. >> mike kuo, do you have a question for fred? >> i think he's starting to answer it which it sounds as if some of the self-directed investors from one of the things you're just saying here become a little bit more sophisticated. is that your view and that that probably makes them sort of more durable participants in the marketplace? and my second question would be if you do see somewhat of a steady increase in rates how you think that might impact you this year. >> well, i think the first thing is our client base and the ones that are in the market right now, we did start out and say they're actually coming back but at a slow pace. so it has been at a slow pace they're coming back. but the ones that are there are definitely getting more bullish. and we do have a client base. we have the largest book of active traders in the market on the retail side. and they will tend to be contrarian, and they are increasingly bullish right now. there's no question about that in our experience. >> last quick question, fred. bottom line for us i