panelists, david vladic, you heard from, elizabeth koesel director of state affairs of aarp, naomi carp, association of older americans, deputy jay rush, fraud section of the criminal disvision department of justice, jeffrey stieger senior litigation counsel consumer protection branch, civil division, department of justice. and, abby kuzma, from the office of the indiana attorney general. with that i give you michael bloom, our moderator, thank you. >> thanks, folks. good afternoon. it, it, this panel -- i suspect will be very interesting and informative. let's just get right to it. we are going to talk about fraud directed at the elderly. and seems to be a natural question is, why do we have a special -- panel on fraud on the elderly? and, there is research that concerns particular vulnerabilities that older folks may have that make them more susceptible than others to certain kinds of fraud. i would look to start then with betsy, about some of the research that the aarp may have done concerning those kinds of vulnerabilities. if you give us, some of those, those, factors that make old