racial policy by mussolini. july 1938 and the jews in particular were shocked to hear the official position of the pure italian race to which judge use of italy who were there before the tide of jesus were not apart than the pope was very upset in particular would show the increasing closeness of the fascist italian dictator with the nazi leader. people around the pope become worried because they are very pleased by the deal that has been made between the vatican by all the benefits the church has gotten from the soviet worried the pope in his old age may damage those relations. as his headquarters of the another side of the tiber river, messily be paged against the pope -- mussolini raged against the pope and made the deal because he thought it was then his interest of the fascist dictatorship but had no sympathy for clerics. he would tell people how dare the pope expressed criticism look at what i have done to people of his staff and also his lover the italians still go to mass because i tell them to. [laughte

so when mussolini comes to power, despite the fact that the pope had no illusions about mussolini, mussolini didn't have a religious bone in his body. it is the pope said to some of his associates, god works in strange ways. god can choose as his instrument a person who doesn't seem and the pope would famously referred to mussolini is the man sent by providence. the man sent by providence to stir the central position of the church in italian society in an separation of church and state and freedom of religion and so forth. mussolini also shared with the pope a preference for authoritarian regimes. the pope had no love of democracy, that in fact multiparty history problems, didn't want to negotiate sunday with the prime minister and finance the next year there is a new parliament elected and they gave it up. there were a whole set of reasons why this deal might be made. now, let me talk about one important aspect of this. that's not very well known. i should say the archives of the vatican world they recently opened for the papacy of pius xi. in 2006 they were open. we also have the very fasc

do is they then bang the drum for nationalism now you've talked about america as descending into mussolini style corporatism can you provide some examples that exemplify this for words this is not capitalism for words proved it too big to fail in capitalism is no such thing how do we bail out the corporations the big banks financial institutions industries. by definition applies damo mussolini the merger of state and corporate powers it's a multi national takeover at every level you were talking before about hedge funds private equity groups vulture capitalists this did not exist when i was a young man everything has been deregulated so put all the powers into the corporation oh i mention it again this isn't you know this isn't an opinion this is a fact who was the guy that created the too big to fail movement oh that was. henri paul said yes yes where was he from all the goldman. goldman sachs own who was the guy that put in motion the deregulation of the killing the glass steagall act that would have prevented the bankers are becoming the bandits they they they became a wasn't. what's hi

he pointed out, and of course the fascists were being directly supported by hitler and mussolini andthe west was not opposed to that. we forget now but fascism had a pretty good energy and the west in the late 30s. mussolini was that admirable italian general and hitler was regarded by the state department in the late 30s as a moderate who was holding off the forces of left and right so we shouldn't be too critical of him. the united states had a console in berlin up until pearl harbor who was sending back dispatches saying you shouldn't be too hard on hitler and mussolini couldn't provide and they couldn't find the left press couldn't find it but the state department could. going back to bring airy with the proposed was that in spain itself the popular forces should fight a guerrilla war. that is a old spanish tradition to fight a guerrilla war and in morocco call for support the moroccan liberation forces that were trying to free themselves from french and british and spanish imperial control. that was the base of franklin's army. they were moorish troops so his idea was to fight a

he pointed out, and of course the fascists were being directly supported by hitler and mussolini andthe west was not opposed to that. we forget now but fascism had a pretty good energy and the west in the late 30s. mussolini was that admirable italian general and hitler was regarded by the state department in the late 30s as a moderate who was holding off the forces of left and right so we shouldn't be too critical of him. the united states had a console in berlin up until pearl harbor who was sending back dispatches saying you shouldn't be too hard on hitler and mussolini couldn't provide and they couldn't find the left press couldn't find it but the state department could. going back to bring airy with the proposed was that in spain itself the popular forces should fight a guerrilla war. that is a old spanish tradition to fight a guerrilla war and in morocco call for support the moroccan liberation forces that were trying to free themselves from french and british and spanish imperial control. that was the base of franklin's army. they were moorish troops so his idea was to fight a

he pointed out, and of course the fascists were being directly supported by hitler and mussolini andthe west was not opposed to that. we forget now but fascism had a pretty good energy and the west in the late 30s. mussolini was that admirable italian general and hitler was regarded by the state department in the late 30s as a moderate who was holding off the forces of left and right so we shouldn't be too critical of him. the united states had a console in berlin up until pearl harbor who was sending back dispatches saying you shouldn't be too hard on >> i couldn't stop it by force, but he bitterly condemned it. on the other hand, the state department couldn't notice what i was reading in the left-wig press at the -- left-wing press at the time and was later conceded 20 years later that the united states had authorized the texaco oil company which was run by an outright nazi, open nazi, had authorized them to -- they had contracts to ship oil to the republic. they switched it to shipping oil to the fascist forces which is the one thing that hitler and mussolini couldn't provide. the

there were orders issued by hitler, very outraged, upon mussolini's disappearance in august of 1943. hitler was convinced that the vatican had played a role in -- he hated the vatican anyway, hated the pope, pope pius xii and issued ordered to this fascinating character we have not studied much in a lot of literature which i talk a lot about in saving italy. carl wolf is sent to italy, he is the co leader of german forces along with alfred kesselring, his order from hitler is to go into the vatican, all the documents, enormous history that is there, and kidnapped, one german general testified at nuremberg, kill pope pius xii. this is a really bad idea, he spent time over the next four or five months trying to negotiate with the fuhrer and the different approach of dealing with this. this is something that is debate among historians today whether hitler was serious and intended to carry this out or one of the periodic outbursts. we can document it was discussed and given to wolf. the vatican was not reached in that sense. there were german troops that formed a cordon or ring around it

fascism in the twenty first century historically when you talk about fascism you think about mussolini as a replacement of the elected parliament with corporate representatives back in the one nine hundred thirty s. after all he invented the term fascism to describe the merger of corporate and state interests and today we talk about fascism when typically talk about corporations buying off politicians in washington and taking control of our democracy. but what about fascism that doesn't even involve governments other than to a force contractors were went to see in a new era of fascism or corporations are creating intrusive and overbearing terms and conditions that customers click to and agree to without even reading as a result corporations in america have acquired kinglike powers while we're the poor serfs we must buy it abide by their every rule or else. but enough is enough. it's time for us all to start saying hey wait a minute we need to have a national conversation and establish clear guidelines on what corporations can and can't do in those never ending lists of terms and condit

. >> he is younger than mussolini was.as far back as we can go, one of the youngest leaders of italy. four hours, what personnel concessions did he make the opposition? he faces votes of confidence in both houses of parliament. >> in terms of the longevity of this administration, who will be in the administration? the longevity is this is pressing. technically runs until 2000 18. probability wise, it would suggest that his prime minister ship will not be a long one. we will see. we will see how he can navigate the waters and extend and stay for this life of this parliament. >> figure so much. good luck to him. the timing seems tricky. regan and herh special the player. we will see you tomorrow. >> in the middle of the mojave desert, one of the most storied cities in the world. this is las vegas. where fortunes are won and lost. where lives are made and destroyed. where the house always wins -- until it can't. >> there is an awful lot of pain out here in las vegas. a lot of drama, a lot of stress, a lot of fear. >> one gamb

fascists boy a whole bunch of time academics and political scientists they've even been likened to mussolini's blackshirts by forbes magazine and boy somebody from the cato institute which is hardly a sort of busty and of sort of radical left wing for so they're kind of to see them a slew of radicals in terms of changing something no they want to kind of keep things as they are all they talk of reform but when you actually look at the reforms they don't actually have any plan of reform it's more they want to establish the status quo so the rule people who are trying to bring about radical change in the time and sort of relevance in a sense was relevant to thailand would be the rich. who say we must accept political roys. so the elisha's getting more extreme but the rules extreme they were words very very extreme they were violent and we've had over the been linked to the our stock. they linked to very very wealthy families and the soil means a billionaire families should be appearing on stage and saying poor people shouldn't have the right to vote but it. aristocracy versus poor people yes ok

a holdover from the days of italian colonization when mussolini tried to rebuild rome's long-lost empirexperience, seeing the rebirth of a country, of a people. >> i mean, last night's fireworks. there was a general sense of exuberance bordering on anarchy. i mean, i felt very happy here last night, if somewhere in peril. >> it's christmas. it's whatever, it's the fourth of july rolled into one. but also, there are people who are trying to stop it, sort of puritans, extremists, we won't say militants. and what has happened is that people want to come out in defiance of that. they're showing, we want to have fun. and remember, for a long time in libya, you couldn't have fun. the biggest misconception is that the place is turning into another afghanistan or iraq, where you have bombs going off, attacks, but it's not, as you've seen. libyans have gone through an awful time having fought for freedom. people have died. people have struggled. and that's going to hold them together. ♪ we needed 30 new hires for our call center. i'm spending too much time hiring and not enough time in my kitchen

it's like a mussolini themed restaurant? >> yeah. that's it. that's it.t look like any butcher i've been into. >> our north of northwest by johannesburg is pretoria. still the administrative center of south africa. once the heart of apartheid. here you can find a father/son butchery, restaurant and themed museum. i just don't know how i feel about this place. it doesn't fit in with my white liberal guilt sensibility. >> with this paraphernalia in it, it just wouldn't be accepted. couldn't exist. >> as any south african butcher would, they sprinkle salt, brown sugar, more vinegar. pack in layers, repeat. after 24 hours, remove and hang to air dry for a week. voila. a tasty jerky treat we can all get behind. chef andrea burgener, south african by birth, english and german by background, can usually be found in the trenches of her joburg restaurant, the leopard. she's known for her playful menus but loathes culinary fashion. she strives for a locally grounded cuisine. today, however, she's my guide through this twilight zone. ♪ >> it's weird here. and though

a holdover from the days of italian colonization when mussolini tried to rebuild rome's long lost empire amazing experience. seeing the rebirth of a country, of a people. >> i mean, last night's fireworks. there was a general sense of exuberance bordering on anarchy. i mean, i felt very happy there last night. if somewhat in peril. >> it's christmas. it's whatever, it's the fourth of july. rolled into one. but it also, there are people who trying to stop it, puritans, extremists, we won't say militants. and what has happened is people have come out in defiance of that. they're showing, we want to have fun. remember, for a long time in libya, you couldn't have fun. the biggest misconception is the place is turning into another afghanistan and iraq where you have bombs go off, attacks. but it's not, as you've seen. libyans have gone through an awful time having fought for freedom. people have died. people have struggled. and that's going to hold them together. ♪ [announcer] if your dog can dream it, purina pro plan can help him achieve it. ♪ driving rock/metal music stops ♪music resumes mu

they killed leer and mussolini. [speaking german]. if it weren't f hersy we would all know what thatment. ma -- that meant. don't give me at kit-kat is numberne. >> i agree with andy and i am ing to buy a hersheyar. >> that wasn't even a mustae hitler. it was a chocolate. it was a poisoned hersy bar. >> where are we now? how much time do i he? i can go to the tease? iha te coconut i moun. hunky with the raisens i hate. only two things matter a chocolate bar with caramelnd nugget. >> i didn'teali. iave seen them in sps. >> we have 20econds. neckawaifers. >> not a candy bar. >> it is like a bad diabetes joke. glad he pointed that out. stick around. through sunday, sa uveto $500 on beautyrest anposturepedic. get a sealy queen set for just $399. even get 3 yearsntert-free financing on tempur-pedic. plus, free delivery, set-up, and removal of your old set. keep more presidents in your wallet. eetrain's presidents' day sale ends sunday. superiorce, best selection, lowest price, guaranteed. ♪le train ♪ your ticket to a better night's sleep ♪

they killed leer and mussolini. [speaking german]. if it weren't for hershey we would all know what thatment. ma -- that meant. don't give me that kit-kat is number one. >> i agree with andy and i am going to buy a hershey bar. >> that wasn't even a mustache on hitler. it was a chocolate. >> it was a poisoned hershey bar. >> where are we now? how much time do i have? i can go to the tease? i hate coconuts i hate mounds. chunky with the raisens i hate. only two things matter in a chocolate bar with caramel and nugget. >> i didn't realize. i have seen them in shops. >> we have 20 seconds. neckawaifers. >> not a candy bar. >> it is like a bad diabetes @w@wowowpg÷÷owúç÷gçngogog >> e block. the last story. that's the last story. >> was beer to blame for losing the game? members of the austrian men's hockey team have apologized for drinking until 6:00 a.m. before a loss that ended their olympics. after beating norway on sunday a bunch of players partied at the austria house until sunrise. hours later they played slovenia and lost 3-1

hershey bars beat mussolini. it's the standard funfare multi pack. weren't for hershey, we would all know what that meant. don't give me this crap with kit-kat being number one. >> america is number one, hershey is number one. >> i agree with andy and i'm going to buy a hershey's bar. >> it was a poison hershey bar that killed hitler. >> where are we now? how much time do i have? i can go to the tease. i hate coconut, i hate mounds. chunky with the raisins, i hate that. there's only two things that matter in a candy bar, it's caramel and nougat. those would be the names of my kids if i had them. >> i have never seen anyone actually eat one. >> we have 20 seconds. necko wa necko wafers. not a candy bar. i'm just telling you that. >> bad diabetes joke. >> i'm glad he pointed that out. stick around. an oldest trick ? what? trick number one. look-est over there. ha ha. made-est thou look. so end-eth the trick. hey.... yes.... geico. fifteen minutes could save you... well, you know. the last story. that's the last story. >> was beer to blame for >> was be

they remembered fighting hitler, mussolini, the japanese military who fought to the bitter end.heir attitude was, bomb them back to the stone age which is what they did in germany and hero shema,, neither psyche -- hiroshima, nagasaki. this was their attitude. they said listen, what is all this concern about nuclear weapons? if at the end of the war with the soviet union there are three americans left and to soviets, we have won. >> what do you make then of bobby kennedy had 11 children. one of his children is named matthew, maxwell, taylor, kennedy -- matthew maxwell taylor kennedy. >> he had a great regard for maxwell taylor. he was a revered military figure and someone who they admired. he had resigned from his military position during the eisenhower presidency because he disagreed with the eisenhower idea of massive retaliation. he was the one who spoke for the idea of building up ground anyes to combat or counter soviet threat in europe. that is why they brought him in to the white house. he had this opposing view to the idea of massive retaliation. they appreciated that. o

where president mussolini said the president, home mow sexuals are disgusting, why should he force his beliefs on to uganda, and so an and so on. outrage from most americans about this. right here in arizona is an attempt by lawmakers to do something that is not dissimilar. to empower businesses to say, if you're gay, i'm legally entitled to discriminate against you. >> season the it insane to say earlier today, you just walked around the streets of new york, and listened to people who heard that press conference in uganda. people were disgusted. whether we like it or not, i say it this way, those people in most of the businesses in arizona, and at least what i'm hearing from people now, and you hear the word on the internet, is that most people don't support this bill. the gentleman that was on earlier -- >> one of the most bigoted, stupid people who has ever held any form of public office in the world. >> he's getting ready to run for governor. so what are you going to have happen if he gets elected. some of the questions were very pert fan the. because if i can say my religion -- my

they came out of world war ii and they remember fighting history, mussolini, the japanese military who fought until the bitter end. and their attitude was bomb them back to the stone adge which is what they did in germany and japan and tokyo, the fire bombings of tokyo, the hiro shima nagasaki bombs. this was their attitude who wasn't the -- thomas powell said, listen, what's all this concern about nuclear weapons which there are three americans left and two soviets. we've won, see? it was kind of -- >> it's a small thing. but what do you make of bobby kennedy -- one of his children maxwell matthew, taylor kennedy. > bobby had great regard for taylor. he had resigned from his military position during the eisenhower presidency because he disagreed with the eisenhower of massive retaliation. and he was the one who spoke for the idea of building up ground forces to combat work or counter any soviet threat in europe. that's why they bought him into the white house, the kennedys brought him into the white house in the first place because he had this opposing view to the idea of massive reta

to "a long way gone" and watch programs on reconstruction the relationship between the pope and mussolini. all this and more on c-span 2 this weekend. the full schedule is available at booktv.org. >> richard breitman is next on booktv. he examines the historical debate over whether president franklin d roosevelt was indifferent to or defender on the jews in europe during world war ii. this an hour and 15 minutes. >> thank you, paul, for that generous introduction, too generous, and i'm grateful to the center for advanceed holocaust studies for the invitation and the preparation work done by krista and nicole. fdr and the jews was published in march of last year, and has generated a good deal of response since then. i regret to report that not all reactions were positive. i want to start by talking about two messages sent to me by unknown readers. they were not the worst but they were certainly not the best. the reason i'm singling them out is that they say something to us that may cause you to listen to the rest of my lecture with slightly different ears. so, one person wrote: all you hav

there were orders issued by hitler, very outraged, upon mussolini's disappearance in august of 1943. hitler was convinced that the vatican had played a role in -- he hated the vatican anyway, hated the pope, pope pius xii and issued ordered to this fascinating character we have not studied much in a lot of literature which i talk a lot about in saving italy. carl wolf is sent to italy, he is the co leader of german forces along with alfred kesselring, his order from hitler is to go into the vatican, all the documents, enormous history that is there, and kidnapped, one german general testified at nuremberg, kill pope pius xii. this is a really bad idea, he spent time over the next four or five months trying to negotiate with the fuhrer and the different approach of dealing with this. this is something that is debate among historians today whether hitler was serious and intended to carry this out or one of the periodic outbursts. we can document it was discussed and given to wolf. the vatican was not reached in that sense. there were german troops that formed a cordon or ring around it

he has compared president obama to hitler, mussolini and stalin in a strange way.e is the quote from wolf's twitter account. quote, scapegoats of history, hitler, jews and gypsies. bolsheviks, i waited for the bunch line. >> the point is the only qualifications these people need to have to pass tea party muster and get the support of right wing groups is they hate obama, they hate government. i guess they love freedom in the way they define freedom. that's all. it doesn't matter what their experience. it doesn't matter what their past affiliations are, and so on and so forth. the only qualification is ideology. >> so this guy -- i guess that's what elections are about. he goes to washington. he meets the place. he looks around, he hasn't been there before, and it's fine. mr. smith goes to washington with the perfect intention of not knowing anybody, meeting anybody, negotiating with anybody, writing any real legislation that is going anywhere and collecting 170 a year and spending a lot of staff money on people who write your right-wing speeches for you. >> and hav

important to bring out what revisionist zionism means and its history in europe and its connections to mussolini and other people and even netanyahu's involved in this. and i think that would help separate some of the jewish community from an overidentification with these very repressive measures. and just a second part which is what do you think, you know, we're in geopolitical politics, for what reason do you think the u.s. gets from having israel pursue this policy? thank you. >> i'll try to answer that briefly, because it's a great question. i don't think revision zionism can be segregated from labor zionism in the current context. you know, it's just intellectually dishonest to do so. and, i mean, i write about this in my book. so revisionist zionism is sort of, as you said, it's connected to netanyahu, the godfather is saab tin sky who's most -- his greatest contribution was his 1923 essay "the iron wall. " he declared that there can be no possibility of negotiating with an indigenous people which like the native american indians of the united states, the blacks of south africa, will resis

a long way gone, and watch programs on reconstruction and the relationship between the pope and mussolini. all this and much more on booktv on c-span2 this weekend. the full schedule is available at booktv.org. >> next, robert gates at the national constitution center in philadelphia. he discussed his memoir, "duty: memoirs of a secretary at war." in the book mr. gates, who served as secretary of defense under president george w. bush and president obama, talks about his management of the wars in afghanistan and iraq, and he shares stories about his relationship with the white house and congress. [applause] >> secretary gates, i also want to thank you for being here, especially in light of the fact that you've recently had an injury. i know you're making a robust recovery, but having to wear a neck brace is surely complicating your being here and getting here, and we thank you for making that effort. >> when i, until i became secretary of defense, i had never broken a bone or had a surgery. [laughter] february of 2008 i fell on the ice and broke this shoulder in three places. ten months l