i assume nagasaki. we'll have you ever spoken to a former crew members of the plains that dropped the bombs, the enola gay. >> no, i have never spoken to anyone who was on the enola gay. >> -- new mexico good morning. >> good morning. i'm with the navajo nation and i want to say a little piece here regarding the navajo code talkers code talkers. my father served in the islands near nagasaki and--. the navajo code talkers were formed and informed, you heard that term fat cat a little big boy that the navajo were working in the south pacific headquarters company and they were told that there would be something going to happen in the wind. that was the message that was sent out. after all the events of the bombing that happen, the forces were broken down and some of the no navajo code talkers were sent into nagasaki and hiroshima confiscating the weapons, guarding the streets, and distributing food and clothing. that was the role of the navajo. nova novel code talkers were who sent that code but that's tha

they were supposed to land at nagasaki near the port area and nagasaki is a steep river valley and there are steep hills all around the port and japanese gun placements were going to be able to rain shells on orville and his men and the members of the invasion force. so he was very worried that they were not going to make it through that initial assault. well, then the bombs were dropped and the war ended and oroville was, of course, hugely relieved that they did not have to land at nagasaki. anyway, as part of the initial occupation force and oroville was heart sick at the destruction. he said the hillsides were just bare, nothing standing. no trees, no buildings. the u.s. army had disarmed the japanese officers, taken their weapons and taken their swords and there was a huge pile of swords in nomura off the coast of nagasaki and oroville and all of the other men were urged to take these as souvenirs because otherwise the u.s. was going have to destroy them. orville wasn't a souvenir taker and he didn't believe in that and he chose a nice sword and sent it home. he, over the years after

we hit nagasaki on august 9th. on august 9th another really important thing happened which is that the russians suddenly declared war on the japanese and rolled their army, their tanks and their enormous numbers of troops from siberia into manchuria. so there was a sudden soviet attack and i think that was the final straw that convinced the ruling group in japan that they had no other choice and it created the conditions where the emperor, who skrenly did not intervene to make decisions, was able to say i'm making the decision that we surrender and the japanese military then accepted that decision. and so it was a -- you know, it was a difficult process for them to kind of reach that point of consensus that explains that delay. the first decision to surrender on the part of the japanese really came on august 9th. but they responded to our demand for surrender by saying we want to preserve the status of our emperor. and so there was a last round of negotiations between our government and the japanese government in t

was too difficult to drop the bomb on it and so the mission was changed to nagasaki and i often thinkf -- i've been saying this to studen students for 30 years, the unluckiest city on earth, by an accident of weather and a bit of chance nagasaki received the second atom ic bombing. >>> a battleship missouri, 53,000 ton flagship of admiral halsey's third fleet, becomes the scene of an unforgettable ceremony marking the complete and formal surrendering of japan. in the bay of tokyo itself the united states destroyer buchanan brings -- to witness the final capitulation. the fleet welcome mcarthur and his chief of staff aboard. admiral nemits escorts him to the veranda deck. it's sunday, september 2nd, 1945. >>> right now we are on the 01 level of the battleship missouri, known as the veranda deck but thanks to the events of september 2nd, 1945. we call this deck the surrender deck. this is where september 2nd, '45 the japanese signed the surrender. the ship looked different a big difference, the nice shady canopy overhead was not installed and the turret behind me was rotated 30 degrees

nagasaki was not the intentional bomb from world war ii. the cloud cover was too difficult to drop a bomb on it. the mission was changed to nagasaki. i have been saying this to students for years. this is the most unlucky city on earth by nothing more then a bit of chance and weather. nagasaki received the second atomic bombing. >> the 53,000 ton flagship of the third fleet becomes the scene of an unforgettable ceremony. logging the complete and formal ceremony of japan. the u.s. brings representatives of the alliance powers to witness the final capitulation. the general of the army, douglas macarthur boards the missouri. the fleet commander and admiral halsey welcome them aboard. the admiral escorts general macarthur to the veranda deck with a ceremony to take place. >> we are on the battleship missouri. it is also known as the veranda deck. this is where september 2, 1945, the japanese signed their surrender of world war ii. the plaque just behind me is where the table set. the ship looked different. this canopy was not installed's this w

navy vessel entered the port of nagasaki.uchi and others suspected it might carry nuclear missiles. so they protested what would amount to a violation of japan's principle not to admit nuclear weapons on its territory. but their protests fell on deaf ears. >> during his final years, he became increasingly pessimistic about the prospect of abolishing nuclear weapons. >> when he passed away, another survivor was ready to follow in his footsteps. he was 16 when the bomb was opped. he w delivering mail on his cycle. s back tk the brt of the blt. and seven nths in spital. his discharge only marked the beginning of a life of suffering. >> his encounter with yamaguchi turned out to be the me ging of his career as an activist. the burns on his back never completely healed. and needed constant care. even so, he decided to devote the rest of his life to the abolition of nuclear weapons. >> he traveled three times to new york to participate in a conference on nuclear disarmament. wherever he went, he never hesitated to show the red scar

of the reporters hadn't made a run at the story that way and went crazy lengths in hiroshima and nagasaki. john hershey in august of 1945 when the bomb explodes, mixed feelings about hiroshima but mostly horrified. he will cover the bomb with some capacity but doesn't know how yet. then he had lunch with william sean and talk about the coverage and realize what had been missing again was stories about the human toll, what happened to the human beings under those mushroom clouds. nobody was reporting on that. it is likely they knew the extent or some of the extent of the restrictions on foreign and japanese reporters because the journalism link was very close knit at them. a lot of john hershey's former colleagues were referred to -- they probably knew the only way in was a paddleboat from guam, head to get military serums to get in, doing a major reporting trick that starts first in china, the country he was born in, credited in china and reestablished himself and applied for clearance to get into tokyo and it works, he gets clearance and - >> host: one of the interesting things about you

and with the bombing of hiroshima anniversary and then the bombing of nagasaki. i spent the weekend walking through the city and to reconstruct with that nuclear weapon did to the city that the nagasaki medical hospital standing in his office and was half mile from where the bomb exploded with a heavy concrete wall and to cut down to which he was exposed suffering from terrible radiation sickness i had his diary translated from japanese and talk to his daughter and granddaughter. and spent the rest of his life with living the effects of the bomb of the survivors. and part of it was totally destroyed with the death toll between 40,070,000 people. and by today's standards it was a very small nuclear weapon. in today's arsenal average is ten or 20 times as large as it was dropped on nagasaki. single hydrogen bomb dropped on seattle were destroyed much of the city. women to have more plutonium than they would ever need and that it was ultimately stopped and cleaning up that contamination from plutonium production there was no longer a need to make any plutonium. that

japanese military government has not surrendered for 30 days so the us then dropped a second bomb on nagasakihe japanese military government still does not surrender and it has only been at emperor hero vito decides to go over to japanese government and directly to the people and he gets on the radio and literally the first time the vast majority of japanese have ever heard the voice of their emperor and he basically says we have to surrender. and that was it. but it took two bombs and an emperor going over the heads of the government to get the japanese to surrender. i think one issue for truman and honestly i don't know any president would have madeany other decision . if you had invaded and if you have lost and thousands or hundreds of thousands of americans died or had grievous injury and later it were to come out that you had as a president access to a weapon that conceivably could have ended the war in a flash and you had said to use it, i don't know that any president could have faced that orwould have wanted to face that . so i leave it to others as to whether it was the moral thing t

we had hiroshima 1945 and nagasaki august 9th. the soviet union suddenly declared war on japan surprising japan also on august 9th and essentially the largest ground attacks in the history of the war and this was a tremendous blow to the japanese not only because of the immediate emergency that it created but also the remaining diplomatic exit was to bring stalin to a range of troop talks between the americans and japanese so the declaration of war extinguished that last hope so the question is what was the relative importance of the atomic bombs and the russian attack prompting the japanese surrender. historians have debated this and i think it is difficult to say precisely what the relative importance were because the timetable was so compressed it was clear that they were both really important coming together in a short period of time. it's impossible to say which was more important. they both were important in combination but of course as americans we see it as two to mushroom clouds. the atomic bombs loomed so large and our u

we hit nagasaki in august 9. the soviet union suddenly declared war on japan come surprising japan also on august 9. essentially you had the red army charge incommensurate, one of the largest grand text and history of war. this was a tremendous blow to the japanese not only because of the immediate military emergency it created, but also because really their sole remaining diplomatic exit to the war was to bring stalin, ask stalin to act as the mediator in arranging truce talks between the americans and the japanese. the declaration of war essentially extinguished that last hope of a diplomatic exit to the war. the question is what the relative importance of the atomic bombs and the sudden russian attack in prompting the japanese surrender? historians have debated this. it's difficult to say precisely what the relative importance of these things were because the timetable was so compressed. it was clear they were both really important, but shocks committee get in a short period of time were important. my view is

the united states dropped a second atomic bomb on nagasaki three days later. up next, we look back at president truman's decision to use atomic bombs against japan. >> an american airplane dropped one bomb on hiroshima and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy. that bomb has more power than 20,000 tons of tnt. the japanese began the war from

when the cruise ship anchored in the nagasaki port the local government asked the containers to serveeak rooms for health care workers there. the stand alone boxes have also been used as covid testing sites by a health center in tokyo. the containers are also coming in useful in times of natural disasters. recently he has contracted with over 20 city and town governments to provide container hotels for use as emergency accommodation if needed. >> translator: i hope to deliver container hotels anywhere within japan within 12 hours. in emergencies they can be useful to help as many people as possible. >> reporter: he hopes to distribute the container hotels throughout the country to be used not only as lodging for travelers but as part of emergency planning. nhk world. >> definitely a good plan there. >> let's have a look at the markets. >>> from the biz team, i'm gene otani. thanks very much for joining us. q these vehicles on the road. ♪ c1 anchor: these are the top stories. joe biden is forging ahead with his preparations to take over as president as his margin of victory keeps growi

somebody mentioned her husband had been at nagasaki and he died a little bit early on. she is wondering if it could be radiation. obviously, i'm not adopt their. but what i have read, the radiation -- i'm not a doctor, but from what i have read, the radiation did not last months. it lasted hours, possibly days. that is what i read on the internet. it hopefully that is accurate. any other questions. museum hasar ii interviewed about nine of these atomic veterans today it's and i heard them interview any female atomic veterans. does not saying that there aren't any. i'm sure there are somewhere. anybody have any other questions . i have one question in the q&a. >> i have one question. know howes been was to to get in touch with the atomic veterans? the organization has people spread out all over the country with contact information . you can go to their website, look up the area, find the person. they take care of that cluster of states. they will help you get benefits. they are very skilled at it. they are a wonderful organization. hugeydrogen bombs were s onared to the

survivors are hopeful that biden will add momentum to the movement by traveling to either hiroshima or nagasaki, as president barack obama did. >> they would definitely like to have biden visit. they would definitely want him to make some strong moves to eliminate nuclear weapons. and they -- they will be trying to communicate that with him. >> many are keenly aware that time is running out to get their message across. the average age of the survivors from the two atomic bombings is now 83. >> translator: biden has said he will follow in former president barack obama's footsteps. i expect the united states under biden to spearhead efforts to eliminate nuclear arms. >> translator: many survivors have passed away, and we don't know how long the rest of us will live. but we hope very much that nuclear weapons will be abolished in our lifetime. >> reporter: one encouraging sign is the united nations treaty banning nuclear weapons that will come into force in january after being ratified by 50 countries. but the five major nuclear powers, including the u.s., have not signed on. leeper believes, comp

this was after the bombing of hiroshima and nagasaki. is in her circle of leaders, army, navy, civilian leaders, we need to decide because we can't form a consensus, they are surrendering. >> william shepherd would like to know i have your book at hand and you dedicated it to general schwartz and admiral chemo. it must go back to pearl harbor. please expand upon this choice. >> admiral camel and general schwartz were the commanding officers in hawaii on december 7th, 1941, when the japanese attacked, relieved of command and spent the rest of the war answering to a series of investigations. the question to what degree are they culpable for the lack of military forces showed in being blindsided by the japanese during that attack and to what extent where they culpable, to what extent was unready ines -- unready nests of feature of peace time, that had the capability to attack such distances. to what extent were leaders in washington culpable but there was a lot of culpability to go around. in my view -- >> are you all right? i have to ask.

it's always clear to me. >> we should say about hiroshima and nagasaki, that they had only two bombs. one uranium one plutonium. it had spent an incredible amount of money making those. >> you've got to use it. >> they just thought to demonstration, but they had to make those two things count. i don't know, this comes up all the time. the moral different. did you feel there was a model difference when in syria, when the chemical weapons were used? >> well, no, it wasn't immediately clear to me. because yes, of course, using chemical weapons is absolutely horrific. but i think the red line was a rhetorical mistake. >> it certainly was. >> because if it wasn't for 100,000 people being killed by other means, you certainly say will we have to go to war because they're using chemical weapons. i'm a bit dubious about that extinction. >> well, i think, chemical weapons and biological weapons, that they are exponential weapons. and i think one should have, certainly in terms of international policing, you have to have it. >> yes to bandwidth, course. i'd be entirely in favor of that. but ther

what we do know is after the second atom bomb on nagasaki, the japanese war council, which they were the ones who had to decide on whether to surrender or not, and it had to be a unanimous decision. diehards in the war council still argued that they had to fight until the last man, woman and child. and it was only the second time in his reign that the emperor actually did step in. i'm sure he didn't do it off his own bat, but he did step in and said, no, no, we have to surrender. and the main reason i think was that the japanese were afraid that the red army would get there first or that there would be a communist-inspired rebellion. the other thing the atom bombs did, it gave the diehards in some ways an excuse to surrender, because they could say well, we haven't lost face, we haven't lost, we fought a war, we were not defeated. but with that weapon like that, it's like boxing somebody and your opponent somebody draws a gun. what can you do? so it served as a way out. now, whether it was absolutely necessary, as i said, we won't know because they would have surrendered, but it may

somebody had mentioned had been -- her husband had been at nagasaki right after the bomb was detonated, and he died early on. she wondered if it could be because of radiation. obviously i'm not a doctor so i can't tell you that, but the radiation you could receive after detonation did not last months. from what i read, it lasted hours into possibly days. feel free to correct me on that. i'm not quite sure, but that's what i read on the internet. hopefully that is accurate. ok, any other questions? hasworld war ii museum interviews with about nine of these atomic veterans to date. of or, i had not heard interviewed any female atomic veterans. i mean, that's not saying that there aren't any. i'm sure there are somewhere. anybody have any other questions? looks like we have one question in the q&a, hannah. how can we advocate to get justice for these atomic veterans? hannah: that is a great question, yasmine. keith kiefer, with the national association for atomic veterans, is extremely well skilled in this. their organization has people spread out all over the country with contact informa

what we do know is even after the second atom bomb on nagas i nagasaki, the japanese war council, and they were the ones who had to decide on whether to surrender or not, and it had to be unanimous decision and die-hards in the war council said they had to fight until the last man, woman and child. it was the only second time during his rein he stepped in -- he did step in and said, no, no,ing we have to surrender. and the main reason, i think, was that the japanese were afraid that the red army would get there first or there would be a communist inspired rebellion. the other thing the atom bombs did was that it gave the die-hards in some way an excuse to surrender because they could say, well, this is force ma jeer. we haven't lost face. we fought a war. we were not defeated but with a weapon like that, i mean, it's like boxing somebody and your opponent suddenly draws a gun. what can you do? it served as a way out. whether it was absolutely necessary, as i said, we won't know because they would have surrendered but it may have taken more time. the more -- i would like to know what m

so it's just the timeline of hiroshima and nagasaki with a surprising japan on august 9t august 9th. and the charging into manchuria we will launch attacks. and this was a tremendous blow to the japanese not only because of the emergency it created in that diplomatic exit in the race of talks between the americans and the japanese and then to extinguish that last hope so what is the relative importance of the atomic bombs to prompt the japanese surrender and i think it's difficult to say precisely because of the timetable and it is impossible to say which was more important but they were very important together in combination and then to see two mushroom clouds and then we have often forgotten and then to suddenly declare war on the japanese. >> we have time to the end of our our together and that flew by. and the third book in the trilogy. we have to get you back down here to new orleans where normal conditions assert themselves although that's a relative concept. >> i look forward to it. thank you for having me. good night to everyone. . . . .y bank run by black women. >> welcome b

japanese military government does not surrender for three days so they then drop another bomb on nagasakiand the military government still does not surrender. it's the first time the majority have ever heard the voice of their emperor and he basically says we have to surrender and that was it, but it took two bombs and an emperor going over the heads of the government to get the japanese to surrender. i think one issue for truman and honestly i don't know if any president would have made any other decision if you had invaded and if you had lost thousands or hundreds of thousands of americans to their death or this a grievous injury and later it were to come out that you had access to a weapon that could have ended the war and said i'm not going to use it, i don't know that any president could have faced that or would have wanted to. so i will leave it to others if it was the moral thing to do or not but i think that it's a realistic matter. i don't think truman had any choice. >> i think you are right it was such a catch-22. one of the ways it feels like you take the reader, the material

the atomic bombs, yes, i think that the fact that the two atomic bombs dropped on hiroshima and nagasaki in early august 1945 brought an end to the war in the pacific probably saved hundreds of thousands of american lives. when v-e day occurs on may 8th, 1945, one of the reasons that the jubilation was not more frenetic than it was is that the battle for okinawa is occurring precisely then. it is a cave by cave blood letting, and this foreshadowed what the toll is going to be in attacking the japanese home islands directly. there were estimates that american casualties could rise as much as to 1 million if that were required. and of course the atomic bombs in one v-e day occurs in may of 1945, no one knows about the atomic bombs except a small group of physicists and others in new mexico. but no one knows whether -- even they are not certain whether it is going to work. so those bombs, horrible as they were and in my estimation brings the war to an absolute truncated end, appropriately it saves many american lives, it saves even more japanese lives. the russians were ready to come in, th

it's sort of help to whitewash the bad odor created by hiroshima and nagasaki. the general public was being encouraged to look on the bright side, so to speak, by demonstrating that or was this enthusiasm burgeoning all over the world? was it propaganda or was it policy? the answer is it was both. it was at the same time, an effort to influence public perceptions to change the way people talked about nucular energy. and the other hand, it was a serious genuine initiative to spread what they saw as the benefits of atomic power throughout the world. the potential of civil nuclear power suddenly was seen as a global beacon of progress. every country involved wanted to take part in the development of this, this new gleaming future of atomic energy. and i'm going to clear power. it was one of the technologies that distinguished you as a high tech country, rather than an average one from to shift your. if you were a young scientist or engineer graduating college in the 1950 s. in the united states of america. you are in a pretty sweet place. the scientists had stepped

targeting the military targets become more and more pretextual even in the bombing of hiroshima and nagasakiad these debates about targeting the military school in hiroshima. it's a certain quality but certainly 1941, 42, the united states took the targeting on paper and in doctrine. the evidence that i have for this is the target selection they were all industrial targets and they got together to draw cards to see who got to bomb the imperial palace and doolittle called a stop to it and said it's not a military target and moreover, we don't want to give the japanese a cause to accuse us of wrongdoing or to give them an opportunity to rally around the leader. >> if i remember from the book correctly, doesn't he also remember or recognize over in england people are rallying around royalty and he's very strategic in that regard. you explain it, sorry. >> no, no, that's right. one of the major rationales as the battle o battle of britain n pretty effective demoralizing the population until the germans hit buckingham palace and that created an opportunity for everyone to rally around the flag so

bomb was dropped on nagasaki on august 9, and the following day, august 10, the japanese did at last surrender, bringing world war ii to an end. the historiographical battle was just beginning, the battle over the decision to use it bomb, and whether or not was justified. studies by these revisionist historians question the use of the bomb, have focused on a number of significant questions. to what degree it was the bomb a decisive factor to bring the war to an end? was it really necessary, or was used primarily for reasons other than sibley strategic ones? be assumed initial reaction most americans to the news of the bombing of hiroshima and the ensuing japanese surrender, was sibley one of relief. the war -- was simply one of relief. the war was finally over. also a form of revenge against japan for. the invasion of pearl harbor. . and i suspect that most people accepted it out of as a legend met weapon. the soldiers themselves thought if the japanese are germans had bombed -- had the bomb, they would not have hesitated to use it against us. as didr, some claimed, secretary stimson

in most popular, memory you have august 6th as that hiroshima bombing and august 9th, as the nagasaki bombing. of course that led to the japanese decision to surrender. but there is a week plus lull in between, we're bombs dropped, and the actual emperors messages broadcast. and i think that gets us to the august 15th mission. can you give us a little bit of background on that mission? as you said, they were continuing to deliver their pillows on the japanese, because they're not surrendered. talk a little bit about that window. and i will ask a follow-up question when you finish. >> sure. first of all the missions. there is a nice map of the final light. their missions, when they first arrived were against general targets that they wanted to soften up for the invasion. after the adam bombs, the flyers, everybody, the ships, company as well, they want to get out of there. the war is practically over. let's not keep this up. why do we need to attack a airfield when a atom bomb has wiped out two cities? if they cannot understand the necessity to go out, and face these anti aircraft batt

civilian casualties goes extremely high, and it is more pretextual, even the bombing of the regime and nagasakie debates we are targeting, and the united states, took the targeting of military or civilian targets, and the piece that i have for this is doolittle made the target, and they bombed the imperial palace. it is not a military target and moreover we don't want to give the japanese cars to accuse us of wronging or give them an opportunity to rally around the leader. >> host: doesn't jimmy doolittle also if i remember your book correctly remember or recognize, rallying around royalty, and was key to very strategic, in that regard, we explain it. and the battle of britain had been effective and demoralizing the british population until the germans hit buckingham palace, and to rally around the flag, if the king can take it so can we, jimmy doolittle expressly said let the emperor, this is completely awesome, we don't want to rally around anybody, this is an aboveboard operation, and -- >> can i switch to that. were these trials open. >> was anyone there for that? >> japanese soldiers will

important, in most popular memory you have august 6th as the hiroshima bombing in august 9th as of nagasaki bombing. of course that led to the japanese decision to surrender. but there is this week plus lull in between them where bombs dropped and actual emperor's messages broadcast. i think that gets us to the august 15th mission. can you give us a little background on that mission specifically, as you said they were continuing to deliver their pail odds on the japanese because they had not surrendered, talk a little bit about that window and i will ask follow-up question we vanish. >> sure, first of all the missions, there is a nice map of the final flight. their missions, when they first arrived were against general targets that they wanted to soften up for the invasion. after the atom bombs, the flyers, everybody, the ships company as well, they just wanted to get out of their. the war is practically over, let's not keep this up. why do we need to attack an airfield when an atom bomb just wiped out two cities? so they couldn't understand the necessity for keeping this where people would

what we do know is that even after the second adam bomb on on nine -- atom bomb diehards- on nagasaki, in the war council still argued that they had to fight to the last man, woman and child. it was only the second time in his reign that the print -- that saidmperor did step in and we have to surrender. that thereason was japanese were afraid that the red army would get their first or that the communist party would have inspired rebellion. the other thing the atom bombs did was it gave the diehards an excuse to surrender, because they could say this is -- we have not lost face, we were not defeated. but with a weapon like that, it is like boxing somebody and then your opponent suddenly draws a gun. what can you do? it served as a way out. whether it was necessary, as i said, we won't know. they would have surrendered, but it would have taken more time. i would like to know what martin thinks, because you have written on this more than i have. is there a moral difference andeen firebombing tokyo killing more than 100,000 people in a few nights, and using an atom bomb and the numbers ar

the atomic bombs, yes, i think that the fact that the two atomic bombs dropped on hiroshima and nagasakiearly august, of 1945, brought on into the war in the pacific. it probably saved hundreds of thousands of american lives. and when v-e day occurs on may 8th, 1945, one of the reasons that the jubilation is not more than it was, is that the battle is occurring precisely then. it is a cave by cave bloodletting. and this foreshadows what the toll is going to be in attacking the japanese home islands, directly. there were estimates that american casualties could rise as much as 1 million, if that were required. and of course, the atomic bombs, and when v-e day occurs, in may of 1945, no one knows about the atomic bombs except a small group of businesses, and others in new mexico. but no one knows whether it may or not work. so those bombs, as horrible as they were, in my estimation, brings the war to an absolute truncated and. appropriately, it saves many american lives. it saves even more japanese lives. russians were ready to come in. the war was going to expand, in the pacific, because

we have the safety plug that was removed from the bomb dropped on nagasaki. it was removed by the electronics officer after the plane took off. while it was in the air, they replaced the safety plug with an arm and plug so the bomb could be detonated. we have that safety plug in a case all by itself. it is paired with in the same exhibit gallery we have a small paper crane that was folded by a girl who was in hiroshima when the atomic bomb went off and she eventually -- she was a young girl and she eventually developed leukemia from the radiation. while she was dying, she folded 1000 paper cranes because that in tradition meant good luck. we were presented -- the library was presented with one of the last paper cranes she folded. we have that in the same gallery reconcile the end of and where japan and america's relations have gone since. those are the most poignant pieces. deskve the death sign -- sign that says "the buck stops here." that will be on display in the exhibit as well. we have two of harry and best 1941n's automobiles, both model chryslers. we h

and we have the safety plug that was removed from the atomic bomb not -- dropped on nagasaki.nd it was removed by the electronics officer after the plane took off. while it was in the air, they replaced the safety plug with an arm and plug so the bomb could be detonated. we have that safety plug on display in a case all by itself. it is in the center of the room. in the same with, exhibit gallery, we have a small paper crane folded by a girl who was in hiroshima when the atomic bomb went off. she was a young girl. she eventually developed leukemia from the radiation. dying, shehe was folded 1000 paper cranes because that in tradition meant good luck. the library was presented with one of those last april cranes that she folded -- paper cranes that she folded. we have that in the same gallery to reconcileway the end of the war and where japan and america's relations have gone since. those are a couple of the most poignant pieces. of course, one of the most famous artifacts we have is the desk find that says "the buck stops here," which truman referred to many times. that will b

pigeons is a hobby and sport worldwide to find pigeon fanciers as they are known from new york to nagasaki. but nowhere is walking on them. then belgium, a fully trained racing pigeon can be worth as much as a thoroughbred race horse, but sometimes a very special pigeon can even surpass that. this is one highly prized pigeon worth a fortune. its name is new. kim pigeon auction house c.e.o. . pushed is aware that the bird is worth far more than even its weight in gold. is now at 1000000 320000 euro. this is almost 100000 euro more than the most expensive pigeon before the auction will and sunday. we don't know what the final price will be. new kim is only 2 years old and already a legend, a pigeon from a good family. whoever wins this auction can breed a long line of champions. a bid from south africa set the price skyrocketing, but even more bids are coming in from around the world. at this moment there is a chinese who has the highest bid and he is a very famous chinese between collectors. but the sunday we will know who will be the final the champions pigeon coop in the belgian town of c

we see the united states use this tactic before the bond hiroshima and nagasaki by demonizing the japanese. this is the same thing we see with the use of the term x felon. where else do you see someone going around calling someone,, that isan ex-liar or ex-adulterer for the rest of their lives? when you call someone an ex-felon, that is someone's son, daughter, grandson, granddaughter and they are still deserving to be treated with dignity and respect in spite of what they have done. we have to be very careful on how we treat the least among us. the first step is to try to humanize the business who may have been caught up in the colonel justice system will stop and recognizing they are still a citizen of their community, their state, and this country and they should be treated accordingly. amy: you talk about other people story in your book and continually as tens of thousands were able as a result of your work, i want to turn to the former nfl quarterback michael vick, one of the 1.4 million returning citizens in florida became eligible to vote in the election. of course, to sanchez, the

it's sort of help to whitewash the bad odor created by hiroshima and nagasaki. the general public was being encouraged to look on the bright side, so to speak, by demonstrating that or was this enthusiasm burgeoning all over the world? was it propaganda or was it policy? the answer is it was both. it was at the same time, an effort to influence public perceptions to change the way people talked about nucular energy and the other's hand. it was a serious genuine initiative to spread what they saw as the benefits of atomic power throughout the world. the potential of civil nuclear power suddenly was seen as a global beacon of progress. every country involved wanted to take part in the development of this, this new gleaming future of atomic energy. kind of, i made it clear power, was one of the technologies that distinguished us a high tech country, rather than an average one from to shift. or if you were a young scientist or engineer graduating college in the 1950 s. in the united states of america, you were in a pretty sweet place. the scientists had stepped forw

you'll find pigeon fanciers as they are known from new york to nagasaki. but nowhere is a volcano on them. in belgium, a fully trained racing pigeon that can be worth as much as a thoroughbred race horse. but sometimes a very special pigeon can even surpass that. this is one highly prized pigeon worth a fortune. its name is new. kim pigeon auction house c.e.o. pushed is aware that the bird is worth far more than even its weight in gold. is now at 1000000 320000 euro. this is almost 100000 euro, more than the most expensive pigeon. before armando, the auction will and sunday. we don't know what the final price will be. new kim is only 2 years old and already a legend, a pigeon from a good family. whoever wins this auction can breed a long line of champions. a bid from south africa set the price skyrocketing, but even more bids are coming in from around the world. at this moment, there is a chinese who has the highest bidder, and he is a very famous chinese between collectors. but the sunday we will know who will be the final buyer, the champions pigeon coop

. >> you should not say about hillary hiroshima and nagasaki, they only had two bombs. one uranium, one plutonium and they had spent an incredible amount of money making those guns and they wanted it. you thought a demonstration does but they had to make those two things count. i do know, this thing comes up all the time with the moral difference. did you feel there is a moral difference in syria when chemical weapons were being used? >> no, it was not immediately clear to me because, yes, of course using common chemical weapons is absolutely horrific but i think the red line was a rhetorical mistake because if you do nothing for 100,000 people being killed by other means and you suddenly say, will we have to go to war because they are using chemical weapons, i'm a bit dubious about that distinction. >> well i think, you know, chemical weapons and biological weapons that they are exponential weapons. i think one should have fairly, in terms of international policing that you have to have a difference. >> to ban them, of course. to say that there was an absolute moral di

the pretext of targeting military targets become more and more pretextual, even in the bombing of nagasakiu can read the debates about targeting a military school in hiroshima, i think there's about quality of course but it certainly 1941 in 1942 the united states took the targeting of military targets by civilian targets very seriously at least on paper, before i go on too long of a rant i will say the one piece of evidence that i directly have in the dual raids is doolittle made the target selections and they were all industrial targets and the pilots got together to draw cards to see who got to bomb the imperial palace in doolittle called a stop treaties were not bombing a is on military target and moreover we don't want to give the japanese cause to accuse us of wrongdoing or to give them an opportunity to rally around the leader. >> doesn't jimmy doolittle if i remember from your book correctly recognize that in england people are rallying around royalty and that he's very strategic in that regard and he's like we don't -- you explain it. >> that's exactly right, one of the major expr

the pretexts of targeting military targets become more and more pretextual on in the bombing of nagasakid hiroshima, there's this debate about we're actually targeting this military school in huh e roche ma. that's what we're bombing. but i think there's a certain bad faith quality to that, of course. but certainly in 1941, 1942 the united states took, you know, the decision, took the targeting of military targets like civilian targets very seriously. at least, you know, on paper and in doctrine. and the one, before i sort of go on too long of a rant about this, i'll say the one piece of ed that i directly -- evidence that i directly have in the doolittle raid is doolittle made the target selection ares. they were all industrial targets, and the pilots all got together to draw the cards to see who got to bomb the imperial palace. and doolittle calleds out, we're not bombing the imperial palace. it's not a target. and moreover, we don't want to give the japanese cause to accuse us of wrongdoing or to give them an opportunity to rally around the leader. >> doesn't doolittle also, if i reme