two doses of an mrna-containing vaccine. that's 1% of the population. we need at least 70% of the population. and that's going to take awhile. the other thing is johnson & johnson is doing a two-dose trial. so we should have the results of that also hopefully in the near future and worse comes to worse you get one dose of j&j now and a second dose later which would provide greater protection. we don't know that yet because we haven't seen all the data. >> can you help us understand why this technology that j&j is using isn't as effective as the moderna and pfizer? >> not sure. the messenger rna, it's a small naked piece of messenger rna that gets taken up into your cells. then you make antibodies to the protein, which the johnson & johnson technology is essentially the same except instead of taking this lipid nanoparticle in which the rna is encased, it's a virus that can't replicate itself. so they are different technologies. they are different in their capacity to induce vigorous immune responses but the j sg j data, i thi

the mrna with the vaccine came so quickly.think we will start getting cancer treatments from that? stefan: there are phase two already, proof of concept data in different cancer demonstrations. the mrna companies have focused on the vaccine develop it against covid. we will see they will go back into oncology and into other areas. they can fund their research and develop an efforts, so i think it is unscientific to make precise predictions. my assumption is within the next few years we will see such products on the market. guy: you are a useful indicator as to what is happening big picture at a macro level. are you starting to see any of your companies come any of your divisions, you have three main areas you focus on, are the customers of any of those divisions starting to front run a recovery. are you starting to see orders picking up? stefan: we have three businesses. we have our health care business, biopharmaceuticals, we have our life science business. scientists need research and biopharmaceutical companies need manufac

so for those -- these vaccine, the mrna vaccine packages mrna in more or less fat drop lets to enter the cell. >> um-hum. >> and mrna is basically -- translated into protein. and then the body produces an immune response. the adeno virus vierkandt vaccines are engineered viruss that just are very much a shelf a virus. the outside is actually a common cold virus. but the inside as it is just encoding proteins for the outside of coronavirus. the spike protein. basically it's just a shell, it's not able to replicate. but it uses the shelf adeno virus to get your body to make the protein against spike. in that way it's similar to mrna, your body makes the protein and makes the immune response. >> dr. grant we have one minute left. two quick questions. one of our viewers wants to is it safe for teenagers? because we know the other two were techted for 16 and above appear 18 and above. >> yeah, we are 18 and above right now. we are going to do a study probably in the next couple of weeks once our site is activated for children. it presumably is going to be. but there is going to be more te

steve: one thing that has come up is the mrna platforms, a key part of developing the vaccines. know, you work on virus after virus for zeke a, ebola, -- zika, ebola, does this open a gateway to these other viruses we have been struggling with, and new gateways to things you have been wrestling with in the past? dr. fauci: the answer is yes, steve, and if you look at the externally potential of new platform vaccines, there are more than one, but let's take mrna as an example. there was a lot of skepticism when we used the mrna as one of our top-priority vaccine candidates for covid-19. at some point, that skepticism morphed into criticism. we had faith in it, because we had been working on it for a few years and we saw its potential. we believe that other vaccines that have eluded success, avoided success and escaped success, that we will now use these new platform technologies, and hopefully we will get a greater degree of success using other vaccines, using a now-proven technology that just a year ago was well before it was proven. steve: are we ready to go forward and begin l

i think that mrna technology is here to st. i believe that in the future, this technology will be used to produce many more vaccines against viruses, but also i believe it will be used in other medical applications, like, r example, fighting >> so, you said a will need two shots. in what time frame will they need both of those shots? >> in our protocol -- and i think this is quite important -- only three weeks art. >> that might seem like a lot to people who are used to justin getting vaed once. >> there are several vcines that there are two doses. t the flu. usually, there are one dose of flu, but there are multiple vaccines that require two or three doses. so i don't think people ould have any concern with that. >> what was the moment, dr. bourla, thatou knew pfizer would devote itself to innovating a covid-19 vaccine? >> well, the moment was in march, when i really sat down with our scientific team, particularly the team that is responsible for the development and design of vaccines, and i t asked them whihnologies do they t

>> i wouldn't call the mrna technology brand-new at curevac we are dealing wins 2006 with mrna and 2006nce 2008 running clinic can go trials with mrna. the technology -- as always the technology needs time in order to get to applicability, broad applicability. we haven't seen any long term side effects which is due to the fact that as soon as the mrna has gone into the cell and delivers the message taken by the ribosometimes and then is transcripted to the proteins the spike protein, the mrna just disappears there is no way that we could consider long term effects nevertheless, that's what i am trying to say earlier we are following up with these kinds of subject treated and also with these even after approval to see are there any effects. and this data will be collected just to be on the safe side. >> ultimately sum it up for us when is your timeline expectations of when you hope approval might be reached both in the eu, and here in the u.s. as well. >> well, we are having the interim data plan towards the end of the first quarter this year and then going rapidly -- as we talk now we a

the ingredients of the shots, both are what we call mrna vaccines. those are small protein segments. you can think of them as messengers, that is why they are called mrna, messenger rna. they are injected into the bodies and tell us to make the spiked protein, that part of the virus that allows it to enter the cell, and our body creates antibodies against it. there are also other ingredients, proteins protected stabilizersoat, and including something called polyethylene glycol. among the people who get allergic reactions, we think -- not sure -- but probably that is the cause of those rare allergic reactions. i remind everybody that they are rare. everybody has recovered. all of those folks were well taken care of. these are very safe vaccines. host: lonnie from tampa, florida. caller: hello. host: you are on the air. caller: ok. the nano know about knight component -- it seems all of them have it. i would like to know what its original purpose is, is there any other purpose the skin achieve? -- this can achieve? guest: i am not entirely sure what yo

what the clinical trials told us and make sure we follow the best evidence and certainly with the mrna vaccine trials, that didn't tell us what to do besides dosing at 21 days or 28 days after the first dose. so that's my concern. >> dr. yasmin, thanks for your expertise. >> thank you, alison. >>> the number of republicans in congress that plan to join the president in his efforts to overturn the election continues to grow. cnn learned at least 140 house republicans plan to vote against counting the electoral votes when congress meets on wednesday. phil mattingly is live with the latest. phil, are you expecting even more republicans to join the president's efforts? >> reporter: yeah, i think it is a distinct possibility. if you want to know the answer why that's the case, it is not necessarily because dozens upon dozens of republicans think there was significant election fraud, which there's no proof of. they more are interested incur eeg favor with the person most in favor of the party. even if not in office january 20th, republicans understand the pull he has with the base, the pull

they didn't amazing job -- all credit to them for helping to develop the mrna vaccines, which if youwant to talk about the science of it, it's really cool. it's important to let the viewers know just how safe these vaccines are going to be. they've done an ok job in creating something that will lead to the manufacture and the counties. they have done a really bad job with the last mile problem, which is basically where you have the post office, right? if i send you a package from my hometown, the package goes from seattle to d.c. and then the truck takes it to your house. that is the last mile. the lack of federal coordination there, the lack of that federal coordination has been the problem and where we are seeing the slowdowns right now. that is the biden administration's biggest problem. they're getting 100 million vials, and 100 million -- what do call them? host: swabs. guest: it's more than the stuff in the vial, it's everything to get it to the last mile to the actual site. if i could describe -- the caller asked about the vaccines themselves in these vaccines, the mrna techni

one of the beauties, sanjay, of mrna approach is that it's highly adaptable.what you have is this bit of rna and you stick in the part of the rna that codes for the protein of the spike that is in the virus that is now circulating in our country. when you want to adapt it to say let's say we're now wanting to protect against the south african isolate, you take that same mrna and instead of sticking in the coding component for the virus that's circulating in our own country, you quickly stick in the one that codes for the south african isolate. it highly adaptable and what you would do and we're already starting that, sanjay, this is something we're doing in collaboration with the pharmaceutical companies. what you then do is a quick phase one trial to show safety and show immunity, you don't have to do a 30,000 person trial or a 4 4,000 person trial. you work with the fda and you could bridge information from one trial to another. bottom line is we're already on it and that's one of the beauties of the mrna type of platform that it's easily adaptable to what w

there have been mrna vaccines before but they just never have been in widespread usage. there was one for evil law and there were other that i can't think of off the top of my head. so when the mrna sequence was available january 11 of 2020 scientists were able to take that sequence, nucleic acids, and literally plug it in and make the vaccine from there and the benefit of operation at warp speed is that they were able to eliminate the financial uncertainty from the situation because typically with vaccine development you do a little bit of work and then the company will analyze the results and say is this worth the investment to go forward and after a while they will say yes and then they do more work and those phases can take a long period of time. we also got lucky in that we already had large clinical trial networks set up because of research that was being done with hiv. and so, there were, so those clinical trial centers were able to be converted to coronavirus vaccine trial centers in an amazingly short period of time. to me that is as stunning as any other part o

we got now four vaccines with good effectiveness we had the two mrna and now as of the last 24 hours,good as does the j and j they have different peafeatures different benefits but the tool chest is expanded and doubled. >> we also had positive antibody or antigen treatment news from eli lilly that brushed with the other news out there the question is we want to be hopeful. the numbers have been okay so far, but these new variants, that i think is what is scaring the medical and science tiff if i can -- signcientific communit. what's your take >> first, going back to the point you made a very good one, brian, on the antibodies against the virus. the combination that lily had of 70% reduction of death and hospitalization, which is terrific, that hasn't been approved yet the eua that exists for one of those antibodies so we want to see that get out there and the data we want to see as soon as possible with the variants, we have a problem there. particularly the one that is called south african but it's called b 13551 that veariant is escaping from ill mun response we knew about it in th

people ask mrna is is going to interfere with my jeans? absolutely not! what it is, it isn't mrna which is a genetic component that codes for, or instructs the body to make certain proteins. and in this case, the protein is that this broke i protein that you want the body to make an immune response against. so you inject someone with that in a very safe way, the body starts pumping out these protein proteins, your immune system recognizes that protein, and you make a very nice immune response. and in fact, the two companies pfizer and moderna, that are using this mrna, which was tested and 30,000 people in the motor and a trial period and 44,000 people and the pfizer trial. and it was shown to be safe and extraordinarily effective. ninety-four to 95% to protect you against any form of clinical disease, and almost a hundred% in protecting you against severe disease. now the vaccine and needs to be distributed. and that is exactly what we're doing now. there's been some bumps in the road on the way but we can talk about that during the question period. but

furthermore, i know that these mrna vaccines have the capacity to use and to engineer the mrna so itld be more potent against these strains. and that work is actually already ongoing. so it may just lend us to feel like we need a booster effect further down the road. so all of that science is ongoing in anticipation. >> that sounds familiar. i believe you just said something like that. but practically speaking, dr. hotez, how does it work? i would take that 60% right now. and i think that so many americans would. so then when the booster is available, we would go back for the booster next year or whenever you have it ready? >> yeah, that's probably some scenario like that. but look, here's where we have to -- here's how we have to proceed, i think. if we can vaccinate the american people, fully vaccinated, 240 million people in terms of three quarters of the u.s. population to slow or halt virus transmission, which is our estimate of what's required. if we can do that over the next five to six months, we have the possibility of completely getting ahead of this variant and really halt

so the likelihood is if you give two doses, it will be as good or better than the two mrna vaccines.erna and the pfizer vaccine. and we'll have those results soon. and so then the regulators together with the company and the federal government have to make a decision do we pursue just the single dose option which is slightly less than the two dose mrna vaccines or do you go for the two doses this will be as good or possibly even better. so in either case, it is good news because we urgently need more vaccines. beer not going to get to where we need to get to with just the two mrna vaccines. >> and people are asking whether they will be effective against the mutations. and there is new information this morning that there is three cases of the uk variant found in arizona overnight, so that brings to 434 cases total. we know there are two cases of the south afterrican variant in south carolina. are people who have had covid already rulnerable to reinfection by any of these mutations? >> yeah, the data from south africa anyway suggests that they might be. and that is what is keeping us u

there is the mrna, the messenger rna.keeping it safe and getting it to where it needs to. we wrap the mrna in a little blanket like bubble wrap in something called lipids. we have to keep the affinity of it where it should be. then there is a sugar, a simple glucose that helps that bubble wrap stay in tact. that's it. really, the conversation about this, the mrna, people are like, it happened so quickly and we are really concerned. that's a good point. we have a scientific basis for these new technologies. the obama ministration invested quite a substantial resource into getting these technologies ready. scientists have been working on getting these mrna vaccines ready. the representation and diversity in the scientific community passage has been talked about before. the vaccines give our body a harmless preview. by the time we see the vaccine and get exposed our bodies are ready to fight it. it is impossible, impossible to get covid-19 from the vaccine. 100% impossible. >> the mrna is not going to change the way that our

the handling of the current mrna vaccines, they are hugely blocking getting them out.we get more of these candidates that are more easily itble and distributive out, is hugely important. there is a ton of work going on to make that happen. tom: do you envision the charlotte convention center being used as a vaccine site? is that where we are heading? katie: health department is already using -- i do think we are going to need larger venues to get the volume of people vaccinated that we need. that will mean private health care, public health the permits, all groups working together to make that happen. tom: so many people are concerned about the shock, and there is this report and that report, one out of a million, one out of every 100,000. are those numbers contained as appropriate? katie: certainly the numbers have continued to be loath for people who have anaphylactic shock or shock like reactions following the vaccine, which is reassuring as we go to larger groups of people. certainly we need to continue to monitor, but i would just reinforce that those numbers do s

really worrying people because we are seeing diminished protection with both the pfizer and moderna mrnaard about the result today from the novavax vaccine which probably gives the highest virus neutralising antibody titres, which is kind of a surrogate marker or the protection of any of the vaccines and that is only doing 50—60%. so the real worry i'm thinking about, because we also have a recombinant protein vaccine and we are looking at how to modify or add the south african variant is how quickly we can vaccinate the world in order to raise ahead of the south african variant. it is putting enormous and everybody right now. the other announcement that came today was we know the virus variant, the south african variant, arose in north carolina in the eastern united states. so this is going to be a very stressful time, vaccinating with the existing vaccines, to slow transmission and prevent the widespread emergence of the south african vaccine while the vaccine developers now start adding efforts to specifically tailor vaccines specifically for south africa. and what you think, you ment

moderna and pfizer mrna showing 94%-90 5% efficacy at a very good efficacy against advance or severe disease. over the last 24 hours or having announcements of two other trials that represent two additional platforms. one is the soluble protein platform in a study that came out of the u.k. using from the company novavax and the other we discussed this morning, at a press conference at the nih was the johnson and johnson adeno 26 trial that took place in the united states, in south africa, and in brazil. the result are encouraging. let me briefly outline for you -- outline them for you, and make comments regarding the nuances of the study. in this study just reported by johnson & johnson, it was a trial using their ad26, and the overall vaccine efficacy in the study was 66%. but for the united states, it was 72%. the important issue, because the first two people do is compare a 72% efficacy, with the previously reported in other trials of 9495%, that is true, but when one looks at the potential impact, on a very important aspect of what we look at carefully, this innately severe disea

so testing the mrna vaccines and those are anticipated to go into hopefully trials down page six monthsso anticipate the other candidates we hope will continue to be in development for that population. we will need as many vaccine candidates as possible. >> can we get to herd immunity without children being vaccinated. dr. lee: children are known to be able to be infected and potentially a symptomatically be infected. that continues to be a challenge . although children are less likely to be have hospitalization or severe disease. we do see severe have -- severe disease happen, but we can also employ mitigation strategies, specifically for the younger population, elementary school. we are still going to need options in order to get that to a new normal. we are going to be wearing masks and doing social distancing for a long time. >> question is enrolling in of kids in order to get the data necessary to roll out the vaccine. are you concerned about safety, considering the fact that younger individuals don't get as sick with the virus and perhaps are reticent as a result. dr. lee: safety

we're not going to be able to do this with the two mrna vaccines alone.the intention. the mrna vaccines are the first to get out but we have to get the adenovirus vaccines up, we have a recome by nant protein vaccine up. we're just doing this at too slow a pace at this point. >> we are seeing skyrocketing numbers in daily cases. we're seeing deaths still going up with more than 4,000 americans reported dead in one day this week. hospitalizations are still breaking records. and we're just over two weeks past christmas, so you know, based on what we've learned, it sounds like we could still see more surges from the holidays. where is the ceiling? >> you know, ana, we're in a race against death right now and that's the way -- why we have to accelerate our vaccine program. as i've mentioned, we've failed to implement any kind of covid-19 containment strategy. the white house and this current white house has left us no other alternative at this point but to vaccinate our way out of it pretty much and that's where we have to put the emphasis. otherwise, the num

assertions that the mrna is creating what th term genetically modified humans. you've heard of genetically modified organisms, now they are calling the genetically modified humans. they have not learned much by way of haskell biology, not realizing a cell has both a nucleus and cytoplasm and the mrna only gets into the cytoplasm and gets made into protein. then it gets crazier from there. big components saying we are implanting microchips into people. it has me and tony fauci he and bill gates in some area 51 labs sticking microchips into the vaccines and 5g links. you can imagine, saying the vaccines contain aborted fetuses or aborted fetus material. all of that needs to be diffused. part of the problem is in the united states, we have never really mounted a big counter to the disiormation campaign for anti-vaxxers. we have never taken a seous effort to dismantle the empire. i think that is something we're going to have to look at if we are going to be successful at this. nermeen: dr. hotez, your forthcoming book is titled "preventing the next pandemic: vaccine

everything else is about getting that mrna safe where it needs to go.e lipids or fats. and there is salt for the acidity and there's a sugar that kind of helps that bubble wrap stay intact when the vaccines are in the super cold state and that's it. that's what's in there. now, really, the, you know, the more maybe conversation about this is that mrna, that messenger rna has gotten a lot of attention. and what is this new approach and it happened so quickly and we're really concerned and i think that's a good point, but i want to-- one more minute, we have a scientific basis for these new technologies in vaccines mrna goes back over a decade. the obama administration had substantial resource in getting in where we could rapidly in the past year advance it. you know, teams are really diverse scientists have been working on mrna and getting niece vaccines. and it's important to recognize that, their representation and diversity in the scientific community, as well as in the participants that we talked about before. and what the vaccines actually do they g

and in the case of this new vaccine or this new type of vaccines, the mrna vaccine, we're also dealing with that unknown. this is a new kind of vaccination. this is a new approach. it's very exciting, in part because it seems to confer that immunity without significant adverse effects. so, i think, again, on the side of development of a novel technology, the vacces, whether mrna vaccines or others, are great news, right? and maybe they will influence a new generation of vaccines for other pathogens, particularly viral pathogens, which tend to be the worst ones among humans. so that's where we are with the development of new technology. unfortunately, as i said and as you've underlined many times, amy, the old pathologies of our society make it unlikely that the rollout will be smooth and evenly taken up across various communities, some of them with well-founded fears and mistrust of any kind of public health campaign. so we're in a bit of a pickle. i'm optimisticbout what will happen in this country, but as you pointed out in opening up the hour, a lot of us are concerned with what's g

so now we have the two mrna vaccines, we have the astrazeneca 0xford accent, we will hear thejohnsonon & johnson vaccine will hear thejohnson &johnson vaccine soon, and the novavax, we have a recumbent and protein vaccine. in some people may ask why you need all these vaccines, but there are limits in the capacity for production for any one of them, so the more we have the more shots on goal, the better globally we have a chance to beat this pandemic. have a chance to beat this pandemic— have a chance to beat this andemic. �* , ., pandemic. and then in terms of the variance, _ pandemic. and then in terms of the variance, where _ pandemic. and then in terms of the variance, where are - pandemic. and then in terms of the variance, where are we - pandemic. and then in terms of the variance, where are we up | the variance, where are we up to with knowing how much protection existing vaccines will provide against, for example, the variant that has been found in brazil and the one that has been found in south africa was yellow the south african one is really worrying people because we are

the ingredients of the shots, both are what we call mrna vaccines.hose are small protein segments. you can think of them as messengers, that is why they are called mrna, messenger rna. they are injected into the bodies and tell us to make the spiked protein, that part of the virus that allows it to enter the cell, and our body creates antibodies against it. there are also other ingredients, proteins protected stabilizersoat, and including something called polyethylene glycol. among the people who get allergic reactions, we think -- not sure -- but probably that is the cause of those rare allergic reactions. i remind everybody that they are rare. everybody has recovered. all of those folks were well taken care of. these are very safe vaccines. host: lonnie from tampa, florida. caller: hello. host: you are on the air. caller: ok. the nano know about knight component -- it seems all of them have it. i would like to know what its original purpose is, is there any other purpose the skin achieve? -- this can achieve? guest: i am not entirely sure what you

johnson & johnson early trials is they did generate a higher level of antibodies comparable to the mrnave confidence that they'll generate strong efficacy and protecting people from the disease. we should be seeing that within a week or two. for merck i guess the levels were not high enough, both compared with existing vaccines and also with natural infection and they say this just isn't worth pursuing for covid >> one more quick question i saw over the weekend a chart that showed there are, i think, 68 different vaccine candidates that are being tested at this point or that have already been approved around the globe. you never want to hear any vaccine candidate drop out but we should still recognize that there are lots of other vaccine candidates that are out there, right? >> there are a lot and of course we have focused on the ones that were under the operation warp speed umbrella because they were getting the funding and the acceleration from the u.s. government behind j&j we were expecting astrazeneca for months, novovirus and anofi. those are the front-runner candidates there are

unlike the mrna vaccines that have to be stored in deep, deep freezers with really cold temperatures, this is stable. this users older technology. and it can be -- you only need one doze, which is the best thing. we'll get more data from the phase three by mid february and i think by mid february, we may get authorization also. >> we've been hearing about mutations of the virus spreading from the uk and south africa. now there's word of two home-grown variants in the u.s. confirmed in ohio. what do we know, and how concerning is this? >> these variations right now, mona, are not lethal and the vaccines we have so far are effective against it. >> a new cdc report finds the lowest number of covid cases have been in children under the age of 10 even with some schools reopening. dr. ali, is this surprising to you at all and should this information put parents who may be concerned about sending their kids back to school at ease? >> there is an ace two recenter which is like a door for the virus to come into the cells, and the young, young children don't have enough of these receptors. so t

record-breaking approval of the mrna vaccine.kes nine compared with what time for vaccine development? it is under a very special , for such a urgent medical needs. i think china is no different. government wants to take special measures for its own vaccine development. ,here are some specialties particularities for developing such a vaccine in both the u.s., u.k., and in china. i think the government is doing the right thing. tom: what is the pipeline looking like for henlius as we look to the rest of 2021 and beyond? >> henlius is two pronged. we have two pillars of development. one is the well-known. the first bio similar product approval in china in 2019. first bothe had the china and european approval of the antibody for breast cancer in china and europe as well. the other pillar is our innovative pipeline. of products inty development and we are looking at supplementing. tom: what is the r&d spend looking like for henlius this year? >> it is pretty tremendous a number. it is a large number. that is all i can say. we will ha

these are both mrna vaccines. but you don't want to do anything to erode the trust. this came up when there was discussion about decreasing the dose of the moderna vaccine because a smaller dose seemed to generate the same antibodies so why not give less of the vaccine? that will make it spread out more, but they came back and said, no, we're going to stick to the science on this. it will erode the trust if we start to deviate from that. >> having watched that when dr. fauci said, john, no, i think he spoke for everyone who has ever known me. sanjay, one other aspect of this, which i found very interesting. i talked about the johnson & johnson vaccine, which we are going to get some data from soon. and there's a lot of expectation here because the johnson & johnson vaccine is a single dose. it doesn't require the refrigeration. what dr. fauci -- he seemed optimistic about it in general, although i don't know that he's seen the data on it yet. none of us have. he suggested the efficacy rate, he will be happy if the efficacy rate of the johnson & johnson vaccine is nea

you know we have two successful vaccines that have emergency use authorizations the mrna from pfizer and moderna. this is another type of the vaccine. it is called a viral vector vaccine. even though the results showed a 72% in the united states, it was a study that involved not only the united states but also south africa and brazil. the important point is that the protection against severe disease was very high even in south africa where the mutant is dominant even the numbers when you compare against mild to moderate disease, 72% verses 94% or 95%, clearly 94% and 95% is better but from a practical standpoint from what you want to do to keep people out of the hospital and prevent deaths, this is value added. number one, it is a single dose and much more convenient it does not require a stringent cold chain you can keep it refrigerated it is relatively cheap and the company can make billions of doses so it will have value. >> that leads to my next question, when you say effectiveness, is the goal to keep us healthy completely healthy uninfected or keep us alive? >> it is both. the

so we've got two stunningly effective mrna vaccines, the pfizer and moderna product.rning more about the j&j product. it's a single dose. if you look at a single dose of the j&j vaccine and compare it with a single dose of the two mrna vaccines they're not very different. there's an interesting hint in earlier data that johnson & johnson published which was that the immune response continued to get better for two months after the vaccination and they've only provided the data of one month. so really we don't know what further protection will look like. we don't know what a two dose series with the j&j vaccine would look like. really, this is good news. unfortunately, the big picture, big picture is this virus is still way out of control in the u.s. get your vaccine the moment it's your turn. but it's going to be many months before it's safe to go out of and that's why it's so important to double down on those protection protocols. mask up. and avoid indoor air with people who are not in your household. arthel: if covid-19 and its mutations are here to stay, how do we

the mrna vaccine can be used for hiv, we're really excited about that.ing mrna for over ten years, and it's accelerated its development. and getting the early warning systems in, that will improve health all over the world. so this time, i think people will pay attention. >> your letter also goes really through a whole bunch of influences, from the movie "contagion," to winston churchill, to you and your wife confronting systemic and structural racism. you write that pandemic's exploit pre-existing inequalities. walk us through what does this mean? why does it happen this way? does it have to be this way? and how do you fix it? >> it's stunning that the death rate in minorities has been over twice as high. that really wouldn't have been expected, in fact, we need to understand it a lot better. you know, it's partly multigenerational households, it's partly job occupation, it may have been the ability to communicate health messages in to those households. you know, i'm stunned at that. sadly, i'm not stunned with the idea that the inner city schools were

technology is for the pfizer is that technology prints going to change the way we think about -- the mrnacine is different than the traditional old approach for the next pandemic the next disease emergency mrna vaccines will jump to the front because they can be beats made so quickly within your that's really unheard of. kennedy: it's incredible. hopefully that would applications for all this technology in the future, doctor amesh adalja thank you so much. >> thank you. kennedy: coming up its game night. got a new game it is call say it ain't show. how quickly can you tell joe biden quote some other dictators? we always encourage that, stay with me. ♪♪ ♪♪ [ engines revving ] ♪♪ it's amazing to see them in the wild like th-- shhh. [ engine revs ] for those who were born to ride, there's progressive. ♪ ♪ [ engine revs ] ♪ ♪ (quiet piano music) ♪ ♪ comfort in the extreme. the lincoln family of luxury suvs. trelegy for copd. ♪ birds flyin' high you know how i feel ♪ ♪ breeze drifting on by you know how i feel ♪ [man: coughing] ♪ it's a new dawn, it's a new day... ♪ no matter how you got copd

how could this mrna technology change medicine, the big picture?e for 200 years we haven't really changed the fundamental concept of vaccine, which you expose somebody to a facsimile of the virus you're trying to control and the immune system kicks in these are genetic vaccines they use either rna or dna or a spliced-in gene so that your own cells are creating components of the virus so that your immune system will kick in and do it. so it could be used also against cancer cells it allows us to determine whatever protein we want for our body cells to create and it's also connected to what's called crisper, which is also an rna-guided technology which will allow us to edit the genes of our children. so we're in a great new era of biotechnology. in which we can use things like messenger rna to build proteins that we want, which will cause us to create immunity to any pathogen or virus that comes along or cancer cells. >> exciting times ahead. if only we can get our stuff together and enjoy it later. >> good news on the horizon, yeah >> walter isaacso

the mrna vaccines are actually much safer because they don't contain the virus that can actually causeovid-19 but the fast track development and such a new method has many still skeptical about whether or not to take the florida doctor's death 2 weeks after he got his first pfizer shot is still under investigation. doctors say he was diagnosed with idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura an immune system reaction because is unclear. potential links to itp could be if somebody has a history cancer, particularly a if someone is taking certain trust doctor sampson serves as the director of the endemic foundation. he says itp already affects between 2, 6, out of every 100,000 americans and is not noted side effect of the pfizer or moderna vaccines on the market. he says you're far more likely to experience the confirmed mild side effects like injection site soreness and fatigue given the number of people that we vaccinated today we could expect to find a couple cases of itp should we should expect even if the vaccine does not trigger. >>looks like the calm doctor sun says those with preexistin

. >> the pfizer and moderna vaccines both work using mrna to teach the immune system to recognize and how to fight off the coronavirus. johnson & johnson's vaccine transports these into the body using a type of virus that causes the common cold. the new vaccine comes as new virus variants are raising concerns. to battle the changing virus dr. rodriguez says in the long term we will likely need a yearly shot. >> we will probably have to have yearly vaccines, perhaps, yearly covid vaccines to address the various variant that are arising. >> as experts consider the future, marin and sonoma county health officials are focused current vaccinations with limited supply it will likely take until the end of february to vaccine everybody 65 and older and until june to get a shot to everybody that wants one. >> a lot of questions here. among them, will we have a choice when that johnson & johnson vaccine becomes available or will our health care provider just give us a shot, and i asked a infectious disease specialist. >> i don't think so because what is happening right now is that we just don't

amy: compare that to the vaccines of today, what the mrna is compared to the polio vaccine. >> this isaordinary because back in those days, there were only fundamentally two approaches to making them. it has all the materials of the virus that was similar the immune system to produce antibodies and so on. the other approach was a live virus, living, that have been weakened in the laboratory or passage through animals so it would cause an infection but not produce the serious effects. that is all that was available back then. since then, there has been so much that has been learned about how viruses work, their makeup, their genetics, how they infect people, and so on. what we have today is an explosion of new techniques to make vaccines very quickly. these two mrna vaccines that have come out are making use of one of those techniques, which is to take the genetic material of the coronavirus and focus on just that part of the genome that codes for the so-called spike protein that many people live heard about on the surface of the virus, and that is what the virus uses to get inside of c

that also leads to another important point, which is there are ways of making the mrna strand that isnew variants. and so we have to invest -- and i think that's something the biden administration will definitely do -- invest in making a bank of these mrnas that can respond or put into people the kind of variant in the spike proteins that we're seeing. >> i know we have to go, but i would like us to put up the information for a few folks who have asked questions about fraud related to vaccines or information about covid-19. we should note that the justice department is investigating this fraud through its disaster fraud team. this is the group that was set up after hurricane katrina in 2005. there is the number on your screen if you think you are the victim or have seen a case of fraud related to the deployment of coax. 866-720-5721 or you can report it online at justice.gov/disaster complaint form. dr. ezekiel emmanuel, we appreciate you answering some questions for us. thanks very much. >> thank you. >> coming up, joe biden will have another big issue to tackle once he's in office b