nagasaki was not the original target of bomb number ii. the cloud cover was too difficult to drop a bomb on it. the mission was changed to nagasaki. i have been saying this to students for years. this is the most unlucky city on earth by nothing more then a bit of chance and weather. nagasaki received the second atomic bombing. >> the 53,000 ton flagship of the third fleet becomes the scene of an unforgettable ceremony. marking the complete and formal surrender of japan. the u.s. brings representatives of the alliance powers to witness the final capitulation. the general of the army, douglas macarthur boards the missouri. the fleet commander and admiral halsey welcome them aboard. the admiral escorts general macarthur to the veranda deck with a 20 minute ceremony to take place. >> right now we are on the 01 level battleship missouri. it is also known as the veranda deck. this is where september 2, 1945, the japanese signed their surrender of world war ii. the plaque just behind me is where the table set. the ship looked different. this can

and on august 9th, hiroshima on the sixth, three days later nagasaki. why three days?iginally, it was a five day spread. a rare the reason for the five-day spread was that it was expected to be a very complicated process for arming the second bomb, the plutonium bomb. but the scientists are very gong hall where the planes to attack japan took off from, and when colonel tibbetts is plane comes back after its successful raid on hiroshima, the scientists say we might be able to do this in four days, now that we've have had the experience with the first bomb, and he says can you do it in three days because i that weather is expected to come in? it and that is in effect would happened. that three-day spread, that decision is made by gung ho scientists and air force, army air force personnel on the island of tinian. it's not a truman decision. it's not a harry stimson decision. it's not a general groves decision. it's a battlefield decision. so, three days. after atomic bombings, with effect does this have on stolen? everybody was worried about stalin's reaction. of course,

i'm not a doctor i can actually tell you that but from what i've read nagasaki the radiation that you could receive from those sites after detonation did not last months from what i've read lasted hours into possibly days. feel free to correct me on that. i'm not quite sure but that's what i read on the internet and hopefully that is accurate. okay any other questions? the world war ii museum has interviewed about nine of these atomic veterans to date. and no i have not. heard of or interviewed any female atomic veterans? i mean, that's not saying that there aren't any i'm sure there are somewhere. does anybody have any other questions? looks like we have one question in the q&a hannah yasmine wants to know. how can we advocate to get justice for the? that is a great question yasmeen keith kiefer with the national association for atomic veterans is extremely well skilled in this their organization has people spread out all over the country with contact information. so if you happen to be in their area, you can go to their website look up the area find the person for example, ronald be

and we had another shock nagasaki. so the allies -- . you know making material for new nuclear weapons is difficult. the japanese had nuclear weapons program. and maybe it took months if might have taken years to produce the material and i had months even years to continue for better peace terms. so maybe the japanese didn't want to surrender for sure, but they wanted to do it on their terms. they did not want to be tried for war crimes, they did not want to be occupied, they wanted to continue to occupy all the land that they still had their possession and they want to make sure that they would retain their position. so they would, surrender but on those terms. how are we going to get them to surrender on a condition? -- i think that is why the atomic bombs were such an important ingredient to bring this world war to an end. because we are not going to need to bring these hundreds of americans american soldiers and soviet soldier is attacking japan, we can just destroy your culture, your people, you're cities, from the air, and you won'

on the 9th of august the second atomic bomb was dropped over nagasaki. but also on 9 august the soviet union declares war on the japanese. and it's this combination. of atomic bombs fire bombing years long blockade years long ground campaign that slowly tightening the noose around the japanese. that's going to bring about the surrender of japan. there's going to be some questioning of this in the 60s 70s two degree the 1980s about the morality of this decision is truman dropped the bomb because he wants to get revenge or retribution on the japanese or is he sending a message to the soviets to show the efficacy of the united states? and its nuclear weapons program but in point of fact the reason that truman is dropping the bomb. is to stop the war. and hopefully to mitigate the risk to invasion forces when they're dropping the bomb. on the sixth in the 9th of august there's not an understanding that peace is just days away. the japanese will surrender on 15 august. but you have to do everything that you can. to erode the defensive capacity of the japanese

it was a shock at hiroshima with a new era of weapons and it was a shock at nagasaki. not only did we have this weapon, but we could rapidly reproduce these weapons. the japanese had a nuclear weapons program, but the assumption may have been it might have taken years to produce enough material for a bomb. so they had a month to keep insisting for better terms. they did not want to be tried for war crimes. they did not want their home islands to be occupied. they wanted to make sure they retained this position, so they would surrender, but on those terms. how do with -- how do we get them to surrender unconditionally? that is why the atomic bombs were such an important ingredient to bring world war ii to an end, because we are not going to need hundreds of thousands of american soldiers and soviet soldiers attacking japan. we can just control your country -- destroy your country, your cities, your people, your history, your culture, and you won't even get a chance to fight back. surrender and we will treat you mercifully after you surrender unconditionally, which the a

came hiroshima and nagasaki and we continued work. some of us were given options to go to bikini. turned that down because i wanted to go back to school. bikini was a demonstration on the pacific for a more advanced bomb they tested and had quite a demonstration down there. i continued on for almost a year. april 1, 1946 that i was sent to the fort and discharged. i went home and the time of year was just right for entering a semester. i enrolled at university with the intent of getting a phd in physics. that did not turn out to be the case. i was not a good fit for that curriculum and not to demean brown university, but the professors did not know anything near what i knew. not their fault at all. at the same time dr. beck, clifford beck who mentioned earlier at columbia, was in charge of research and development at k-25 and he had been urging me to return and said, we really need you. you are just what we need. so i never finished at brown. i went back to buffalo and married dorothy jean, my wife for 66 years. we took off with $30 in my pocket from my dad. [laughs] i went to com

the rest of the story of that in august of 1945 , two atomic bombs were dropped on hiroshima and nagasaki. >> the japanese began the war from the air at pearl harbor. they have been repaid many fold. and the end is not yet. with this bomb, we have now added a new and revolutionary increase in destruction. >> and so the first five months of truman's presidency were among the most challenging of any president's in our history. mrs. truman suffered a loss in december of 1952 with the death of her mother, madge gates wallace. she died just a few weeks before christmas in 1952 and really just a few weeks before president truman would leave the presidency. in january of 1952. -- 1953. she died without a will. and so what mr. and mrs. truman did was they bought this home from the estate of madge gayts gates wallace and all the paperwork was done by the middle of 1953. and then we could legally call it the truman home. and really from 1953 to 1972, were the only years in which harry and bess truman lived in this home by themselves. and many say perhaps those were the happiest 19 years of their li

and hiroshima and nagasaki had not happened it would have been a bomb in an empty desert without the horrific casualties we could have seen. chris jeff would not been able to imagine that sort of devastation all around the world so with nuclear weapons you've got a bad and you put in safeguards and as a result we've not had a nuclear explosion since 1945 this seems like if i understand it, this seemslike a slow creep . it seems like it happens and happens and one day you wake up and you realize it might be everywhere. >> and there's a story i tell in the book is very simple and frightening where involving dna because dna as biometric is both powerful in the criminal justice system to be able to get other evidence from the crime scene at the perpetrator left behind. no doubt this is a fundamental rule of law. the system doesn't from taking two years to 94 minutes you can now do a rapid dna test. thanks to dod money area but i tell the story in the book which was originally reported by two new york times reporters.where a 12-year-old boy was called into a detective in new york city bas

when smithsonian tried to put on a more critical interpretation of the bombing of hiroshima and nagasaki. most americans still believe the use of the atomic bomb to be justified and that it was used to end the war. gave them pride in the victory of superior american technology. but also this belief that in the future we'd better be on the cutting edge of technology leading to fixations we currently have in the military and among our leadership, that we never fall behind in terms of military technology. the search for a technological solution, even a panacea, a wonder weapon. and when we do seem to fall behind, as is the case with sputnik in 1957, there's much alarm in american society. when you put the atomic age together with the holocaust, creates incredible nervousness. science could be our doom. the genie is out of the bottle. the realization that once others get it it can be used on us and with the growing danger of proliferation, weapons of mass destruction, how do you stop an idea? in the end it probably did make another world war unthinkable. we probably would have had another on

about three weeks later the united states dropped atomic bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki japan, helping to push japanese leaders to surrender and end world war ii. tonight senior historian alan carr tells the story behind creating the first atomic bomb and describes the worry leading up to that historic test. watch tonight beginning at 8:00 p.m. eastern and enjoy american history tv every weekend on c-span3. >>> you're watching "american history tv." every weekend on c-span3, explore our nation's past, "american history tv" on c-span3, created by america's television companies. today we're brought to you by these television companies who provide "american history tv" to viewers as a public service. >>> next on "history bookshelf," yale university law professor stephen carter recalls the life of his wife eunice, responsible for the disruption of organized crime in new york city. ms. carter, the granddaughter of slaves gained great notoriety for her work despite the prejudices she faced throughout her career. by the harvard book store, this is about an hour. >>> and now i'm very pleased t

about three weeks later, the united states dropped atomic bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki, japan, helping push japanese leaders to surrender and end world war ii. tonight, los alamos describes the worry leading up to that historic test. watch tonight beginning at 8:00 p.m. eastern, and enjoy american history tv every weekend on c-span3. >>> we're back with daniel cox, who is the polling and public opinion research fellow at the american enterprise institute. and daniel's here to talk to us about a new study on post-election political violence and conspiracy theories. daniel, good morning. >> good morning. >> so, first, start us off by giving us some background. what is the survey center on american life? >> so, it's a relatively new venture at the american enterprise institute, started last fall. and the purpose is

came hiroshima and nagasaki, and we continued to work. some of us were given options to go to mick bikini. i turned that down because i wanted to go to school. bikini was a demonstration at the bikini atoll in the pacific for a more advanced bomb that they tested, and they had quite a demonstration down there. i continued on for almost a year, april the 1st, 1946. i was sent to four to make fierce an and discharged, and i went home and the time of year was just right for entering a semester. i enrolled at brown university with the intent of getting a ph.d. in physics. that didn't turn out to be the case. i was not a good fit for that curriculum. not to demean brown university, but the professors didn't know anything near what's i knew by that point in time about the areas of physics i was interested in. not their fault at all. and at the same time, the doctor that i mentioned earlier at columbia was in charge of research and development at k 25. he had been urging me to return. he said we really need you, just what we need. so i never fin

and we have the safety plug, that was removed from the atomic bomb dropped on nagasaki. and it was removed by the electronics officer, after the plane took off. and while it was in the air, they replaced the safety plug, with the plug so that the bomb could be detonated. we have that on display in a case by itself. and it's sort of is paired, in the same exhibit gallery that we have a small paper crane that was folded by a girl, who was in hiroshima when the atomic bomb went off and she was a young girl and she eventually developed leukemia from the radiation and while she was dying she folded 1000 paper cranes, because that in tradition meant good luck. so the library was presented with one of those last paper cranes that she folded, so we have that in the same gallery sort of a way to reconcile the end of the war and where japan and america's relations have gone since. those are a couple of the most poignant pieces. one of the most famous artifacts we have, is the deaf sign that says the buck stops here which truman had referred to many times so that will be on display

about three weeks later, the united states dropped atomic bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki, japan, helpingpush japanese leaders to surrender and end world war ii. tonight los alamos senior historian alan carr tells the history of creating the first atomic bomb and describes the worry leading up to the test. watch tonight beginning at 8:00 p.m. eastern and enjoy american history tv every weekend on c-span3. >>> you're watching american history tv. every weekend on c-span3, explore our nation's past. american history tv on c-span3, created by america's cable television companies and today were brought to you by these television companies who provide american history tv to viewers as a public service. >>> next on the civil war, caroline wood newhall, a postdoctoral fellow, discusses research on black prisoners of war in the confederacy. she examines the misconception that all captured u.s. colored troops were executed and goes on to describe how many were,

this was an attempt after the words of hiroshima, nagasaki to prove that nuclear power could be used for positive purposes. the idea was that the u.s. could cooperate with developing countries to develop peaceful nuclear energy for their civilian purposes. and so the united states gave iran its first, batch of enriched uranium. about six kilograms of el eu, in the late 1960s, the johnson administration helped iran to build tehran's research reactor. this was radio isotopes for medical purposes. this continues through the late sixties and seventies. it wasn't just democrats. it is important to note, some of the most vigorous advocates of the nuclear program in the early 1970s where people like henry kissinger, donald rumsfeld, and dick cheney in the fourth administration. if you look at some of the documents, you will see how vigorously they push this. they felt it was critical for iran. why? i will be brief on this. you often hear the talking points from opponents of iran. why does iran need nuclear power? no one can take seriously the idea that they would need nuclear power. well, t

we had a small move higher in aussie, but nagasaki should be going to 105.trade for norway are still cheap, nothing like they were in 2010-2014. even in that period, it wasn't great. i think we are going to go to those levels. that is fair to say because of this global reopening we are having, that sets on a medium to long-term path higher over the next year or so. the only things that will upset that recovery is if you have idiosyncratic domestic factors. i think the market is aware of what is going on, especially when it comes to politics in australia and china. or, norway dealing with u.s. shale. that risk is there. we have a terms of trade shock, the currency has not reflected that, but it will. guy: do you think central banks will react? rba has been very clear in telegraphing monetary policy is going to remain loose. it is almost divorced from recovery trade. if currency appreciated significantly, will that be something that causes central banks to change tack? jordan: i do not think the rba can get much dovish. they've got the yield curve control prog

about three weeks, later the united states dropped atomic bombs on hiroshima, and nagasaki japan, helpingush japanese leaders to surrender and and world war ii. tonight listen alamo's national laboratory senior historian, alan carr, tells the story behind creating the first atomic bomb, and describes the worried leading up to that historic test. watch tonight beginning at 8 pm eastern, and enjoy american history tv every weekend on c-span 3. the federal communications commission held a open meeting to review their agenda, including the emergency broadband benefit program, expanding access to tele-, health and protecting networks. commissioner's also addressed cybersecurity threats, and chinese companies, huawei, and cte. block] chair: good morning, welcome to the february, 2021 open meeting of the

about three weeks later the yiets dropped atomic bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki japan, helping to end world war ii. tonight los alamos national historian alan carr describes the worry leading up to that historic test. watch tonight beginning at 8:00 p.m. eastern, and enjoy "american history tv" every weekend on c-span3. >> you're watching "american history tv." every week ond on c-span3, explore our nation's past. "american history tv" on c-span three, created by america's television companies. today we're brought by these television companies who provide "american history tv" to jurors as a public service. >>> co-authorities kent garrett and jeanne ellsworth talk about "the last negros at harvard," looking back at the journeys of 18 students admitted to harvard in 1959 during the civil rights movement. this event was part of the 2020 savannah book festival held b

bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki, japan, helping push japanese leaders to surrender and end world war ii. tonight, los alamos describes the worry leading up to that historic test. watch tonight beginning at 8:00 p.m. eastern, and enjoy american history tv every weekend on c-span3. >>> we're back with daniel cox, who is the polling and public opinion research fellow at the american enterprise institute. and daniel's here to talk to us about a new study on post-election political violence and conspiracy theories. daniel, good morning. >> good morning. >> so, first, start us off by giving us some background. what is the survey center on american life? >> so, it's a relatively new venture at the american enterprise institute, started last fall. and the purpose is really to try to understand the lives of everyday americans. so much of the public opinion landscape focuses on these national debates, national issues that a lot of americans don't spend a lot of time thinking about. so we wanted to dedicate our resources and our research understanding just how americans are living their lives.