and that was the big discovery, i think. >> narrator: dr.ieved the national football league would want to know about his discovery. >> that was what i thought in my naïve state of mind. but unfortunately, i was... i was proven wrong. it wasn't meant to be that way. >> narrator: in a letter to the journal neurosurgery, dr. pellman and other members of the nfl's mtbi committee attacked dr. omalu's paper. >> "these statements are based on a complete misunderstanding of the relevant medical literature..." >> narrator: they even questioned whether mike webster was suffering from neurological problems. >> "there is inadequate clinical evidence that the subject had a chronic neurological condition..." >> the league officials, the doctors and scientists serving on the mtbi committee, not only disputed those findings, they went after dr. omalu with a vengeance. they publicly said he should retract his findings. >> narrator: the nfl doctors insisted dr. omalu was misunderstanding the science of brain injury. >> "we therefore urge the authors to retrac

>> narrator: for dr.s, it raised the obvious question: how safe is it for children to play football? >> what time is it? >> game time! >> all dogs now! >> (barking) i believe you, you believe me! >> from a physical risk standpoint, you know what you are doing when you sign your kid up, that he can hurt his knee, okay. but what you should know now is, your child could develop a brain injury as a result of playing football. it's not just on the pro level, it's on every level of football. the question is, do you want it to be your child? >> narrator: and for the b.u. advocate chris nowinski, it was a danger the nfl helped to create. >> as long as the nfl dismissed this, that meant that parents were signing their kids up to go play football believing that there was no risk. and that wasn't fair to those kids, or those parents. but especially those kids. >> let's give him a big round of applause. he's a rough, he's a tough... >> narrator: dr. mckee, who had grown up loving football, has struggled with her feel

>> narrator: tonight on frontline... from the jungles of west africa to the cities. >> dead bodies-- 15, 16, 17, 18. >> narrator: the inside story of how the ebola virus spread. >> it's pure craziness, like watching a zombie movie. >> narrator: and the global failure to stop it. >> the world has never faced anything like this. we've never prepared for it. >> ebola was not an exception. ebola is a precedent. >> narrator: tonight on frontlin"outbreak." >> frontlinis made possible by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. thank you. and by the corporation for public broadcasting. major support for frontliis provided by the john d. and catherine t. macarthur foundation, committed to building a more just, verdant and peaceful world. more information is available at macfound.org. additional support is provided by the park foundation, dedicated to heightening public awareness of critical issues. the ford foundation, working with visionaries on the front lines of social change worldwide. at fordfoundation.org.

>> i think we're in play... >> narrator: it began with an intercept of a phone call. >> good. >> narratoruland discussed the future of ukraine, she uttered a profanity about the european union. >> ah, the famous barnyard epithet, yeah. >> "(bleep) the e.u." (speaking german) >> the fallout from a top american diplomat's very undemocratic expletive hurled at the european union... >> narrator: the leak was designed to reveal america's role in ukraine and sow division between nuland and the e.u. (woman speaking russian) >> clearly they were looking to discredit me personally as the main negotiator at that time to thereby reduce u.s. influence. >> not a word you would use typically to talk about an ally. >> well, this is a major embarrassment. look, this is the top u.s. diplomat for europe. >> narrator: intercepting diplomatic communications was nothing new. >> russians are at the very least denying they posted the call. >> narrator: but leaking them online was. >> ...now tweets, "i was just monitoring the internets." >> but it wasn't a five-alarm fire. and in retrospect, some people think we

>>narrator: and rockin'.d ambrosia took a passage from cat's cradle and ♪ [nice, nice, very nice by ambrosia] ♪ oh a sleeping drunkard, ♪ up in central park. ♪ and the lion hunter ♪ in the jungle dark. ♪ and a chinese dentist ♪ and the british queen. ♪ they all fit together ♪ in the same machine. ♪ nice, nice, very nice. ♪ nice, nice, very nice. ♪ so many people ♪ in the same device ♪ >>narrator: rock and roll, popular movies, best selling books, and even respect in the literary community. but kurt vonnegut was a complicated man who remembered when he didn't sell many books when he didn't feel he got the respect he deserved. a hero of the counter-culture who bristled at talk of being the spokesman of a generation. >>kurt vonnegut: and people who try to lessen the impact of what i talk about is pacifism or whatever or just mercifulness or compassion. 'well, he's just a writer for kids.' well, i am like hell, my mail is from college professors and ministers. >>narrator: an anti-war voice of the 60s was also par

[explosions] narrator: french communists sabotage the electrical system on french fighter plane. ♪ narratorfrance, hitler decides to invade the territory of the recent partner, russia. ♪ narrator: the turning point of the german invasion of russia comes at volgograd, or what was then called stalingrad. when the war and's, russia requires the spoils of war eastern poland, besarabia, northern sakhalin, portions of finland. latvia, lithuania, and estonia are incorporated as soviet republics, and much of the native population is deported. there are russian occupations zones pending final peace treaties in germany, austria and north korea. and the russians have the right to maintain garrisons in poland, hungary, romania and bulgaria. how did we get from here to there, to the present situation? with the iron curtain dividing europe and communist outposts through much of the world? what is the secret to their postwar expansion? what methods do they use? the answer is they use them all. occupying troops remain after political domination is achieved in poland, romania and hungary. zones of occupatio

narrator: but how does t this trtranslate into real lilife? in seattle, washington, the ritchie family has built a passive e house for themselves using advanced technology to drastically cut their energy use. ritchie: it blocks the sun... i am an environmentalist. i was an engineer for about 10 years. i have been now in construction for about 10 or 11 years. i like to work with m my hands, and i like--i like construction a lot and wanted to take it to sort of another level toto really dodo something meaningful in the community. once you build a house, hopefully, it's gonna last for a very long time, and you kind of have one opportunity to really fix the energy consumption of the house, and you lock in that energy consumption for a hundred years, and so, for me, that was a very compelling idea, so we decided to do this house that way. as you can see, this windowsill is probably deeper than most windowsills. this windowsill is probably about maybe 10, 11 inches deep, and that's because the entire wall is 16 inches thick, so this is a fairly deep

narrator: his olives are nearly ripe. pep andreu is hoping the catalonian independence movement will also soon bear fruit. here in montblanc they've been fighting to split from the rest of spain for a long time. they believe catalonia shouldn't have to keep paying for the economic failure of other regions. >> we're always the ones who pay. it's not right. financial plans need to be fairer. if someone produces more, they should see more returns. narrator: most people in the small town of montblanc favor catalonian independence, even though the king bears the title duke of montblanc. the city government wants to revoke that title. pedro navarro's parents are andalusian, and even though he identifies as catalan, he's not in favor of independence. he has a machinery and spare parts business, and deals with a lot of international partners. so, the prospect of an isolated catalonia worries him. >> of course i'm worried that we might become independent and split from spain. it makes me nervous that we don't know where we're head

- [narrator] international trade has transformed the way we live. the question of how open markets should be to competition can lead to intense political debate and occasionally war. since world war ii the us has been a staunch supporter of free trade. but support is ebbing and calls for protectionism are emerging. - i'm going to issue a notification of intent to withdrawal from the trans pacific partnership, a potential disaster for our country. - [narrator] supporters of free trade say it creates the greatest amount of wealth for the highest number of people. representing the most efficient use of the world's resources. opponents say free trade eliminates jobs at home and makes the nation weak. international trade next on great decisions. (dramatic instrumental) - [narrator] great decisions is produced by the foreign policy association. in association with thomson reuters. funding for great decisions is provided by pricewaterhousecoopers llp. - [narrator] everywhere around us are signs of international trade. - the basic idea of trade as economist

narrator: it is relatively bloody.take railroad stations, telegraph lines, government officers, and declare themselves in business. , theis the russian version storming of the winter palace. opening the gate under fire. never happened. in actual fact the attack on the winter palace, it was pointed out it was in range of a rebel cruiser. it makes a nice picture. the real violence comes later. on november 25, the election was held under -- to their amazement lost it, 3-1. army.trotsky's red refuses to turn over power to the soviet, but he leaves the building in disorder. --ew hundred students and citizens gather outside to protest the dismissal of the assembly may have elected and are shot down by the red army. war.ass narrator: citizens of the soviet union. not cents november 17 has more than one name for office appeared on the ballot. the assembly never reconvenes. power passes to the soviets which lenin controls and from there to the council of commissars where lenin's power is absolute. >> the dictatorship of the pro

(xylophone music) - [narrator] after decades of relative stability the us energy revolution is beginning to shift the geopolitical dynamic. where once it was dependent on the middle east for much of its energy, the us is now producing more of its own, allowing it to potentially forge a new foreign policy. a geopolitics of oil. next, on great decisions. (trumpeting music) - [narrator] great decisions is produced by the foreign policy association in association with thomson reuters. funding for great decisions is provided by pricewaterhouse coopers, llp. - [narrator] nations have always been in competition with each other. often, it's in the search for natural resources like oil and gas. a steady supply of energy is needed to fuel the country's economy and military. - [sachs] typically, american foreign policy like british imperial foreign policy before it, paid a tremendous amount of attention to securing oil for the economy. that includes who we have befriended, but it has also included us launching wars; stationing military bases; engaging in coups and orienting a massive amount of our

narrator: this is the story of six years in a life.nd an attempt to stem the dropout crisis in america. when we first met omarina cabrera, she was a middle-school student in the bronx, and she had been struggling. >> sixth grade was a hard year because me and my mom got evicted. i felt shattered. that was the home that i had for my whole life. i didn't know what was gonna happen next, and that period of not knowing wasn't something that i felt comfortable with. i felt this inkling in me that i would never want my children or anyone else to experience this. >> narrator: shuffled between relatives' apartments, some without even electricity, omarina suffered another loss. >> when i was really young, my father walked out for whatever reason. i finally got in touch with him. just before we were about to talk and i was about to go see him, he had gotten a stroke. i see my father for the first time and it was in a casket. >> narrator: with her home life in chaos, omarina's school life began to suffer. she was showing up late or not at all, st

(upbeat music) - [narrator] china is building up its maritime presence. it's undertaken a massive investment in its navy, and is ambitiously advancing its territorial claims to the disputed spratly and senkaku islands chains in the south and east china seas. is this maritime expansion an effort to project power and deny access to what were once international waters, or a reasonable assertion of china's expanding capabilities? china, next on great decisions. (upbeat music) great decisions is produced by the foreign policy association in association with thomson reuters. funding for great decisions is provided by pricewaterhousecoopers llp. (rhythmic ethnic music) it's an undertaking as massive as china itself. beijing is boldly extending claims to the south china sea. it's doing so through an enormous land reclamation project, dredging the sea floor to build islands. - it's very difficult for any foreign policy analyst to get to the core of what drives current chinese behavior. i think number one is this, the chinese have long held a view that this is part

- [narrator] saudi arabia is a nation in transition. with increasing signs that the status quo it has enjoyed for decades is beginning to fray. as aging rulers give way to a new generation, the political, social, and economic status quo is beginning to shift. with an ambitious young prince, will saudi arabia be able to weather the push for reform? once known for having a special relationship with the us, many question whether the alliance between an ultra-conservative islamic monarchy and the secular democratic republic is coming under new strains. saudi arabia, next on great decisions. (enthusiastic music) - [announcer] great decisions is produced by the foreign policy association in association with thomson reuters. funding for great decisions is provided by pricewaterhousecoopers, llp. (soft arabian music) - [narrator] saudi arabia and the us are at odds culturally and ideologically yet for decades, they have been said to enjoy a special relationship based on shared interests. - on 1945, when the late king abdulaziz, the founder of m

(dramatic music) - [narrator] the european union is under severe strain. from the collateral damage of brexit to an influx of migrants and the eurozone debt crisis. the eu is facing an existential threat to the political and economic block. the possibility of individual nations choosing to leave the eu has only fueled the debate. will this crisis spark reform, making the eu stronger than ever? or does it signal the beginning of the breakup? the european union, next on great decisions. (triumphant music) - [man] great decisions is produced by the foreign policy association in association with thomson reuters, funding for great decisions is provided by price water house coopers llp. - [narrator] founded in the aftermath of world war ii, the european union had an ambitious goal, to end wars in europe. - one of the great and most positive historical events of the last several centuries was the creation of the european coal and steel community in the 1940s and 50s, that led to the common market, and that led to the european union and to the european currency an

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yelling] e-reader: events moved swiftly. -- lgiers narrator. narrator: events moved swiftly.ipes, the union jack flying side-by-side. ] atriotic music narrator: but the enemy had lost no time. despite this, we were determined to stop the campaign at once, hoping to reach the distance it is before the enemy's grasp became too strong. this was able decision, for the british first army was little more than one division of the bulk of the american forces were needed to safeguard our position in morocco. we had other problems. roads were poor, railways and adequate. chugging] narrator: the improvised they said algiers, four times the length. we lacked forward airfields where is the enemy in tunisia had all the permanent airfields they needed. in less than one month, the weather would break. could our slender force, in the last days of autumn, achieve success against time and a stronger enemy? with immense energy, the attempt .as made allied infantry, tanks, and artillery moved toward the hills. by rail, men with mules for mountain transport. by air, british and american paratroope

narrator: it all came down to michelle versus giovanni.g around here.