mr. pappas. rep. pappas: well, thank you to the chair and ranking member for holding this session as we begin to prepare for reauthorization of surface transportation and think about how iija has been working and some of the priorities that we have that we're seeing from our district level. i really appreciate the testimony of this panel, mr. dellinger, if i could start with you and just sort of building off that conversation, you kind of beat me to the punch in bringing up the fet issue, which is something that i think we've got to take a look at if we want to achieve fairness and sustainability with respect to how we fund surface transportation. you mentioned the fet issue. this was a tax initially introduced during the world war i era to support wartime mobilization. more than 100 years ago, the federal levy is 12%, which is the highest excise tax on any product in the country. tax is only collected when trucks are newly purchased, so there's a disincentive for the procurement of newer, more efficient models. a

mr. hamilton: well, he was called joe johnston.n't his commander-in-chief, he was commander of his main army. really had two commanders of the armies, his two main armies at richmond after the move. the move of the capital to richmond. he had two main armies there. one under beauregard, and the o ther was an army under joe johnston, who was more senior than beauregard. both of them, very able battlefield commanders from the time of the mexican war. host: may 8, 1861. jefferson davis is still in montgomery and he makes a call for 400,000 soldiers for three year terms. what was the response to that? mr. hamilton: well, jefferson davis recognized that the war was rapidly becoming very serious. and understood, unlike lincoln, that 75,000 wouldn't do it. so, he calls for a much, much larger number. and that is a number which will then increase and increase through the war. the thing about, i should say, about lincoln calling up the 75,000 men, is that they were only called up after three months. that was another terrible mistake. you kn

mr. wellserves as vice president of cybersecurity strategy at centennial i. before his current role, mr. wells served as the acting executive director of cisa, where he supervised the agency's operations and spearheaded its long-term strategy development. mr. wells was also appointed senior response official leading the domestic preparedness and response concerning the crisis between russia and ukraine. he spent almost 15 years at dhs in various leadership roles. ms. kimba walden, ms. kimba walden serves as the president of the paladin global institute, which was founded to bring the private capital perspective into technology policy. previously, she served as the acting national cyber director and was oncd's inaugural principal deputy. prior to oncd, ms. walden served as assistant general counsel for microsoft's digital crimes unit. she has over a decade of experience at the department of homeland security. i thank all of our witnesses for being here today, and i now recognize mr. myers for 5

mr. shanmuight. welle jackson: i have to wait in my real estate example, the person is -- when when the real estate agent says, if crime goes up, home insurance rates might go up, testor says, ok, i'm going to start looking at crimets because, you know, if this were to happen in the future, then, fine, this risk will terialize. what he doesn't know is that crime has already gone up, crime has already gone up, at, really, tomorrow the insurance rates are going to go up. and what i'ggesting is that you've misled him into thinking that he has to wait for a future triggering event as opposed to he has to do what he needs to to mitigate the harm that will the past triggering event. of mr. shanmugam: yes and i think we would draw a line between a circumstance in which the harm has currently materialin other words, the harm is ongoing and, therefill exist in the futud a circumstance in which there is simply a presen of harm, whether from a past event or a future event. i think, if there isy a risk, there would b

mr. heyer: well, it was new. there is no ree to comparative efficacy studies and no evidence before theine of anything by the fda about the need to conduct any studies, comparative efficacy or not -- differ from tobacco.cts that -- for flaproducts that differ from tobacco. justice kagan: i mean, fda says you should think hard and give us materials abovors, because that is one of the things that we are really going to be thinkiut, is flavors. and in your application you talk about the f flavors, that your application tries to show that if you have flavors, it is bettting people to quit -- better for getting to quking, right? that is one of tnts of your application. i guess i'm noreally seeing what the surprise is here or what the change is here. everybody basically knows that flavorparticularly dangerous in terms of kids starting the use of sm products. and so the countervailing benefit might be if flavre getting adults to stop smoking. and that's basically what fda told you and it's basically what you tr convince

mr. meeropol: well, this is a historian who's made his career claiming that ethel and julius rosenberg werepies. and when you have a definitive statement that comes out like this from the chief decryptor that says, no, she was not a spy, it is very difficult for them to admit like it's difficult for a lot of people that they were wrong, particularly when it's based on their careers. in fact, it's kind of embarrassing because the reality is what this historian is saying is that he knows better than the kgb, who was a kgb agent. john: now, this is not the first time or first evidence to suggest your mother's innocence. within the past decade, there have been others. what else has come up? mr. meeropol: well, that's this is, you know, this particular memo is kind of like the final piece of a jigsaw puzzle that my brother and i have been putting together for 50 years. we filed our first freedom of information act lawsuit in the mid-1970's. and the one of the first set of documents we got were justice department and fbi documents saying the case against ethel rosenberg was weak, but we should ar

and mr. well, if if i have heard anything here, which is untrue, then tell me i have heard you and everyone else thought so much about lying. the truth that one look payable. but when i heard the complete reporting mr. i was being out for a long time. the thing now before on down you must get these people out of government and we're back on congress investigates with jim townsend, who is the director of the levin center for oversight and democracy. mr. townsend joseph welch became quite well known. who was he? he was an attorney who was serving as counsel to the u.s. army during this investigation. and he became very well known because of his really steadfast resistance to the bullying and to the maneuvers that senator mccarthy was trying to engage in during during the investigation and particularly during those hearings, what became of senator mccarthy after he was first elected in 46, probably reelected in 52, did he get reelect? did in 58? no. he did not. but let me back up and say one thing ab

mr. carter: well, mr. ford acts like he's running for president for the first time. he's been in office two years, and there has been absolutely no progress made toward a new salt agreement. he has learned the date of the expiration of salt i, apparently. we've seen, in this world, a development of a tremendous threat to us. as a nuclear engineer myself, i know the limitations and capabilities of atomic power. i also know that as far as the human beings on this earth are concerned that the nonproliferation of atomic weapons is number one. only the last few days with the election approaching, has mr. ford taken any interest in a nonproliferation movement. i advocated last may in a speech at the united nations that we move immediately as a nation to declare a complete moratorium on the testing of all nuclear devices, both weapons and peaceful devices. that we not ship any more atomic fuel to a country that refuses to comply with strict controls over the waste which can be reprocessed into explosives. i've also advocated that we stop the sale by germany and france of re

mr. pappas. rep. pappas: well, thank you to the chair and ranking member for holding this session as we begin to prepare for reauthorization of surface transportation and think about how iija has been working and some of the priorities that we have that we're seeing from our district level. i really appreciate the testimony of this panel, mr. dellinger, if i could start with you and just sort of building off that conversation, you kind of beat me to the punch in bringing up the fet issue, which is something that i think we've got to take a look at if we want to achieve fairness and sustainability with respect to how we fund surface transportation. you mentioned the fet issue. this was a tax initially introduced during the world war i era to support wartime mobilization. more than 100 years ago, the federal levy is 12%, which is the highest excise tax on any product in the country. tax is only collected when trucks are newly purchased, so there's a disincentive for the procurement of newer, more efficient models. a

mr. well, yeah, good afternoon, back because last night and even love to show us today, no surfaces of accident produced by from middle school can request a gloss. no. go ahead, go to adjust the i don't know the rest of your nipple are also on the you. is this the idea of value as long as i'm with that, and that's why they allow you what the deal is going on with us. i will never find a simple calling us. that's the only thing. there's also goodbye of relief. last name is all the programming ask. wanted to go longer than i only me i the way they me entering the studio book. i hope you're still in the middle. gotcha. so no one's going to still spot going to be on your phone. you know what they've done it on. you're throwing up some more. so we have the minus and we can split out there. oh yeah, you've been some people here you were yesterday of so open the door. the gosh so much i normally just on my google docs doing a lot of mine. oh gosh, must've done dollars. so i don't. yes. the guy, if th

mrs. blackburn, ms. blunt rochester. cap well, mr. cramer. please raise your right hand. you solemnly swear that it will support and defend the constitution of the united states against all enemies foreign and domestic? you will bear true faith and allegiance to the same. you take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion. you will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office upon which you are about to enter so help you god. congratulations senators. congratulations. [applause] [applause] [background noises] the clerkex will call the namesf the next group. >> mr. cruz, mr. curtis, mrs. fischer, mr. gallego. ready? please raise your right hand. do you solemnly swear they will support and defend the constitution of the united states against all enemies foreign and domestic? that you will bear true faith and allegiance to the same period that you take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion. you will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office upon which you are about to enter so help

professional fact checkers, if you will, have been in some times have been the, you know, of in spreading mr. well, they've been try to counter misinformation. what they is he believes have been doing is really spreading partisan information. and so that's what they're trying to do is kind of balance things politically. what exactly is made of trying to achieve with these changes and what potential full out could there be for uses as well. what they're trying to do is, uh and it's, there is dated back this up. essentially what they're trying to do is to make sure that when it comes to the internet, which was designed to be a free exchange of ideas. but. c there is that, that this is going to not have the impact on public health on elections, on public safety, that even a large swats of americans believe that it has occurred in the past. and so they're really trying to balance the equation. and so that's what the fall out is expected to be that things will be more neutral, moving forward in the future. what the social media companies are doing is that they're going to be having community based fact

mr. carter: well, mr. ford acts like he's running for president for the first time. he's been in office two years, and there has been absolutely no progress made toward a new salt agreement. he has learned the date of the expiration of salt i, apparently. we've seen, in this world, a development of a tremendous threat to us. as a nuclear engineer myself, i know the limitations and capabilities of atomic power. i also know that as far as the human beings on this earth are concerned that the nonproliferation of atomic weapons is number one. only the last few days with the election approaching, has mr. ford taken any interest in a nonproliferation movement. i advocated last may in a speech at the united nations that we move immediately as a nation to declare a complete moratorium on the testing of all nuclear devices, both weapons and peaceful devices; that we not ship any more atomic fuel to a country that refuses to comply with strict controls over the waste which can be reprocessed into explosives. i've also advocated that we stop the sale by germany and france of pr

mr. patino? well, i was where did the concept come from mr. buttino?e a coordinator of instructional television in the interim for the public television station in buffalo, new york and my boss came up to me and wanted to know if i wanted to be involved in something like this so i said sure and as i was thinking about instructional television i came across the idea that children do not read during the summer months and therefore the mission the idea that kids can't read and not that they can, they don't read during the summer and when they go back to school they had to catch up and i'm thinking television can do something aboutab that. i was sure that so we started looking into the possibilities of runninges some programs durig the summer and we did come upd with one program called studio c and interestingly enough we broadcast the program but do you know what? it didn't work out. things, we are television we are mass media and it wasn't working out and i really thought we probably can't do this until i got a letter and i want to read you a little some

mr. ratcliffe: well, senator, i appreciate the question. i certainly -- looking back, having the opportunity to change certain things, might do that. i don't know in this case, for instance, senator ossoff raised the point that the declassification occurred on the day of a presidential election. i don't recall that. obviously that's when it did. but -- sen. kelly: i think he said debate. mr. ratcliffe: debate, i'm sorry, yeah, debate. you know, i wasn't aware of that. i certainly don't think i did everything perfectly in terms of making decisions about every issue that relates to -- i'm talking generally. but i talked about my record in terms of how i approach these things and how in terms of speaking truth to power, which sometimes included declassifying information, most of the things that i've done, senator, aged very well. and, you know, and i think others will continue to, for instance, on covid origins. you know, i think that ultimately i believe that there will be an assessment that is consistent with the position that i've taken. so

mr. heyer: well, it was new.there is no reference to there is no evidence before thed deadline of anythinge fda about the need to conduct any studies, comparative efficacy or not for flavored products that differed -- justice kagan: i mda says you should think hard and give usials about flavors, because that is one of the things that we are really going toe thinking about, is flavors. about the role of flavors, thatk your application tries to show that if you havers, it is better getting people to quit smoking, rig that is one of the points of yourppcation. s i'm not really seeing what the surprise is here or at the change is here. everybody basically knows that flavors are particularly dangerous in terms of kids starting t of smoking products. and countervailing benefit might be if flavors we also particularly good at getting adults to stop smoking. and that's basically what fda told you and it's basically what you tried to convince fda of, and ththe end fda said you h't convinced us. we think flavors are really

that's -- mr. well sen. welch: i would like to work with you on that. then the third thing is mentioned this earlier, the consumer issues. the false claims act -- efforts that you can bring. the challenge to rip-offs in the civil sphere where companies are doing things that are just crushing our consumers and charging -- in overcharging. that is very, very important. i hope that there will be as much emphasis on protecting consumers as there will be on protecting public safety which obviously is a high priority for you and the department. ms. bondi: yes, senator. thank you. sen. welch: i yield back. >> thank you, mr. chairman. i think you are doing incredible today. i am neat surprised. mom, how are you doing? good. ms. bondi: i told her not to react, no matter what. >> that's probably harder for her than you. listen, i -- we talked about this over the years. for me i didn't know -- didn't know any lawyers growing up. i'm trying to think when i actually met a lawyer in my life. i grew up in a really blue collar neighborhood. i was attracted to law becau

mr. townsend. well, you had a whole range of of operatives, people involved with this scandal, people like robert mcfarland, who had been the national security adviser, who was deeply involved in these orchestrated efforts to channel well, to go to the iranians to try to secure the release of hostages in exchange for the sale of these weapons systems. and then the money being channeled and used to support the contras. so mcfarland was a very, very important part of the of the the proceeding. fine. paul who was the assistant to oliver north who helped him destroy documents? she was, you know, a young woman who was kind of got lot of attention because she was she was attractive and the whole thing sort of played to the media's feeding frenzy on this overall situation. so, you know, there were many people who who appeared before this these proceedings who became quite prominent and gave important and ultimately the iran contra hearings and investigation revealed a great deal about the way the executive bra

mr. huh. well, if i yeah, unless you send father nadia has the wheel handle, do or the should be got sonya on the handle of the deal was will somebody please help us out now? whole yada, yada is in the tickets available. anyways, parents only arrive off to the ceremony, the flight was delayed to a proud of the door to see if you show me the way home already confide in his mother and you do this, you see, why is it in the middle of each other? holding the saudis upset to hear his mother sent him back to the stomach next year to involve chinese children. i think the ministry discipline rigorous physical training what it means to defend in japan. divorce also leads to one parent losing only contact with the children. judges usually grant sole custody to whoever was last, physically with the child, with a new law set to allow the joint custody one. 0, $1.00 east investigates, depends parental abductions on which is the era after a tearing political come back on the decisive election. when little trump

mr. vought, and to your family as well. in 2018, president trump signed into law the support act, bipartisan package to help address the opioid crisis in the country. it expended resources for state, law-enforcement officials and first responders on the frontlines lines of the opioid christmas -- crisis by providing reversal medication to states and localities. unfortunate, elon musk killed a recent bipartisan agreement to authorize the support act for the next five years and you previously supported rescinding funds for fully funding -- funded programs that require further authorization. congress meanwhile has appropriated funds for next year for support act services. if confirmed, will you commit to distributing funds appropriated by congress for support act programs? mr. vought: thank you for the question. as you know, the opioid epidemic is a huge priority for the president. we will take a look at all of the funds necessary to combat that epidemic. i can't speak beyond that because i'm not confirmed and we haven't begun

mr. glad well, how did you find their store? >> i don't remember. i just i was very interested in -- bank robbery and once you go down the bank robbing rat hole you come across casper and they're ins that sleeked world are lejtds legends so i tell their fascinating story in my book. >>m my reading in the revenge of the tipping point of poplar grove usa is that it is afliewngt, white pleasantville-like is that accurate? i describe in a chapter on what i call -- the perils of a culture that's all about this -- a community it is -- it is real name it is an actual place somewhere in america. i figured out where it was and i actually went there. it was like pleasantville gorgeous, close nit community with one of the best high schools in the state even amenity you could dream of if you go there and you have kids you think oh, my goodness, i wish i lived here. it is that kind of place. but i tell the story of how their high school -- for a generation had -- was in the grip of a teen suicide amend they could not break. and -- i try to kind of figure out why

mr. reagan: yes. if it is a well-known fact that i opposed air pollution laws in california, the only thing i can possibly think of is that the president must be suggesting the law that the federal government tried to impose on the state of california -- not a law, but regulations that would have made it impossible to drive an automobile within the city limits of any california city, or to have a place to put it if you did drive it against their regulations. it would have destroyed the economy of california and, i must say, we had the support of congress when we pointed out how ridiculous this attempt was by the environmental protection agency. we still have the strictest air control, or air pollution laws in the country. as for offshore oiling, only 2% now is so leased and is producing oil. the rest, as to whether the lands are going to be opened in the next five years or so, we're already five years behind in what we should be doing. there is more oil now in the wells that have been drilled, than has been taken out

mr. potato, how did you land on the word rainbow? well, you know, it's funny, but she landed on the word rainbow. the whole idea of the the irish pot of gold, that the end of the rainbow, you know, you don't find a gold at the end or rainbow. but but with with reading, she kind of said, you know, a reading is the pot of gold. at the end of the rainbow. so that was the theme that we've had. in fact, you know, my shirts are all reading rainbow shirts at the bottom goal line. and so she felt very strongly, like i say this and turner name was debbie dennis and we got that particular name from her that was said the rainbow is beautiful, you know, lamination of of everything that we all think about when we see a rainbow. you know, it's so beautiful format. when did you land on a specific format? as i tell you what, we went on after i mentioned i mentioned studio c not going very well. we had four summers that we kind of worked and the following summer was a series called reading rainbow. and i got some idea i'm sorry, not reading rainbow, right

i think that would be a good move as well. mr. clinton: it would require a change in the supreme court decision because you could say, you cannot have this public money unless you follow the >> strings but that was the deal before, so much money could be raise. mr. carter: change the supreme court. mr. clinton: that is important. we think when looking at interpretations of the constitution, let me ask you something else. i think this is important. help us all to understand because you continued to travel the world with all of the things going on. people are worried about the extremely divisive things said in america. the truth is, they are all over the world. they feel the combined impact of stagnant economics and kind of identity threat and a diversity crisis. you have the biggest refugee crisis in europe since world war ii. you have a lot of tension between china and southeast asia because of the economics and nationalism there. you have a lot of candidates elected who are saying rather divisive things including the new presiden

mr. speaker. well, it's everywhere. you can't avoid it in the news. it shouldn't be avoided. it's so horrible. the fires we have now in southern california that are devastating so much there. so much value. so much lost. and up to 24 lost lives now. it's an incredibly unnecessary happening. they have been raging in l.a. it happens every year santa ana winds. in the northern california portion i represent, we have had that devastation already many times. town of paradise, greenville, town of canyon dam and others completely obliterated. .. our governor has been up there to see those fires. especially the paradise one. when president trump came to paradise and visited to see the devastation. so at the time, president trump asked him and others, what are you doing to clear the land in such a way that makes it less fire-prone, you know, to rake the forest floor, and people made fun of that word, rake, which is a technical term for some of the equipment used in forestry. to make sure areas can be a little more fire-safe, by thinning trees, removing brush, removing dead material on

the commerce as well. >> sure. mr. chairman, i yield back. >> the chair now recognizes the gentleman from california, mr. carbajal. >> thank you, mr. chairman. mr. dellinger, what role do sustainable fuels such as renewable natural gas and renewable oil pay in reducing emissions in the near term and how can congress support their adoption? >> those are proven solutions in our industry with the combustion engines to be able to use renewable energies. they are cleaner. you know, right now, as i mentioned e.v.'s are technology that we're not there. we're nowhere near being close. to operating that type of equipment in a long haul environment. i think it's something that would work well in municipalities and cities if they want to convert their buses, their trash trucks, their school buses. would definitely be a workable solution. but right now, definitely not in the long haul market. >> thank you. the recent floods in the soviet and fires in california demonstrate the critical need for trucks to respond quickly to disaste

mr. president. we'll now go to another c.e.o. that you know very well. brian monahan. the c.e.o. and chair of bank of america. >> good afternoon, mr. president. and congratulations and obviously an eventful week for you and your family. if you remember five years ago, you came here and we walked among 150 c.e.o.'s from all over the world and you engaged with them about your policies and your procedures. this year you're not here and yet this week was eventful from the orders that you mentioned earlier. literally a wave of orders coming out on immigration, on trade and many other matters. and so as a representative of the united states here, we got a lot of questions about what does all this mean and how would the president square this with this clear focus on growth, prosperity, market growth -- stock market growth, a good bond market, and bringing down prices. so how do you think about the impact of all these orders and how fast they come out and how you're going to balance them with that scorecard of being successful in both continuing g.d.p. growth, bringing down inflation and

mr. guterres: well, i know it will be different but i do know exactly in what direction all the different aspects will be changed. first, gay savage i think it's important to recognize that the ceasefire in gaza is the product of the work of many, and i will praise the united states, qatar, for their efforts for months and months to obtain the release of hostages, that it be immediate and unconditional and also to obtain the ceasefire. but the negotiations were dragging, dragging, dragging. and then all of a sudden it happened. i think there was a large contribution of the robust diplomacy of the, at the time president-elect of the united states. i feel that when we had the position of israel still reluctant to the ceasefire, just two days before, then all of a sudden there was an acceptance, i think that we have witnessed an example of robust diplomacy that is something that we must recognize. >> do you expect more robust diplomacy? mr. guterres: i see more examples of robust diplomacy. but what is not yet clear is what is the future of the relationship between israel and the palestinian

well. [applause] mr.president, thank you very much and to the american people, we have your back and we will get to work right away. god bless. thank you. [applause] host: i guess that is it. any questions? reporter: [indiscernible] host: let me answer that for the new secretary. all people in our armed services should trust him because he will look out for them, fight for them and make sure that we have a military that we can proud of and that again, when we send them to do a job we do it well, quickly and then get the hell out and that is what the secretary will bring to the department of defense. anything else? reporter: [indiscernible] host: i was with the buckeyes -- vice president vance: i was with the buck aids got buckeyes to week ago.

well mr. gordon, i hope that people are not just disgusted, but also bring their disgust. do they pull additions so that they politicians can change that course? now you mentioned the german literature being somewhat of restraint in terms of sending long range missiles to russia and allowing them to be used against the russian territory. but the discussion is ongoing and british media. and the brits seem to be very belligerent when it comes to any kind of attacks against a restaurant or where do you see it going? do you think it's just the sort of the public discussion or if may go in into an actual escalation? we have in the, in the u. k. is what i call it a uni party. we, we've called the conservatives and they got the label. they say they have rights and expedited, right? exactly, identical in terms of policy. so what we've got now is salma, but he's basically a continuation of johnson. and the soon that kid who is a continuation of my and camera on, and brown and black before them, they're all with, you know, they're basically getting in the same direction. stallnicher

well, mr. kirsten, we have to leave it there, but thank you very much for being with us today. okay, thank you for watching hope to see her again on the world's a part. the as the year ends, the incoming trump administration continues to believe it can end the conflict in ukraine. trump, and as people are beginning to understand and in this conflict is more difficult in starting a war. the problem is moscow cube, and washington wants different outcomes. the in february 2022, ukraine became the world's number one new story for ukraine, new brand, new credit, a brand new crane question. truth invaded ukraine, named one perspective ukraine suffering from russian english and replacing the main stream media and the nightly news were citing. please develop the scripts that essentially say exactly the same thing using the buzz word. so this is a threat to our democracy. when you see 10 different channels, say exactly that sentence. you know that it's the central intelligence agency script. the role of p r firms in ukraine, throughout europe and into united states really can be oversta

mr. hegseth would act as a yes man himself, putting his own personal political interests above the well-being of our military men and women. mr. hegseth's confirmation hearing, when asked what he would do if he received orders from president trump that he knew to be illegal or unconstitutional, mr. hegseth wouldn't give a straight answer. all he could do was deny that president trump was capable of giving an illegal order. and just for the record, to be clear, in his first term, president trump did give an illegal order that then-secretary esper refused to follow. and for that, secretary esper was fired by the president. so, mr. president, i am very concerned that mr. hegseth lacks the consistency and the moral clarity to lead the most combat-credible military in the world. and i am very disappointed that this body would put a nominee on the floor without the due process of advise and consent that the position of secretary of defense deserves. our men and women in uniform deserve better. and, therefore, for the first time since i was elected to represent the people of new hampshire in the uni

well, um mr. kirsten, we have to leave it there, but thank you very much for being with us today. okay, and thank you for watching hope this erin young and wells, a part the the, the russian correspondence has killed and 4 of his colleagues wounded by you premium, which struck the cost of doing it to the public. power drawing detector is also constantly beeping. you can hear the sounds of explosions, reports from a residential area also in don't bonds that's being hit by ukrainian plus the impulse wounding at least 10 k was a problem in the making with us intelligence sol. plan for some 15 years with a question of how it happened roommate, the mystery. looking back on 2024, exploding to electronic device is left a dozen dead across 11 on and stokes the weld. the attack.