacific recommend.

you can see all the men gathered together in large clumps, and some of these men had never been around these diseases before, especially men who came from sparsely populated areas of the country. units who came from densely populated areas of the country seemed to have a better time with what we would consider childhood diseases. they had already been through that as a child and had overcome it. now you're starting to see men from the country come out, farmers and such, who had never been exposed, not only to this amount of people but also these childhood diseases. i know it starts to ravage the camps in civil war armies. what this all comes down to was these diseases and -- and dirty conditions, et cetera. comes down to three things. one is overcrowding in camps, including men and animals living near each other, and as you can see in this photo we have horses just on the exterior of this camp line. sometimes horses and mules are put on the high ground, and can you imagine what happens when the rainwater comes down through the area. the second is objectives involving the ending of the

that was a thing with the men. when they were issued the meat you better cook that ration quickly even though it had been cured in salt for months, you're starting to get it would be a green tint to it after about a day. what many -- many times what i would do out in the field si would boil it first because you didn't want it to turn green because i may not get to eat it until sunday and it comes out in the field on friday, my labor sack is going to smell terrible. >> another comment is from ryan. ryan has been watching a lot of our videos. thanks for tuning in, ryan. he says it sounds like our group needs to work a lot harder to be authentic. >> hey, you know, you don't know the problem until you acknowledge it, right? but, no, you don't have to -- you don't have to worry about the disease part to be authentic. please don't go out there and eat raw salt pork between two pieces of hard tack. >> civil war sushi. >> yeah, basically, yeah. i mean, i always felt like having good food made properly in the field always m

most of the men, many of the men who died because of the experience not only of wound but because of unsanitary conditions. they try to create a safe space. she posed with the american flag. we see the photographer with relationship as we think about the importance of how the photographer's hand is necessary in creating the importance of the image. images that are hand painted really give life to an image and tells a story of one man who identified here standing in front of a backdrop. we see the importance of art in history making. we see the importance of art as the narrative of telling the story of bravery when we see the american flag that is hand painted. we see the battlefield. we see the battleground. we see the instruments of war. the photographer imagines sees himself as posing ready for war, ready to fight freedom not only for himself but for others. a family member and also another image of a soldier with his family seated with his children and knowing that this image is central way of creating a narrative of importance of family. women wrote letters to their husbands and

we were moving around quite a bit at that time though. >> well, tom, it was men like you and the mengreat odds. you kept that enemy from throwing us back into the sea is. let's watch now as some of our troops throw off a red attack. >> on 2 september in the south-central sector, the 1st marine brigade is rushed to the battle lines to help throw back one of the main communist threats in their all-out fence. communist strategy at this point is an attempt to achieve a major breakthrough between the 2nd division's southern flank and the 25th division's northern flank. these marines have been rushed here after a brief rest during which they regrouped. ♪♪ >> the marines move up to high ground they must retake to secure their sector of the counterattack. the enemy is holding its fire momentarily. the marine counteroffensive has been coordinated with with the g unit. -- 2nd unit. diagonally on the right and left other marines flank the enemy. finish farther to the right and left, tanks reported 2nd division troop's advance in wide and circling movements. marines run forward as the enemy open

we've announced the withdrawal of over 250,000 of our men. we've offered to withdraw all of our men if they will withdraw theirs. we've offered to negotiate all issues with only one condition, and that is that the future of south vietnam be determined not by north vietnam and not by the united states, but by the people of south vietnam themselves. the answer of the enemy has been intransigence at the conference table, blige reince at hanoi, massive military aggression in laos and cambodia. stepped up acts in south vietnam designed to increase american casualties. this attitude has become intolerable. we will not react to this threat to american lives merely by plaintiff diplomatic protests. if we did, the credibility of the united states would be destroyed in every area of the world where only the power of the united states deters aggression. tonight, i again warn the north vietnamese that, if they continue to escalate the fighting when the united states is withdrawing its forces, i shall meet my responsibility as commander-in-chief of our ar

men didn't wash, and so on. and there was an opportunity, immediately, for some of the chinese man who had begun servicing their own community, to extend this than to other groups. and that's something that continues to this day. but things are percolating along. california becomes a state in 1850. so many people arrive and an arrangement is made, underneath the guidance of a great negotiator. his name is henry clay, senator henry clay, we are standing on the edge of clay street. senator henry clay shepherds in california as the 31st state of the union. now this was not a small deal, because the united states at this point we're 30 states, of which 13 were slave holding and 15 were free. so the 31st state would tip the balance. as it is, he brought california in is a free state. now, an interesting problem arose. which was the united states was into sections. shortly after the gold rush, about ten years later, silver was discovered in nevada. there was a silver rush, it became stock load. the wealth of the natio

they showed me petitions with a photo static signature of p.o.w.s, men from the whole organization, menknown and men whom i cannot take myself to leave that they would sign such petitions. these petitions were directed toward the soldiers a firearm event were fighting in the south and appeals to the american people stating that we had been misled, that they had discovered , that is the p.o.w.s, had discovered that the south koreans had started the war and not the north koreans and that there was no point in our fighting further. they also showed me copies of broadcast that they had made for these men and officers and they requested me to add my signature to the petition, and they constantly urged that i go on the air and broadcast an appeal to the american troops to quit fighting. >> why didn't you, sir? i mean you were in pretty bad shape, weren't you? >> i'm an officer of the united states army and even if i had to leave, which they were telling me that i was still in the service of the united states and in the surface of the people of the united states, i couldn't be at traitor. >> g

the book to men. i'm not going to refer you to what i need inside of the author a back breaking our chopping down the giant. there's a problem you need to call and in the window mind. and the only way to bring it down is to chop down the trees around it. it's estimated that for every 100000 precious trees, chopped down half a 1000000 other trees are sacrificed to bring down and transport the valuable cargo . i think that the machine will pull who runs in cocoa stuff needing yacht cleaning with the late. can you see the final room the task is enormous. and robert changes tactics forgive tonight. you think upon me like, can you come with him in a little much chopping the tree at that height is proving increasingly difficult. the men will have to sweat them money. ok. me financing yasser me. me hours. the men partially act around the heat is overbearing. was mocking them again and i knew what kind bang on her cool rested. i don't know that i was going with mr. lucas law. she would kill 2 under. i mean of

men didn't so men didn't cook men didn't garden the microcross, but they didn't garden for the table men didn't wash etc. so there was an opportunity immediately for some of the chinese men who had begun servicing their own community to extend this then to other groups and that's something which continues to this day. but things are percolating along california becomes a state in 1850. so many people arrive an arrangement is made underneath the guidance of a great negotiator. his name is henry clay senator, henry clay. we are standing on the edge of clay street. sonora henry clay shepherds in california as the 31st state of the union now. this was not a small deal because this united states at this point were 30 states of which 15 was slaveholding and 15 were free. so the 31st state would tip the balance as it. is he brought california in as a free state? now an interesting problem arose which was the united states was in two sections shortly after the gold rush about ten years later silver was discovered in, nevada. there was a silver rush the great comstock load. the wealth of the

who fought who also we were thinking about sanitary situations and in the war where most of the men many of the men who died they died be because of the experience not only of the bullet wounds but because of unsanitary conditions and the experience of watching women who also washed the clothes of the men. and the soldiers and they created tried to create a safe space and sanitary space for the soldiers here as a woman who's unidentified and her it's in the smithsonian's collection, and she's posed with an american flag pinter her chest with the us breast button and we see the photographer in. a relationships as we think about the importance of how the photographers hand is is necessary in creating the importance of the image. images that are hand tinted really give life to an image and it tells a story a one man who's unidentified here standing in front of a painted backdrop. so we see the importance of art in making in history making and we see the importance of artists tell it as as a narrative of telling a story of bravery when we see the american flag that is hand tinted. we al

some of those young men could hear other young men in the dark around crying that modicum they were so shocked, so devastated. cats did go on a year later when the 442nd regimental combat team all japanese-american military unit was formed. kats was one of the gunmen from hawaii who signed up and joined that unit. >> i remember that part in the book when you talked about when the rifles were taken away. it just -- this book as someone who really knows the stories in the community it is incredibly emotional. i think you really hit some of the strong themes but really just this sense of just the hurt of so many men. i remember that scene brought tears to my eyes. let's go to the next man that you talked about, and were going to go to rudy tokiwa, the soldier in front but he grew up in california. talk about rudy. >> so rudy, rudy grew up on a farm. his family was incarcerated first at the grounds and then they were sent to a camp in arizona, a particularly hot, leak, desolate camp. i think it may been the largest of the camps. he was one of the young men who volunteered for the 442nd reg

of our own men, but the people of south vietnam as well. confronted with this situation, we have three options. first, we can do nothing. the ultimate result of that course of action is clear. unless we indulge in wishful thinking, the lives of americans remaining in vietnam after our next withdrawal of 150,000 would be gravely threatened. let us go to the map again. here is south vietnam. here is north vietnam. north vietnam already occupies this part of laos. if north vietnam also occupied this whole band in cambodia or the entire country, it would mean that south vietnam was completely outflanked and the forces of americans in this area as well as the south vietnamese would be in an untenable military position. our second choice is to provide massive military assistance to cambodia itself. now, unfortunately, while we deeply sympathize with the plight of 7 million cambodians whose country is being invaded, massive amounts of military assistance could not be rapidly and effectively utilized by this small cambodian army against the immedia

following the war, many of anderson's men kind of banded together with quantrill's men and they kept their own groups. one of those men was archie clement, who was known as anderson's head devil or anderson's head demon. he was a small man, only 5 feet tall, weighed 130 pounds, so he was known as little archie. but he was a consummate killer who was ferocious and liked to scalp his victims. he was only 17 years old when he became a lieutenant in anderson's company and after anderson's death he took command of the band. he didn't try to surrender at the end of the war, he had no interest in doing so. he began robbing banks. in fact, he joined the james gang, which we will get to later, and he helped on their first robbery. as well as frank and jesse james are still kind of known, authorities just suspected clements and didn't turn attention to the james brothers until long. at the election of 1876 he took a band of the former gangs and attacked the town of lexington, missouri, on election day. they managed to intimidate the town enough the republican party was defeated in the general

a lot of the men who joined this regiment were enslaved men who escaped across the river and volunteer. once they volunteer, they were soldiers. they were no longer slaves. it was automatic. it provided them the relatives, family they left behind suffered consequences for their enlistment. a lot of the men in these units, in the 29th were enslaved in missouri and basically liberated themselves by going across the river and joining the army. the 29th fought in the battle in virginia. the battle was a fiasco but in company f of the 29th, which was known as the milwaukee company because every one in the group was from wisconsin and most were credited to milwaukee. tendied in the battle. they stuck with it and remained in petersburg. they were part of the army following lee as he tried to escape. some of those hands belonged to men from wisconsin. they marched all night the previous night to ride just in time to block the last avenue. they -- this regiment was involved heavily in combat and civil war and did some big things. two of the struggles that the african-american soldiers were invo

so he was one of the 200 men. so i can just feel myself getting angry so i turned to him and i said do you know how many men we lost getting you guys out of there. he knew company my friends died in their. and he said well, if you guys were there, we would come after you. i shook my head and he said well anyway, on thank you they put out his hand and i just turned away and i looked out the window read. >> like that clip because it surprised me when fred turned away and i asked him because fred is very proud young man. and very principles and he did talk about how he was in some ways a shame that he was unable to shake that soldiers and but he said that it was just so raw it was so hard. so talk about that and how he suffered after the war. >> like a lot of these guys, and world war ii beds in general, they came home with psychological wounds as well as physical wound is in many cases and fred, would back in for a while or the laundry and i know that his mother number times and to awaken him in the middle of the ni

he begged upafonio to have his men guard his family and that he would give anything if epiphonio's menwould protect his family. now epiphonio was very diplomatic and he said of course he would provide his friend protection for his family. and he also asked. mimi's father had said he would pay any price for epiphonio to protect his family. epiphonio had his eye on mamie and he asked for the hand of mamie in exchange for his men to protect the bernard family. you know needless to say epifanio didn't speak english and mamie did not speak spanish and they courted each other using a translator maybe was smitten with epiphonios affections, and he often stopped and took her on rides in his stylish carriage pulled by his white horses. she described his spanish voice as being lyrical. on august 21st and 1862. they were married and she looked up into his blue eyes and said i do. the ceremony i might add was performed in the bernard home. and this is a a bible that made me his gave to epifanio. mamie's father was educated as an anglican methodist minister and if you look closely you can see an in

i could just feel myself getting angry do you know how many men we lost how many men died in their?f you guys were in their we would come rescue you and he said anyway i want to thank you and then i turned away and looked out the window. >> i like that clip because it surprised me when fred turned away. i asked him about this because he is a very proud man and very principled. he did talk about he was ashamed and said it was so raw and so hard. talk about that and how he suffered after the war. >> like a lot of these guys they came home with psychological ones as well in many cases and then to move back in to the apartment over the laundry for a while and his mother had to awaken him in the middle of the night because he was screaming obviously he had ptsd from his experience. he carried a lot of pain back on with him that took a lot of time to work through that came to peace with that but unfortunately he passed away a few weeks ago which is bad for me because i had the opportunity and are you spent time with him i also had the opportunity to get to know him personally a little bit

they're men's war shirts and also shields. the shirts are showing the pride that leaders had in themselves. they are exquisitely decorated with porcupine quill work, with fringe, with horse hair ornaments. in displaying the shields we are explaining that the imagery on the shields represents the spiritual beings who protect warriors during battle, individual warriors during battle, and provide them with power. and we're making the point that in the lakota belief system, a spiritual being will only come and help the warrior if that warrior is deemed worthy. so you are getting the idea that in lakota society, an individual always has to be able to demonstrate and prove their worthiness. the two sections of our gallery are divided by a curtain which is covered with imagery of newspaper coverage of the battle of little bighorn. we are very interested in the fact that the news spread rapidly and it spread rapidly throughout the entire country and it spread rapidly throughout the entire country as americans were celebrating the cent

he just hired african african-american men who? found on the streets of new york to come into a studio and pose for him. and so that gave us the idea to form an exhibition, which would try and bring the members of the 54th to life. we sought to find photographs of the actual men of the 54th to bring them out of the shadows as it were our original hope was that we might find hundreds of photographs of the soldiers of the 54th and indeed there were close to 1500 men who were members of the 54th, massachusetts regimen during the two years that it existed. alas, we were only able to find and borrow 18 photographs of men of the 54th, but that then forced us to think about expanding the exhibition. in other i think very exciting and meaningful ways to look at 1863 in a broader way and think about what sparked the formation of the 54th, massachusetts regimen to look at the other men and women who helped form it and to help support it while it was in action, and that's what we've shown in the other room. so why don't we go in there? when t