we will go to nancy marshall for the last question. >> nancy marshall with marketplace. chair powell, i'm wondering what you would say to savers who are hurt by very low interest rates and maybe going into investments maybe in the stock market that aren't so great for them and also, i'm wondering if you can give us any more of a clue as to how long you think we are going to have interest rates near zero. >> so we think that low interest rates affect the economy through a number of channels in a positive way. lower interest rates support economic activity through channels that -- overall through channels that we understand reasonably well. they make it cheaper to borrow, they drive, you know, your costs of borrowing down, they do raise asset prices including the value of your home, if your saver owns a home or has a 401(k), your saver will benefit from that. but for people who are really just relying on their bank savings account earnings, this is, you know, that's -- you're not going to benefit from low interest rates. but you know, we have to look out for the overall ec