ms. napolitano: we are actually looking into that right now. had we make sure the system is fair to both sides. when i look at the litigation that has been filed against the university of california about half of the cases have been filed by survivors and half by respondents who say they were not treated fairly. there is a lot of controversy in this area. one of the issues we are looking at is do we provide or what kind of support do we provide to a respondent in addition to a complaint? right now, we provide support to the complainttant. sen. cassidy: it should leave the university system and go to a civil court because that is the only way you ensure you get fair treatment for both parties as i understand. i am looking at 41% -- if that is true, it tells me that for a sizable minority the universities, there is inadequacy of approach whether it is for either party. any thoughts about that? ms. napolitano: if you made it mandatory that these cases go into civil or criminal court that would be a deterrent to complaintants coming forward at also

ms. napolitano: the first day student starts, they will be given specific training. ms. napolitano: the first day student starts, they will be given specific training. they will also be made aware of what resources are available to them if something were to occur. where to go, who are the independent advocates, what they can do. we see the independent advocates as acting as gatekeepers, not reporters. in terms of do you go to the campus police, should you go to your department chair, and to be there to do appropriate follow-up. it begins with creating that culture from the day they begin on campus and consistency and persistency throughout the college experience. sen. murray: in fall 2014, california became the first state to enact a yes means yes law in defining sexual consent. can you speak about how these affirmative consent laws are empowering students and faculty? ms. napolitano: we actually changed our policy before the law changed. we have had a year's worth of experience with it. it really, in a way, shifts the burden so that the survivor is not the one always try

ms. napolitano: we actually changed our policy before the law changed. we have had a years worth of experience with it. it really, in a way, shifts the burden so that the survivor is not the one always trying to explain what happened. it means that consent has to be knowing and intentional. if it is not come it is not valid anymore. that is incorporated -- if it is not, it is not valid anymore. that is incorporated in a look the training materials. sen. murray: can you share with us how a concept like this might help with sexual assault? ms. bolger: it is a strong policy that reflects students values already on how they want to engage in relationships with people in debt community. i think that affirmative consent will only be successful if there's education for students about what expectations are, how to obtain consent. students enter college with a wide array of understanding of what consent is and i think that orientation programming and continuing ongoing training for students as well as for the people who will be hearing these cases and investigati