american communities or eve mexican-american themselves. los angeles, in particular, is home to a boom in wartime industry like shipbuilding, aircraft construction, and whether folksft were finding wo as welders or in other sorts of professions working in wartime industry came to be seen as doing d one's patriotic duty. it became a marker of citizenship, of productivity is zensh citizenship so if you weren't a sailor or afol soldier, right, next best thing to doing your duty during world war ii was to work in the war industry and in fact, asn i've said, many wome and minorities, not just mexican-americans did so. it's important to keep in mind, however, thatt there is a glass ceiling and many would argue, a really low glass ceiling to the kindnd of employment and opportunity that the war offers to non-white folks and women. they are often the last hired and the first fired. that is to say, when the war is overer they are often the firsto lose their positions. the kinds of jobs that they were able to accrue during the war were ofteni those w

i have seen you drunk mexican before. some mexicans liked to drink. i like to drink. it doesn't mean anything. that is the wake of the site of the stereotype for lazy people which is most of us, that stereotype becomes a placeholder. let's take the most rabid stereotype which is as a voracious rapist than that which has been popularized by our orange skin friend of donald trump. there is a very real incident after the turn of the century where a bunch invaded the united states and because as we see in south texas is a jokester, he invaded columbus new mexico. take that, columbus. here is your european invasion. the result of that wasn't very funny. some people got killed in columbus new mexico, and the united states government sent 25,000 troops including macarthur and patton food just gotten out of west point and our good friend said 25,000 troops go, they never found them, they didn't catch him. but right when that was happening, there were two things going on in the united states, houses were closing and motion picture houses were opening everywhere. motion picture

it would impact mexican migration. luis? >> they also brought like contracts they migrated to areas of the u.s. i believe for every like two million that came in it was double that for undocumented. the competition between them. with happens with the bracero program is that you see a rise of undocumented labor alongside documented labor program. the bracero program literally creates another wave. so when people start to talk about temporary guest worker program and talk about the reality of guest workers right now and when the guest workers are used as a potential solution to immigration policy and immigration reform, you all need to remember that the bracero program didn't solve undocumented immigration it augmented undocumented immigration. that is one reality. what do we know about the period right before the guest worker program? the 1930s? [ inaudible ] [ inaudible ] >> repatriation. >> which is when the -- [ inaudible ] >> what what it does and what you're pointing out is there is a moment that when there's depor

it has a stamp of a mexican -- you know, of a mexican union. this is not a typical bracero i.d. this is not something that the u.s. government issues or the mexican government issued. so i looked at it and i thought, what the heck is this. this is a work of historians, right? so i went back and i thought, who the heck writes enough about braceros so that i could figure out what this means. so i pull out a book, steve pities book. steve pity writes this book, "a devil in silicon valley" and i find a reference to this organization. it is a couple of lines. then i pull out another book, may nuys' book, and there were a couple of lines too. but who were these people, what do we know about these people? i didn't know very much about them. i didn't know what they did, who they were. i figured the work of historians, you go to the ar kiech archive. i started in the mexican archive and i started looking for papers and looking for places where this organization might exist. i found some parts of where i could find information and primary sources on this organization. i found letters that

a binational agreement between the mexicans and u.s. that allows mexicans to enter the u.s. on temporary work permits. they entered the u.s. quote/unquote legally. they had the permit, they had status, right? gabby was very correct in saying it was started due to a perceived labor shortage brought on by world war ii. i used the word proceed because a lot of people argued that after the war was terminated, after the war ended, guest workers continued to come in. why did guest workers continue to come in after the war ended? uh-huh? >> because growers took advantage and continued to hire them for labor because it was cheaper. >> yes. it became a cheaper mode of labor. and we know for a fact there were two components to the first braseado program, railroad anding andingand agricultural. why did the railroad program end? [ inaudible ] yes. railroad unions were very strong and railroad jobs were very good jobs. so yes, exactly. okay, the other thing is 4.5 million contracts were issued. 4.5 million, that's a whole lot, right? it's not 5, 10, 20, 1,000 or 2,000, 4.5 million. so we

how does the mexican strategy and how to the mexican interest run into that conflicted u.s. perspective right now? the starting point for me is a simple one. mexico sends 80% of its exports to the united states and depends on market access to the united states in a very specific way. trade is pretty balanced that as a proportion of the economy that depends on trade and a bilateral trading relationship, mexico depends more. that means when mexico started to hear during the campaign, candidate when the workingd, that it's mexicowas at risk, to think seriously about how it would manage the prospect and the threats to withdraw from nafta. in a sense, the trump administration has been pretty consistent in the language they put forward. they will seek to renegotiate. early on it was a little different, but early on, we had that language. the basic response and we are starting to hear it from mexico in terms of strategy is that mexico had a concern that just in economic negotiation and trade negotiation, mexico may not have the leverage it needs to get to an acceptable outcome, to

it's about the mexican and canadian parliament. in the case of mexico, we are -- if we are able to reach an agreement during the current administration there's a space , to try to approve it and if not, we will see what they may say. >> thank you. question.e the other he's clearly the front runner because he has been campaigning for the last 18 years and he's the only official candidate we have today. the other parties do not have official candidates yet, so that is something we need to consider. it is really a tossup. we have no idea who may be the next president and what may be the result of the next election. i would not discard anybody. it's going to be a highly competitive election. now any president that comes in , office in december of 2018 will have an extremely, patiently difficult to reverse reforms. why? because any constitutional reform and that requires two thirds approval of congress of senate, then it requires the approval of each one of 32 global congresses in mexico. i'm not saying it is impossible but it is not an

the mexican strategy of mexican interests, how did they run into that conflict and u.s.erspective right now. for me, the starting point is a really simple one. mexico says 80% of its exports to the united states. mexico depends on market access to the united states any significant way. there is an asymmetry. trade is balanced, but in terms of the proportion of the economy that depends on trade with the united states or with mexico is a bilateral trading relationship. that means that when mexico started to hear the campaigns come especially after the election comment that its market access to the united states is at risk. the united states to united states today to take very seriously about how it would negotiate the prospects, to withdraw from nafta, et cetera and sends the trump administration from the camp paint on has been pretty insistent in the language to seek to renegotiate every negotiation does not work, they will withdraw. for a long time we had that language. the basic response we heard early on and we are starting to hear it again from new mexico in terms of

the president has known since january from the mexicans from a phone call himself, that the mexicans are not going to pay for it. the secretary of state hasn't brought it up in meetings with the mexicans. neither has the secretary of the treasury. can you concede that the mexicans are not going to pay for the wall, which is why you're asking congress to pay for it? >> no, as i said a moment ago we'll go through the mechanism to get the initial money we need from congress through an appropriations process and we'll responsibly construct a barrier on the border. as we work with the mexicans and other policies and trade policies and such, we'll determine ways to make that right. >> no indication from the mexicans they're going to pay for it. is the president saying he's going to veto any funding bill that doesn't include wall funding? >> we'll let that play out. i have ever confidence right new that congress is going to meet the president's budget request. it puts us on a path to solvency. i think we'll get a good bill from the congress. if we don't, we'll end up in a continuing resolut

they just rounded up anybody who looked like mexican.thatbak morning.nd dep they just started to use the douglas airplane which those airplanes were the workhorses of world war ii but now they had a surplus of airplanes. let's change the name.47 they're called c47 airplanes at the time on then the douglas aircraft company was making them. the stool way with the aroma for inside the airplanes in the will deport folks. so that's what they did. in 1948 this airplane left brooklyn, california and 930 in the morning and as it took office heading towards tijuana toward the san diego border toto drop off 28 mexican citizens. all men except for one woman. that airplane also had a pilot, copilot, stewardess and an immigration officer. it's about an hour into the flight coming into fresno county and coming into fresno county the plane experienced difficulty with the left engine and blue cup pipe. it torch the wing off. the plane began to tumble in thn air right as it was tumbling in the air it crashed into the canyon.ust abou it's actually about 6

for every dollar, $.16 brought by mexican consumers. today the united states trades more in goods and services with mexico and canada van it does with japan, south korea, brazil, russia, india and china altogether. mexico is the second source of imports only after china. we account for 14% of total us imports from the world. production of automobiles, electronics, greatly benefited from production sharing. nafta has not been able to reduce costs and become more effective. my second point is mexico should look for more and not less nafta. in the early 1990s, nafta triggered a structural reform in mexico. since its implementation nafta is a force for change and transformation for economic structures and institutions. nafta was a transformational experience for mexico, transformed the face and shape of the mexican economy and opened the door to a young democracy after 70 years of 1-party pool. nafta has been one of mexico's most important engines of economic growth given the role international trade and foreign direct investments represent

m stands for mexican mafia. it just shows their loyalty. that's who they're loyal to.t the drop of a dime, any time a certain request is done, they go ahead and handle what they're asked to do or what they're told to do. >> something like this is going to help us validate those inmates we take them off the active gp facilities, put them over in the shu where there's a more controlled setting for them. which protects staff and inmates. >> these are the heavy duty inmates that we want to get off the yard, because they're heavily involved in that criminal activity. >> in addition to the prison gangs, the officers in corcoran also have street gangs to deal with, the most violent and unpredictable of all, the bulldogs. >> the bulldog street gang originated in fresno, that group of hispanic population not being from southern california, not being from northern california, they affiliated or they joined together with the intent of not being governed by any other prison gang. >> bulldogs they're not as organized as your other gangs. they don't have the leadership in their orga

here's this one vehicle transporting 28 mexican people.ian, the pilots, world war ii hero. the copilot was also world war ii hero. if you get a phone line that plane that's what you want fine with you. he had crash landed that plane before during world war ii in india and that was like a graveyard for those, he crash landed safely and he's phone that in one engine before, he had over 2000 hours before, that's a pilot you wanted. he was a newlywed, 30 years old and his wife was a stewardess, the pats name was frank atkinson and his wife was bobby. they'd only been your very the year before. they're just starting their lives. this was going to be his last flight when he would retire and go back to work for the military. his wife was not a stewardess, his wife at the time of not sure what she was doing but she was a stewardess, she had no business being on the airplane in other words. but a stewardess cannot make it that morning and called in sick. according to the family one was hung over from the party the night before. and i guess at the t

>> well, i was mexican in a black neighborhood, so. yo-mexican!grew up in south central l.a. where it was predominantly 90% something black. the rest latino and the lost white guy. that's who i went to school with. there's a good story in there about bo bo brazil. >> a wrestler. >> my dad was involved in a shooting next door at the barbershop. and we moved after that, a couple years after that to again grenada hills. one day the neighborhood was black and the next day the neighborhood was white. >> how did you process that? >> i kind of ignored it unless i was confront, but it was like an opportunity to live in the country and hear crickets and orange groves and stuff like that. >> how did you process, though, going from an all-black neighborhood to an all-white neighborhood? >> that's a change, man. i was always little, in every class. so that's kind of how i processed this. i'm a little kid in this new neighborhood. everybody's bigger. it didn't really matter to me if they were black or white. they were bigger. [ laughter ] >> you mentioned bo b

join me next time when i will be with a mexican who is helping the americans build the wall.ding this, this fence? theyjoke with me, tell me to leave just a little open for them to cross. and we visit the tunnel capital of the border. hello again. the skies stayed pretty clear over the british isles. if you are clear over the british isles. if you a re interested clear over the british isles. if you are interested in the precede meatier shower, clear skies is what you're looking for thanks to an area of high pressure, making its way across the british isles. we'll deal with what's coming in a second, many of us waking up to clear skies, a little bit of speckling across northern and western parts of scotland, showers from the word go, the prospect here for a good part of the prospect here for a good part of the afternoon. else were a little bit more cloud than was the case first thing but still a very decent afternoon in prospect. the showers to be had across northern and western parts of scotland, the odd stray one down towards the southern uplands, for northern ireland cloud

they were displaced from mexico after 1910 during the mexican revolution as were many mexican families who wanted to avoid the problems of a war-torn country, right? in this particular image, this is an image that was taken across the border and you can see they're very well dressed. this would be the early 1920s. and this is a photograph later in the 1940s of the descendants of that same family. my grandmother is in the upper left hand corner. when they came to the united states, they came as farm workers, right? they went to southern california. they worked in oranges there for many years and eventually my grandmother migrated up to the central valley where we are today. and she married my grandfather and they lived in button willo. so i don't know the if any of you know your central valley geography. button willow is about 20 miles west of bakersfield and it was a company town. i don't know if you know what a company down is. you have to think back a few lectures, right? company towns were small towns that were more or less founded by companies and their workers, right? so button wi

and also mexicans. the chavez family was misplace and had jointed the migrant trail into california in the 30s. so as i said the population grew dramatically in bakersfield in the 30s and 40s. i think this census map captures a little bit of that. my favorite part of this map is i know it might be hard to see. so i'll walk over here. this right here, does anyone no what this street is? i would be very impressed. anybody know what the street is? >> union. >> very good. absolutely. and then do you know what this street is? california. oh you guys are really good. you know your geography. now days, that part of town if you can go to union and california in your mind. like, what does it look like. you tend to have poverty, motels, prostitution, drugs. what was that part of town? historically. this was the african american enclave. and you can see it's just right outside the city limits. but the city fathers right the city counsel deliberately excluded this part of town because it was known as the black part

join me next time when i will be with a mexican who is helping the americans build the wall.ilding this, this fence? theyjoke with me, tell me to leave just a little open for them to cross. and we visit the tunnel capital of the border. good morning. well, despite a few nuisance showers across north—east england, for many of us, saturday was a promising day. and a ridge of high pressure continues to build through the night, so clear skies here, withjust a little bit more in the way of cloud across the essex and kent coasts, with the legacy of those saturday showers. but, generally speaking, it is quiet start to sunday. it will be a chilly one, not necessarily in towns and cities, but in rural spots, expect low single figures to greet you first thing this morning. but there will be a light breeze, and with those clear skies comes lots of sunshine. so not a bad start to the day. as we go through the afternoon, cloud will start to bubble up, and we'll see a few isolated showers, but hopefully they'll be few and far between. favoured spots likely across scotland and northern irel

on the mexican side is a small town called boquillas del carmen.eopened untilfour years ago. and boquillas suffered. you know that was a big change, it really ruined this town and this is, this is one of these one size fits all solutions where they treated the whole border like a big danger zone and it really didn't deserve that and so now with all this talk about building, building a border wall and really cracking down you know, we, we worry that the gains that we've made in international relations here, we fear that that may be left behind if they build this wall. i have now completed the first half of the trip and so far i have travelled along a border where the river is the natural barrier. now i'm going to visit places where fences have been in place for years. so we are going to see much more of this. join me next time when i'll be injuarez with a mexican who is helping the americans build their wall. what have your relatives or friends told you about building this fence? theyjoke with me and they tell me to just leave a little opening for t

citizen a mexican citizen and i said i'm going on. among all of them you know my meant. where you from. so he merely unclipped this this pistol on this side and he put it in my head he said you will say you are you a mexican citizen. and he did that in front of my daughter and my grandson was. and both of them started crying. but he continued to say that he would deport me. on the pavement. in the park. and i said. are you going to deport me to. going to department to mexico that's my men to my communities on that side too. and at that point another border patrol came and saw what was happening and it you know it stopped and. this is the. bleeding heart newspaper very. very . lou believe what they want and believe. it's really worth it we may. be a little good. so you like this forever. so if you did it in the. low. nineteen ninety billion to the low there were two thousand two hundred sixty nine people dying in the. well. right across the desert is in a hospital bowl. you can't carry enough water we see more people in the summer too and that we rescue. is. crazy. so her

and we end with the opening of the mexican heritage plaza in 1999. so, it tells a significant amount of our history in a small book, right, that people can pick up at any barnes & noble, or go online to arcadia publishing. damian: so, if you didn't do this and if you're not doing what you've been doing over the years, karl, what happens to our history? what happens to-- karl: it disappears, it disappears. and that's sad, that's very sad. i read up a little bit on the pre-columbian cultures, and they said that if you abandon your culture, you lose your face and your heart. so, that's very important to maintain that. damian: all right, any final thoughts before we let you all go. karl: thank you for your time. nannette: and we look forward to seeing the community come to--the walking tour is free for one hour on september 15 at 5:30 to 6:30. they can come out and join the walking tour. and if they would like to join us at mezcal, please join us as well. damian: all right, you've seen that table you all have outside the fairmont hotel. it's not just a t

what was the response of the mexican leader? >> the mexican leader resists that and tries to explain to president trump what a big issue this is. he tells them, you have put a big mark on our back about trying to make us pay for the wall. i can't go there. i can never say it is going to happen. my position is it is never going to happen. >> it was triking to me and i wonder if it struck you as well, at one point, president trump said to the president about the wall, it is, quote, the least important thing we are talking about, but politically -- isn't that him showing he doesn't think the wall is of great significance? >> i mean, it's sort of a glimpse at the stage directions in the script here. this is for public consumption. this is a fiction, an issue i exploited in the campaign, no way to achieve this or enforce the vow to make you pay for it. i have to maintain that fiction, keep that story. >> you know, again, just one other highlight here, highlight depending on how you look at it, with the president of mexico, he is talk

this is where truman had dinner with the mexican president. there they are. and truman gave a speech there. he praised the inter-american system and then he addressed the question for the mexicans, interventionism. truman said, we have a good neighbor policy in common. the good neighbor policy specifically includes the doctrine of nonintervention. what it means is that a strong nation this will have the right to impose its will by reason of strength upon a weaker nation. a wholehearted acceptance of this doctrine that all of us is the keystone of the inter-american system. it is part of the basic international law recognized by all the american republics. my own country will be faithful to the letter and spirit of that law. and then, truman tied the nonintervention doctrine to the idea of collective defense, which has been agreed upon in the active chapultepec in general, 1945, and would be formalized, as we will see, in treaty form, at the inter-american conference held in rio de janeiro in 1947. in this speech, truman said "nonintervention could not work wi

i'm mexican citizen. and he did that in front of my daughter and my grandson was little and both of them started crying and. but he continued to say that he would deport me. on the pavement. in the park. and i said. are you going to deport me to. department to mexico that's my men to my community on that side too. and at that point another border patrol came and saw what was happening and it you know it stopped and. this is the. bleeding heart newspaper. very very. lou believe what they want and believe. it's really worth. we may. be a little good. to. see it like this forever. so if you did it in the. low. ninety nine to two thousand all of the over two thousand two hundred sixty nine people dying you know this. well that's why you don't try to cross the desert is in the hospital bowl you can't carry enough water we see more people in the summer too and that we rescue. is. crazy. so here's the drop. ok. listen it's just. kind of more typical. well it could have been hunters. we don't always know. we do h

mexican rap. this is another whose art is defined by the wall.ng in the us, but has family on both sides of the border. as artists, we have to reflect our reality. having to cross the border so many times growing up, it definitely resonated with my understanding of restrictions and placing borders on people. so in the same — and i took that to my music, i attached that to my music. it's like, if i don't agree there is a border that needs to be crossed in order for people to live in a particular place, i made the effort not to put borders and restrictions on my music. there are an estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants living in the us. he has relatives among them, and trump's rhetoric against these people has left him dreading the prospect of his family breaking up. i had a family member that had to go into a government building, and from the moment we got the scheduled date to the actual date, there's a lot of tension, there's a lot of arguments at home. because why, because of the fear. there is a very real fear that anything could happen

one of mexico's most famous footballers denies connections with a mexican cartel. to get in touch with us, hashtag bbc os. there has been a second deliberate drowning of migrants off the coast of yemen. 19 people have died and more are missing. this is the second incident in as many days. on wednesday, 50 people died after being pushed off a boat by smugglers fearing arrest. this information is coming from the un's migration agency and this was told us. this is the same modus operandi. 150 people this time. they're worth your people this time. they're worth your people 22 or 23, who were the same age, same profile. but they were trying to dropped in the sea close to the shore. it is may be linked to the fact that maybe they have lost control at the borders and the smugglers are panicking but the reaction was worse. because instead of preventing them entering they're basically continued their business by killing people. we think the victims were trying to get to yemen — despite the ongoing conflict there, it's still seen as a gateway to other gulf states or europe.

he wrapped the mexican flag around himself and jumped 200 feet to his death." i should say, chapultepec castle in the 1840's was the military school. the monument is where he fell, and all the cadets lined up and the commandant and foreign minister wept. so did the newsmen and photographers. i almost did myself. it seems the tribute really set off the visit. they had it coming. and there are the cadets. from his diary, "what a show, i've never seen anything like it and never expect to again. 60,000 in the stadium and twice as many outside." truman went to dinner with the mexican president after the show, and truman says in his diary, "a grand time, music and everything. bed at 1:00 a.m. what a time." he departed mexico city at 6:00 a.m. that same morning. this is a memorandum that came to truman, written in the state department sometime in 1946. it explains some of the motives of history to mexico city. there is a widespread feeling in latin america, it says, "that the good neighbor policy is being shelved. since roosevelt has died, the good neighbor policy has

it doesn't matter if they're ex-orejones or ex-mexican mafia members.elp all of them the same way. >> now, i talk about her. it just hurts me. you know. >> yeah, it hurts you. it is good to talk about it, though, because you let your, your feelings, your emotions out. it's better, you know, than to leave them inside where they hurt you more. >> when i see them, i see a reflection of myself. eventually they're going to be me in years to come. at least i know i gave them some advice that nobody gave me when i went to prison. maybe with this tragedy, in the future you can make better decihildren or what have you, you know. you get to a point where you have to make a decision. is this the type of life i want, or do i want to stay out there and do something for my family? >> for some it can be too late for meaningful change. but the jail has seen a trend toward younger inmates requesting refuge in the ex-gang unit. stephen vogt is one of the new arrivals. he joined a branch of the mexican mafia on the streets at age 17. >> i have actually never been in troub