(explosion) >> narrator: the rebels moved forward. >> narrator: they'd fought in this district before, and knew a route that passed through abandoned houses. the families who'd lived here had fled in a hurry, abandoning their possessions. >> narrator: abu bakri and his men now occupied a position they'd retreated from a few days before. through the barricade, they spotted soldiers in the burning house. the syrian army had pulled back. >> (translated): currently we control this line. we're trying to advance further into salahuddin, or the parts of salahuddin we've lost. if we stay optimistic and work hard in the field and on the ground, we'll advance, not them, god willing. losing is not an option for us. they will lose. we're trying to regain the areas we lost, god willing. >> the biggest question is why the government soldiers are incapable of taking back these streets and neighborhoods. i think they've been stretched to the limit, and we saw it. >> narrator: ghaith returned to rebel headquarters. the fighters had just arrested this man and claimed he was a spy. >> a man comes to che

>> narrator: michael j. fox kept his diagnosis secret for seven years, but at the age of 37, he deded it was time to go public, and bring new attention to the disease. >> when you're faced with something real, it demands something of you that you wouldn't have chosen for yourself. this is a real opportunity for me to help people. >> narrator: the same month michael j. fox went public, november, 1998, parkinson's was in the headlines for a different reason. >> for the first time, researchers have generated cells that are the basis of human life, and this could radically change the way medicine fights disease. >> narrator: a startling scientific development: embryonic stem cells-- cells that are derived from embryos rather than fetal tissue-- opened a new door of possibility. suddenly there was the promise of creating cells that could replace what goes wrong in any number of diseases, and parkinson's was exhibit a. >> embryonic stem cells can generate any cell type in the body, including the dopamine cell that

narrator: they presented their findings. >> the studies were pretty exhaustive. consultants studied the physical environment, the biological environment, and the social environment. obviously, fish are very important out there, so the fish studies were very extensive. >> narrator: dr. carol ann woody questioned pebble's research. >> millions of dollars have been spent and we still don't know how many fish actually spawn there. it's all focused on the main stem rivers. the main stem rivers are only about 200 miles of habitat. the majority osalmon habitat in that region is in the headwaters. >> we have the drilling, we have site reconnaissance. >> and that concerns me. a lot of the groundwater models rely on information collected from these drill cores. so, you know, what the.... >> narrator: woody was also concerned about how the data was released. >> and there have been a number of requests for the drill log information. do you know if that information will be made available? >> well, all the drill hole logs are included ithe ebd. and the ebis publicly available.

narrator: "not a tgv"? the dutch be now if they didn't invest in new transportation technology to take advantage of their strategic location in europe? others want the speed, but in the right location. oh, yes, i think that in europe it's necessary that all the countries have very fast lines with each other. so when you be live in europe, you have to get fast trains, but not here. narrator: many people for and against the high-speed train agree that nothing should pass through the green heart. so they propose a route with good connections that might run alongside these tracks on existing rights-of-way. such a rail would pass through these pulous western cities of the randstad. but there are several key problems with this other route. the other one is longer, and you see the curves. that means that it is difficult to drive a train at high speed. it will have a maximum speed of about 200, 250 kilometers an hour. and the problem there is that you are passing through areas where hundreds of thousands of people

narrator: crabtree has set up around 90 plots throughout yellowstone.very four years, a team of field biologists returns to each plot, locates each of the trees and shrubs on the plot... what else is around you? ...and updates the master database with the current health of each plant. man: our daily routine usually involves going out and relocating willow plots that were charted, mapped, and studied four years ago, in 2002. so we do need to go all the way to the bank there. man: then we can set out our measurements for the plot. and we actually take our gps unit, our data sheet, and our measuring tools and basically go to each plant, individual plant, and take all the crucial measurements. an average height of 1.1 meters. swenson: then we're recording the species. we're also recording the various physical dimensions of the plant -- the length of its long axis, the length of its shorter axis, its average height, its maximum height, the density -- as in the density of stems on that individual plant. and then we start looking at the browse history along an

narrator: las vegas is one of the fast-growing areas in the country. it's a relatively new city under constant construction. but because it's in the arid mojave desert, the challenge of las vegas is supply. woman: all the growth and everything that's occurred in southern nevada has been with colorado river water. without it, the west as you know it today couldn't exist. narrator: to sustain their growing community with its limited supply, las vegas learned to be extremely efficient. mulroy: this is a desert, and it has its own beauty, but you have to get beyond what you're used to. as long as people recognize they're moving to the desert and give up this notion that they have to bring eastern vegetation with them and make the necessary adaptations in their own life, desert communities can continue to live. man: the biggest water user in the desert is turf. turf uses a lot of irrigation and uses spray irrigation, so what we've done here is use artificial turf. you're never going to be able to achieve the look of back east or the look of, say, california

and, of course, everybody remembers that. >> narrator: even entire performances could be improvised. >> bueller? >> narrator: the teacher's role call was originally intended to be just an off-camera voiceover, but when a friend of the producers -- a political-speech writer -- walked in, it became much, much more. >> ben had a very unusual voice. and when i started reading this and the voiceover, "bueller? anyone?" you know, the names, i said, "wow, ben's voice would be great for this." >> "adams? adamly? adamowskly? bueller? bueller? bueller?" and i started reading that off-camera. >> the kids in the classroom every time ben would say something, they actually started laughing. the crew would laugh. >> john hughes said, "let's do that on-camera." and then i did it on-camera, and the student extras were just laughing their heads off. and john said, "why don't you -- do you have a scene that you could improvise right now that you could just do off the top of your head?" >> ben did his voodoo economics speech, which was a true speech from the nixon years. >> something-d-o-o economics. vo

narrator: greenhouse gases in the atmosphere control the earth's temperature. the greater the amount of greenhouse gases, the higher the temperature. less greenhouse gas means a lower temperature. carbon dioxide is cycled through the atmosphere through many natural processes such as photosynthesis, respiration and decay of vegetation, and sea surface gas exchange. this natural transfer, known as the carbon cycle, is in near balance. the amount being emitted to the atmosphere is close to the amount being absorbed. but the burning of fossil fuels is adding co2 faster than natural systems can respond. pieter tans is taking careful measurements of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to better understand the carbon cycle. dr. tans: when you study the carbon cycle, what matters is what happens to co2 exchange between the atmosphere and the oceans. what are terrestrial ecosystems doing? are they losing carbon? gaining carbon? why? so we use the atmosphere as a diagnostic to get a handle on these processes to quantify where these processes take place and ho

narrator: tahiti seemed perfect to gauguin.in his early 40s, he wrote to his wife: reader: (gauguin): may the day come -- soon, perhaps -- when i'll flee to the woods on an island in oceania, there to live on ecstasy, calm, and art. there, in tahiti, in the silence of the beautiful tropical nights, i will be able to listen to the soft, murmuring music of the movements of my heart in amorous harmony with the mysterious beings around me. free at last, without financial worries and able to love, sing, and die. narrator: gauguin landed in papeete, the tahitian capital. he arrived wearing a hat he'd picked up at buffalo bill's wild west show. but the tahiti gauguin encountered in 1891 had changed drastically from the tahiti described so rapturously by 18th-century explorers. far from france, it was also far from paradise. now a french colony, life there had been transformed by bureaucrats and missionaries -- and by the european scourges of small pox, influenza, and alcoholism. within days, gauguin's illusions about papeete were stri

narrator: the barriers are not always obvious. important one revealed itself only after the project had been running for years. we tended to lose women over time from these programs. and we did not understand what is really happening--

narrator: without half of its water supply, the city would shut down. for nearly 40 years, new york has been in the process of constructing a solution. man: this project is water tunnel number 3. we started on this project in 1969. i'm a sandhog. i've been a sandhog for 37 years. narrator: sandhogs are the men of local 147, who work deep below the city. they began building the infrastructure of new york in 1872. from the subways to the sewers, the water tunnels to the highway tunnels, new york city thrives because of their work. ryan: you got one little hole in the ground, and nobody knows we're here. see the empire state building, right. that's 1,000 feet. so you figure, you go down 1,000. how high that is -- that's how far we go down. narrator: stretching more than 60 miles under the city, tunnel 3 is taking generations of workers to complete. ryan: i don't even want to imagine what my father had to go through. when we first started, it was a rough job. everything was dynamite. now, they have these machines called "moles." it's like a big drill, and i

narrator: large amounts of rainwater can cause flooding. engineers developed two approaches to stormwater infrastructure to transport water away from the urban environment. one approach was to carry waste and stormwater through the same pipe. this combined system was less expensive than building two individual pipe networks. and stormwater was seen as a way to flush out the sewers. through the 19th century, the combined system was considered state-of-the-art throughout the world, and is still in use in many cities today. but cities constructed these systems before treatment was the standard. and even today's largest treatment plant doesn't have the capacity to treat the sudden volumes of water rushing through a combined system during rain. the plant is overloaded, and the excess rainwater, mixed with untreated raw sewage, is diverted straight into local waterways, creating a combined sewer overflow, or cso. there are over 700 communities in the united states with combined sewer systems. the other approach was to separate wastewater from sto

narrator: silicon valley returnees. the 1970s, many taiwanese students went overseas to study and work. mr. hsing tuan is president of unipac optoelectronics in hsinchu park. his story is typical of the silicon valley returnees. he studied for his bachelor degree in taiwan but then went on stanford university in california to complete his doctorate. after 12 years working on research and development in california's silicon valley, he went home to taiwan. if i compare taiwan and the u.s., i would say that taiwan is very much like the early days of the west coast in... in the u.s., the so-called gold... gold rush time... you know, era. that is, there are more opportunities here than in the states, i think. and... so many of us who came back here look for challenges, and we certainly found many challenges. narrator: in the 1980s, entrepreneurial returnees started more than 100 small firms, all with the support of the taiwanese government. science parks like hsinchu provided infrastructure and a space for experimentation an

narrator: you can see this dual history in the architecture here.trasbourg is german in its 16th-century timber-framed houses. strasbourg is french in the ordered lines of the 18th-century han palace. strasbourg is german in the neoclassical architecture of emperor wilhelm ii's rhine palace. and strasbourg is french in its walls fortified by vauban in the time of louis xiv. in today's strasbourg, though, the walls that once existed between the city's two cultures are breaking down. when you cross from germany into strasbourg, you notice something unusual at the border between two countries-- no one is stopping at customs. ( speaking french ) translator: the 1st of january 1993 marked the setting up of the european internal market, freeing circulation between the 12 countries of the european community. border crossings are no longer subject to customs controls at the point of entry to a country. all such controls take place within the borders and are supervised by mobile units. narrator: thirty kilometers south of strasbourg on the rhine river is a d

(narrator) music has the power to unite people in common cause.ger and more emotional ways than speech. ♪ we shall overcome. in the 1960s during the civil rights and anti-war movements, music became a driving force in the struggle for social change. (seeger) there wasn't a single meeting that didn't have singing. "we shall overcome" was the most famous song, but there were hundreds of others. they'd change over a gospel song, put new words to it. very common technique. it's been done for centuries. "we shall overcome" was originally a fast song. [clapping] ♪ i'll overcome. ♪ i'll overcome someday. ♪ we shall overcome. when you sing "we shall overcome," your shoulders are touching because you're crossing your arms in front of you, and swaying across from right to left. [softly] ♪ we shall overcome. well, a month after the founding of sncc, this song was sung throughout the whole south. it was the song; it wasn't a song; it was the song. in it's own quiet way, it was taking confidence. you can kill me, you can beat me, but i know we shall overcome.

narrator: over 300 million people live in the united states. and each person uses an average of 100 gallons of water every day. man: what it takes to actually make clean water is somewhat a mystery to most customers. woman: so how does water get from the river into your house, or here at school? woman: somebody has to bring that water to us, and somebody has to take it away when we're finished with it. man: the water infrastructure is vital for disease protection, fire protection, basic sanitation, economic development, and for our quality of life. man: you just can't visualize all the assets that are under our feet. we have about two million miles of pipe in this nation. if you're walking around in an urban area, you're probably stepping on a pipe. man: our grandparents paid for, and put in for the first time, these large distribution systems. woman: and in many cases, it's not been touched since. man: we're at a critical turning point. much of that infrastructure is wearing out. narrator: our water infrastructure is made up of complex, underg

narrator: manufacturers like gillette were leaving instead of coming.he gillette factory leave andalucía? it left for the opposite reasons to those for which it came here. why? down through the years, as a result of their own efforts, the gillette workers obtained, little-by-little, some social advantages. and now, this multinational company prefers to leave andalucía in favor of other countries, such as turkey, poland or russia, where the salaries are very low, and where it can make profits comparable to those it made during its 27-year stay in andalucía. narration: in other words, the expansion of the european union has created new hinterlands-- some even closer to the european heartland, with even cheaper labor. they are competition for remote regions like andalucía, despite the huge investments in infrastructure like the train. if the high-speed rail from madrid to seville symbolized the hopes for andalucía, the lack of high-speed connections to the rest of europe may symbolize the region's lack of progress. sidaway: for much of the population, the

narrator: atlanta is a rapidly growing urban area. its primary source of drinking water is the chattahoochee river, which also provides water to many downstream communities. but its infrastructure is dangerously old, without outdated facilities and combined sewer overflows polluting the watershed. the city faces strict consent decrees and lawsuits, along with a severe lack of funding. man: when i started working for the city of atlanta in the late '70s, we were approaching that point in time where a lot was going to be needed, in terms of rehabilitation and upkeep. most of the very large pipes were at least 80 years old. we had needs that were identified in the '50s and in the '60s and in the '70s that were deferred. woman: we are urging that we all try to find a way to overcome the obstacles and limitations that might exist. woman: when i was running for office, i met someone who knew mayor hartsfield, who, in the late 1960s, said, "i don't know who the next mayor will be, "but i know they'll have to fix the water and sewer infrastru

narrator: pudong's director of information.iang: shanghai is the largest indurial center for china, and it's also one of china's most economically developed areas. a lot of china's advanced scientific and technological development is centered in pudong. walcott: the americans are there in financial services, real estate services, education services, technology such as motorola, food services-- pepsi and coca-cola duking it out in the same industrial park. taiwanese are there-- huge semiconductor factories, billions of dollars of investment. singaporians are there in their industrial parks. germans are there in small and medium enterprises-- chemicals, petrochemicals. so it's a large and diverse foreign population essentially learning how to do business in china, both for export and for the vast domestic market they hope to develop. narrator: but all this growth presented a real problem for urban planners. shanghai's original port and airport are separated from pudong by the huang pu. some traffic flows through new bridges and t

( music ) narrator: thomas moran embarked on his first trip to the west in 1871. the united states at the time was still recovering from the ravages of the civil war. americans turned with hope to the western frontier. by painting the pristine grandeur of these remote places, moran enabled 19th-century americans to visualize a magnificent landscape most would never see. his paintings transformed their perceptions of the west. from 1867 to 1879, the united states government sponsored four western expeditions, now known as "the great surveys." of all the aists who accompanied them, none is more associated with the surveys than thomas moran. the watercolors he brought back from wyoming, the first color images of yellowstone, played a key role in the creation of the national parks system. yellowstone had long been familiar to american indians, mountainmen, traders and travelers. legendary, seemingly unbelievable stories made their way east. the canyon was said to be a "fearful chasm," the river a "frightful torrent," the sulfur springs wre "diabolical," the place wher

(narrator) "dances with wolves" is a story of a u.s. whose encounter with indians leads him to question his allegiance to his own culture. (rudy wurlizter) the whole myth of the west is that you can go out to some place and you can invent yourself. the western hero represented somebody who took advantage of this chance and could make something of it. and that could reinvent his life. so that he could go out and become a hero, not from what he was, but something totally different something totally new. (narrator) kevin costner's character emerges as a hero, but in a most unconventional situation. the audience cheers the indians as they defeat the cavalry. (lindsay anderson) the western hero symbolizes the man of honor, the good man, the man of action. and that rule is something that will be eternal in people, wherever they are. whether in america, or in the rest of the world. the kind of western hero i'd devise, doing one today, is probably very much along traditional lines. i'd try something different in the scenario, though, a differen

(narrator) yet even coupling may not be the ultimate achievement it might seem toe. may have to even more than this, if it's to transcend its mortality. ♪ please tell me why ♪ tell my why ♪ why do fools ♪ fall in love? ♪ annenberg media ♪ and: th additional funding from these foundations and dividuals: and by: and the annual financial support of: for information about this and other annenberg media programs call 1-800-learner and visit us at www.learner.org.

(narrator) the triumph of the t.v. in the 50's forced paramount to create vistavision. epic movie productions were designed to combat the 40 million small screens already in u.s. homes. behold his mighty hand. (strong winds blowing and dramatic music playing) (narrator) the end of the 50's saw the death of ace showman, cecil b. demille at a time when it seemed inevitable that television would continue to steal the cinema audience. paramount had successfully expanded into t.v. production to cushion its movie losses. but the early 60's, produced few movie classics. this was a time of uncertainty and loss of direction. the great paramount tradition, whatever it was, was only what the executives who ran it at the time made it. (michael eisner) but that all ended when television came and you know for a while mgm was the company that made movies that cost and did nothing. paramount was in deep trouble and the movie business kind of ended becoming a vestigial appendage of the entertainment business until the television group came in and realized entertainment is entertainment.

narrator: pompeii's visual legacy lived on in the styles it influenced.he endless stream of publications fueled the neoclassical style that dominated art in the 18th and 19th centuries. painters fed a steady demand for pompeian imagery with romantic evocations of the city's daily life. the influence of pompeii continued to emerge in 19th century building like the pavilion in buckingham palace ...and the appropriations conference room in the united states senate. but more then anything, the discoveries found in the vesuvian towns gave the world an enduring image of the roman world. not the bloody business of wars and conquest... or the relentless demands of running an empire. the houses and villas on the bay of naples revealed a way in which daily life could be made beautiful by the elegant craftsmanship of artisans and the refined taste of patrons.

(narrator) what influences attitudes about sex and sexuality?st clue may be the culture they grow up in. (golden) scandinavian countries have a very enlightened attitude about sexual education, and they've taught from grammar school on, to the entire population, fundamental things about sex. we start out in a basically repressive society as far as sexual attitudes are concerned. we don't teach openly about it. we had a situation here in georgia--do you believe? we had 123 school systems that found the portrait of george washington crossing the delaware river-- where there's a bulge on his thigh--it's his watch. and they went through and painted over that thigh in all 122 out of 123. the other one, they ripped out the page because they couldn't say the word-- "what could it have been?" of course, his watch. that's where we are in the united states. we're actually painting over sex as though it's not there! (narrator) teaching children about sexuality begins at home, however the subject is approached. even if parents ignore the subject, they are s

(narrator) methods of notation can change over time.ern classical tradition have become increasingly concerned with prescribing as much detail of the performance as possible. [ensemble playing early music] in earlier periods, composers often provided little more than melodies and rhythms leaving details such as ornamentation, dynamics, and instrumentation to the performers. (herreid) one of our challenges in doing old music is that all the music that comes down to us survives in manuscripts, or in the 16th century, in printed sources. these manuscripts tell us very little about how the music was actually performed. a piece might have four parts with no words, maybe meant for instruments, but it won't say. the composers either didn't care what instruments it was played on or it was so obvious to the people at the time that it would be appropriate for recorders say or for viols or for a lute ensemble. my father has a dance band. they have music for tenor sax and alto sax, piano, and bass. there's also a drummer in the band, of course, bec

(narrator) with major company movies going to company cinemas first, independent theatres weren't able to compete. they could only show films after they were played out and forced by the studios to book their entire output, good or bad. although the majors controlled only 16% of the cinemas, they were winning 90 percent of the total cinema box office. (narrator) in the mid-30's, the national recovery act was declared unconstitutional but it took until 1948 for the supreme court to finally put its nail in the system's coffin. it ordered the majors to sell their cinemas and function as distribution and production companies only.

(narrator) the triumph of the t.v. in the 50's forced paramount to create vistavision. epic movie productions were designed to combat the 40 million small screens already in u.s. homes. behold his mighty hand. (strong winds blowing and dramatic music playing) (narrator) the end of the 50's saw the death of ace showman, cecil b. demille at a time when it seemed inevitable that television would continue to steal the cinema audience. paramount had successfully expanded into t.v. production to cushion its movie losses. but the early 60's, produced few movie classics. this was a time of uncertainty and loss of direction. the great paramount tradition, whatever it was, was only what the executives who ran it at the time made it. (michael eisner) but that all ended when television came and you know for a while mgm was the company that made movies that cost and did nothing. paramount was in deep trouble and the movie business kind of ended becoming a vestigial appendage of the entertainment business until the television group came in and realized entertainment is entertainment.

narrator: pompeii's visual legacy lived on in the styles it influenced.he endless stream of publications fueled the neoclassical style that dominated art in the 18th and 19th centuries. painters fed a steady demand for pompeian imagery with romantic evocations of the city's daily life. the influence of pompeii continued to emerge in 19th century building like the pavilion in buckingham palace ...and the appropriations conference room in the united states senate. but more then anything, the discoveries found in the vesuvian towns gave the world an enduring image of the roman world. not the bloody business of wars and conquest... or the relentless demands of running an empire. the houses and villas on the bay of naples revealed a way in which daily life could be made beautiful by the elegant craftsmanship of artisans and the refined taste of patrons.

narrator: on a plot land arlington, virginia, overlooking ounation's capital, the grassss is growing again. trees have been planted that bloom in newness of life each spring. the wall has been rebuilt. as if in silent honor, for the briefest of moments each evening, e setting sun itself p pays tribute with a golden light pouring forth on what is now hallowed ground for all of america. rosemary dillard: we wanted some way to ensure that all of the victims mdered that day... they were never forgotten. >> in the night sky, the radiance of 184 illuminations ofof remembrance shimmer in the darkness in honor of 184 men, womeand children whose lives were extinguished in an instant on a hauntingly autiful fall morning. >> the last six, seven years have been absolutely surreal. in one minute, it seems like it was in another lifetime... when miciche was here. in another mininute, it seems likike it was just 30 seconds ago. >> seven years later, thousands of americans come tether to join hands with the wiveses, the husbands, the ildren and the grandchildren, the parents and the grandparents, of

. >> ♪ >> narrator: there are over 160 monuments and memorials in our nation's capital, dating back tohe founding of america. some honor a select few men and women who shaped our country and helped define who we are as a nation today... generals, political leaders, poets, statesmen, and scientists who changed the course of american history. some raised the hopes and aspiration of a nation unique in all the world. others set forth the values and ideals on which our republic was based, and to which we would aspire for generations to come. still others honor ordinary americans who, through their courage, dedication, and commitment, made extraordinary contributions to america and the cause of freedom around the world. many left their families and the comfort and security of home to unselfishly answer the call when their nation needed them most, and fought and died for all that we hold dear today. virtually all span the great history of america, commemorating events and individuals of our distant past. one, however, is unique among all the rest, for it represents the defining moment for thi

(narrator) in hollywood today, the stars, make the major decisions. employees, but independent artists operating through powerful agencies. asta la vista, baby. (shattering glass) everything now is a package, it has to be a package, and very often that package will start with a star that commands an incredible salary. (machine gun firing) aaaahhhhh! knock this s--- off! i have been having a very bad day. i just got out of jail today, already i have been shot at, i was on a bus that flippedver 17 times, been stabbed in the bathroom, and somebody blew up my porsche. i am in a bad d--- mood. when the studios broke down, they lost their power and gave it to the artists, as independent contractors, so then the artists, in turn, gave it to the agents by enabling them to do it. (orchestra song using touch-tone phone sounds) okay, so monday we get a script and an offer, meaning it's his. (rick nicita) all the agents in town are scrambling to get an offer for their client. have you read it? it's not bad. it's not bad. but first-time director is gonna be the bi

and then we had each other. [ narrator ] it took more than ten ars fomrs. munoz... to earn the come necessary to bring her daughters to the uted states. e problems we had, or whatever we wt through-- th's not pleasant. it wasn't pleasa for me. i'm su it wasn't for her either. but i'm gl i'm where i am now and gues twas the only wayo get wher i am, i'm glad she d it. just ainute. be right the. henry, have you reedhat tuxedo for the dance yet ? no. good. i saw a place near he that a special price for new customers. thanks, but i dot need a tuxedo. formal dances are for losers. m planning somethipeal for that night-- ride in a hot air balloon , sounds very romantic. -howoes sara feel about that ? haven't told her yet, but inow she'll go r it. at autll thek e's doing to decorat thgym ? - doyou think she'll nt to be at the dance ? - roas a point. - when i tell her about the balloon ride, she'll flip out. - maybe not like you think. have you decided yet ? t quite. - how's the na - very good. made fresh every day. i don't know. i'm not really in a mood for fish - w's the m

. >> narrator: what langston and his team were about to discover would turn the parkinson's world upside down. >> in taking history, we asked him if he was on any medications, and to our shock, he wrote the word "heroin"-- not a traditional medication, but that was our fist clue. we were eventually able to figure out that there was a tainted heroin on the streets in northern california, and that this heroin was probably the most selective brain toxin ever discovered.