great smoky mountains national park and chattanooga national military park and everglades national park. a tour also at the denver service center, the national park service central planning and design office. ken burns is a filmmaker known to millions of americans for his documentaries. his documentary of the civil war i consider the greatest ever produced. his 12 hour emmy award-winning documentary on national parks brought parks to millions around the world and changed how many of us view these landscapes and their history. david mcdonald is the president of the friends of acadia and percent of the national parks alliance steering committee. his leadership of the friends of acadia shows how important nonprofits can be in helping parks to be as successful as they are. we are joined by the chair of the national park hospitality association and group president for prox and travel for delaware north. the national park hospitality association represents the businesses and concessionaires that work with the parks and provide services to park visitors. let me thank everyone for appearing tod

our nation's defense. this would not have been possible without your investments over the last 20 years to transfer the national guard from the strategic reserve to today's operational force. i'm grateful for the support in helping us provide our soldiers and airmen with the facilities, equipment, and training resources they need to be interoperable on the battlefield and to be responsive in our communities. combined with our commitment to partnerships at every level, from local first responders to fema two to our 82 international state partnerships, we're posturing for the future. however, there are still places we fall short. our equipment must be deployable, sustainable, and interoperable. our facilities must be repaired or replaced if no longer functional. full-time support must increase so we can become more efficient and effective. there are also distracted our -- distractions for our soldiers and airmen that they face every day. if they don't have healthcare what happens if they get sick or , injure

with all nations and that includes the nations of russia and china. but the governments of these 2 countries have so far not been able to stop the in-force meant of sanctions . you mean that russia and china are failed to stop sanctions on iran yes that's what i said i mean rusher is saying iran is now enriching uranium to rates that are much higher than the j c p a way would allow well let's already in the papers i mean i'll get to coronaviruses if a moment but the u.s. aircraft carrier mimics has been sent to iran's maritime borders you have the boss of trump's pentagon making accusations against iran how would iran cope with us well me in the last days of a trump presidency. as i have noted over and over previously the united states major policies including the key issue of war are what the behind the scenes governing board decides on imports is and the presidents don't play a determining role in them. not in fact from all the developments on folding and the news being broadcast that. it's my understanding that a new war is about to be imposed on t

this nation was built on an idea. the only nation built on idea.n is built on ethnography, geography, religion, etc.. we were built on an idea, liberty for all. we never realized that aspiration but every generation has opened the door a little wider, to be more inclusive. to include those who have been excluded before. it's handed down, generation to generation. the work of perfecting our union. in 1830, when we were a young nation, this union put interest ahead of the common good. a great senator, daniel webster, rose in the capital to defend the union. to him we were not just a collection of competing forces, but a coherent whole. his cry started just across the potomac in the capital, and it resonates now. he stood on the floor and he said liberty and union. now and forever. one and inseparable. liberty and union. more than 142 years later, when i first came to the united states senate at a time when our country was so deeply divided over vietnam a struggle of civil-rights and the fight over women's rights, i had the notion that my first task a

ideas across the nation inspired. so nsf is hav doing everything make sure that these programs like ai, we are talking about national quantum program, whiche means anyone inspired by stem from manhattan, kansas, can dial into the quantum platform and be inspired by that. -- tann that way to build their stm talent and cancers and our nation. and more importantly, as this talent in your opening remarks you mentioned skilled technical work fork that is being developed at of colleges, we know all of the above in order . to be able to bring forth the businesses of the future. we need to have in every area, every region of our country those areas that are best for that particular region. let's take for example in kansas, where else would you do agriculture as a smart agriculture of the future state like kansas, that you would build around agriculture in a state like kansas working with iowa, working ke together, creating an ecosystem of environments this is what we need in our nation.y to and this is where i think nsf is ve

nation. earlier last year for the buena vista congress work on a white partisan basis to an act the industries of the future sacked enacted on january 1 of this year. that charged congress with the assessment instead of recommendations that would relate to our investment in research and development -- on may 1 and is it's going to take a broad view of r&d expenditures. i'd like to know first director has the national science foundation participated in this? >> senator thank you. basically there's a strong partnership with an nsf and i applaud this partnership because as you rightly point out oecd as a coordinator they can think of it that way in terms of making sure the agency can work together in addition to reaching out so we are working very closely and including ai activity to make sure we have significant contributions in the report that you mentioned. we have cochaired the ai task force and have been very active in that. >> do you think the mr. shovel make the statutory deadline? >> i h

a world in which nation will no longer pay upon nation.nd toward production for peace, away from conquest and toward invention, development, and creation. a world in which too, -- in which, together, we can establish that piece, which is more than the absence of war. which enables man to pursue those higher goals that the spirit yearns for. ♪ [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2021] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> you can watch archival films on public affairs in their entirety on our weekly series reel america, saturday at 10:00 p.m. and sunday at 4:00 p.m. eastern here on american history tv. >> next, a biographer, author of his truth is marching on: john lewis and the power of hope, is joined by two former chief of staff to the late congressman and civil-rights leader to talk about his life and legacy. part of washington national cathedral's honest to god conversation series, the cathedral provided the video. in on

it is a national thing for a nationally-based hockey team to be doing so well again. >> thank you so much and thank you for holding this important hearing. this is one of the most important topic that we are dealing with. we hear about the issue of the provocative actions that china and russia are taking. we know it will take not only working defensively, but also the manner in which we deploy and design architecture. i look forward to hearing from the witnesses as to how they see that evolving. the biden administration is doing its budget in late may. we will be dealing with vcr and i would love to hear from the witnesses how this may affect their operations in many of the things that we do our single project and they may be more particularly impacted than others. with that, i will submit my written statement to the record. thank you. >> without objections, any opening statements to the record. we will hear from our first witness, mr. hill. >> chairman cooper, distinguished members of the subcommittee, it is an honor to testify before you today along with my distinguished colleagues

and commercial aspects have national security applications. -- national security implications. but the launch enterprise as we understand it is in a period of growth and evolution and we need to adapt our policies and procedures and processes in order to adjust. among them is the future initiative. what we are doing in that regard is working to ensure that our processes for safety, range operations, support to protect the public, are not inhibitors first in the way that launch providers need to provide the operation but also to reduce the costs that they incur when they come to our national base. part of that effort is to find ways to be able to partner with those commercial activities, to share the cost and also if they have specific desires and needs to help upgrade the infrastructure, to help them do that. we will work with your office and staff to provide you additional details in that regard, but it is a request to make adjustments to the way costs are shared and incurred and investments are allowed with the commercial sector. >> great. i would appreciate if you could foll

i feel talent across the nation in every part of our nation. that's the fantastic thing we have in our nation, talent that we are creating every day s and domestically is fan fastho make particular. how do we tap into the fantastic. how do we tap into this? so we might create the industries of the future? so we might have the impact we desire to have? mod that's not only what we do with these programs havingre ani segmentation effect ofc ensurin that we do much more in terms oe specific technology focus areasa but i would like to seeme thatr will have talent every whereas part of the mainstream of e activities at nsf pushes forward into the future. at the same time also like to make sure that the regional innovation are every where, every where across our nation. and this requires not only this being augmented but mainstream activities of nsf isi going to make all these things possible in all parts of our nation.use o so i'm committed to that and i know that we canin get this don because of all the support that the congress is providing and wil

this is national police week. we're here today to honor the 22,000 brave law enforcement officers who have given the ultimate sacrifice in the line of duty. in 2021, the names are 394 officers killed in the line of duty were added to the national law enforcement officers memorial in washington, d.c. 59 of those brey men and women were from my home state of texas. one of them i knew. fort bend county precinct 4 deputy caleb royal of neville, texas. he tragically lost his life in a friendly fire incident involves one of my own sheriff's deputies may 29, 2020. it is a day i will never forget. caleb is survived by his wife eden and four children, annie, rosalind, mark and lindsay and may god bless them. it's stories like caleb's and the hundreds of other brave law enforcement officers who sacrifice their lives in the line of duty every year who remind us just how dangerous serving in law enforcement is. the focus not only this week but every week should be on their bravery, service, an sacrifice. they damn well deserv

a national conversation about race is not something that happens on tv here and national conversation on race happens at our dinner tables, with our families. we should not expect that the nation will speak on race with our families are not. in the best way for our families and to show our kids that this is normal conversation is to have family over ofno another re to sit around the table. what i like to say to people is, will never geton all the issuesf race on the table -- >> we will leave these remarks from yesterday as the u.s. senate is about to gavel in. last night former

we recognize the national security. in my opinion, the creativity, ingenuity of the american mind is one of our greatest assets. we must leverage that in this endeavor. our people, our guardians are critical to the success of the space force. we are adapting approaches for both civilians and military members alike under the authorities granted by congress. in addition, the recent release of the service will build the networks and prepare and posture them in the service to be more agile and innovative in the future. the u.s. space force will partner with other agencies in the executive branch to support responsible behavior in space. our service is an unprecedented opportunity, our success today not be possible without a passionate and energetic group of guardians, a partnership with the air force and defense. on behalf of general raymond, thank you for this opportunity. i look forward to your questions and concerns. rep. cooper: thank you, general. we will hear from dr. scully's. dr. scalice: i am glad to be here. it is

of two key documents, the national security strategy and the national cyber strategy. the president's guidance will inform our own upcoming defense-level review of the national defense strategy and follow on the department's second ever cyber posture review which will evaluate our ability to execute national departmental-level strategies in cyberspace. we look forward to delivering that to you in congress once they are completed. thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today, and i look forward to members' questions. >> thank you, ms. eoyang. general nakasone, you are now recognized for five minutes. gen. nakasone: chairman langevin, ranking member gallagher and distinguished members of the subcommittee, i'm honored to be here and testify and represent the men and women of u.s. cyber command. three major incidents over the past six months demonstrate the importance of cybersecurity to our nation. well-resourced and sophisticate adversaries are exploiting gaps in the nation's ability to monitor u.s. cyberspace infrastructure while conducting operations from w

see and our nation is looking at it. in oklahoma, many people know about that terrible two-day period when rioters set a community on fire and set our nation back. but i also tell people, you can't understand tulsa and oklahoma unless you understand may 31 and june 1 of 1921. so i worked to develop a curriculum to ensure future generations of oklahomans learn the accurate, historical events of 1921. before we started working on the curriculum, our schools had a mandate to teach the 1921 massacre, but there were no materials to actually use to teach that accurate history. there were no visuals. there's no curriculum. know there are. -- now there are. we've pulled all those altogether and made that resource free to every educators in oklahoma and every educator in america that wants to teach that history accurately. during the same time period five or six years ago, i started working on something called solution sundays. because when i started speaking about six years ago now to individuals all around tulsa understand at s

theth nation faces a very real mastic terrorism threat. the national security agency must ensure they counterterrorism efforts and resources aligned with those threats. a recent report from the fbi and dhs identified ethnically motivated extremist primarily white supremacist. as the most significant national security threat based on data from recent years. while i appreciate the initial steps the biden administration addresseses the threat it is clear there is so much more work to be done. american lives are at risk and we must ensure we are taking all appropriate action to safeguard the american people and protect their fundamental rights as well. i look forward to hearing from are witnesses to bring unique perspective at theoa office of intelligence and analysis to meet our security goals. i have no doubt the committee can work in a nonpartisan way to strengthen homeland security to protect americans from all threats both foreign and domestic. with that i turn it over to the ranking member for comments. >> thank you chairman for holding

was a national travesty. knowing that, it is important to get the facts established and understood to have an opportunity to ensure something like that never happens again. weather by a commissioner others and they leave it to you and your colleagues to the german that. if you look at the 9/11 commission to produce in a bipartisan fashion analysis of what occurred it is the gold standard for how we respond to traumatic events it is the natural place to go. and that's why there is such a strong case to be made and it helps the country and the american people all those who were affected by and it produced a unanimous report nearly all of the recommendations were adopted. we must examine that insurrection with the same level of scrutiny. the democracy is dependent on taking the step i urge all my colleagues to support the commission. i yield back the balance of my time. >> . >> it gave us a diagram to make the country safer with a bipartisan effort hope we can do the same looking at what happened at the capital

our nation. we thank you for your consistent and persistent supports over the years which has enabled us to build the world's greatest air and space forces. as an integrative force our airman and guards i can stand ready reeling able to meet responsibilities to our nation and continue defending the high ground from 300 feet to 300 off the ground we project homeland and defend our democracy. the long-term strategic competition with china and russia demands that we focus on capabilities we need today to win it tomorrow. our nation's competitive strategic advantage rely on air and space superiority which is underpinned by rapid knock logical advancement and extension of space as a war fighting domain. in line with secretary austin priorities to defend the nation, take care of our people and success through teamwork, our fiscal year 2022 budget is the beginning of a journey to the air and space forces of 2030. it builds capabilities that allow the department to modernize while continuing to meet nati

we threats from foreign nations. it is basically our understanding that space is now becoming a war fighting domain. now mr. hill talked about deterrence, which of course is a more difficult thing to accomplish because you're -- it is not just operational, that is effecting the assessment by your adverse your a. but when you talk about deterrence, we talk about resiliency. and we now see threats to space from the ground, threats to space in space, we see if the future maybe threats from the ground from space. so clearly we must change. we're looking to -- ways in which we could also rely on commercial access. one of the things that you think that we need to be doing immediately and how fast, how quickly can be do them, general thompson? >> so,ive turner thanks so much for that. there are a whole host of answers to that question. but certainly in interest of time i'll just limit myself to two. the first is probably the most significant gaps in limitations we've had, are specifically related to the fact that space has

[applause] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2021] [captions performed by national captioningnstitute] announcer: secretary of state anthony blinken testifies at two hearings tuesday on foreign policy priorities and the president's 2022 budget request. live at 10:00 a.m. eastern, he takes questions from the senate appropriation committee and at 2:00 p.m. eastern, from the senate person foreign relations committee. for the week ahead in congress, the senate is in session but no votes expected in the house until mid june. the senate returns monday and continues work on a bill to fund science and technology research that could help the u.s. compete with china and votes on more president biden's nominees including the head of the sisters for medicare and medicaid services and assistant attorney general for civil rights at the justice department. >> it's way more than that. announcer: comcast is partnering with 1,000 community centers to create wi-fi enabled lists so students can get the tools they need to be ready for

the supreme court became a focal point of national interest.ng the death of chief justice winston, earl warren was appointed to succeed him. in 1954, the court reached a verdict by its decision that segregation in schools is unconstitutional. in little rock, arkansas, preparations were being made by the school board for compliance with the court verdict. arkansas's governor ordered the continuance of segregated schools. violence occurred as antiintegrationists prevented the enrollment of negro pupils in all-white schools. in view of continuing resistance, the president served notice that the court decision would be firmly upheld. he ordered federal troops to arkansas for the protection of schoolchildren and the maintenance of law and order. gradually, southern states moved toward acceptance of the legal requirements of the constitution. on january 3rd, 1959, a 49th star was add today the united states flag when the territory of alaska, climaxed a century's efforts to achieve statehood. admission to the union was celebrated in typical alaskan fa

the common goals of each nation have to be found. don't look at the differences, you look at the common goals and you go with that. that is how you end conflict, that is how you build peace. at the end of the war, ike learns, comes back to the lesson that ida had taught him years ago, that hatred is futile. and the cost of hatred itself. when they discover the concentration camps, this is perhaps a water shed front. he's walking through the concentration camp and he's witnessing the culminating effects of all of this hatred and if you look at the photo on the left, if you look at the face, ike's face, i'm hard-pressed to find another picture of him being so angry. that is, you know, we've always grown up seeing the photos of him smiling or having a serious look. that is a look of ultimate anger there and rightfully so. this is what happens when the commonalities of men are ignored. when people disparage the customs and traditions of one another, and when they fail to even try to understand one another, that you have the holocaust. as

defend this nation. it is putting hair trigger on nuclear war. this administration, by going into the star wars system, is going to add a dangerous new escalation. we have to be tough on the soviet union, but i think the american people. >> time is up time is of mr. mondale. >> president reagan your rebuttal. >> yes, my rebuttal once again is that this invention that has just been created here, and how i would go about rolling over for the soviet union, no mr. mondale. my idea would be with that defensive weapon we would sit down with them and then say now you're willing to join us. so give them a demonstration. and then say here is what we can do. now, if you are willing to join us and getting rid of all the nuclear weapons in the world, then we will give you this one so that we will both know that no one can cheat, that we both got something that if somebody tries to cheat, when you keep star warring it i never suggested where the weapons would be, i said and the joint chiefs of staff agreed with me --

as a veteran of the national guard myself and a grateful dad of three members of the national guard, i support eight space force national guard. i am encouraged that reports that this is working towards the creation. they have conducted space operations for the last 25 years and provide the same service or to our space operations that it does to other domains. with that, general thompson, the fiscal year of 2021 authorization act requires the submission of a draft plan to be house and senate armed forces committee. what is the status of the plan and what have they done with this committee? >> thanks so much for that question. i will tell you today that before we even talk about the future, in the past and today, the international guard and reserve have been critical members and parts of the space program for decades. without them, we could not execute our full suite of missions today. we have taken this opportunity however, to look at the guard, reserve and regular constructs and assess whether or not there is an approach we can take that adjust stuff for the future. we have been wor

c-span special history series produced with the national constitution center. exploring human stories and

the nation faces very real and deadly domestic terrorism threats and our national security agencies must ensure the counterterrorism efforts and resources aligned with those threats. primarily white supremacists as the most significant national security threat based on data from recent years and while i appreciate the initial steps that the biden administration has taken to begin the rise of these threats it is clear that there is so much more work to be done. american lives are at risk and we must ensure that we are taking all appropriate actions to safeguard the american people and protect their fundamental rights as well. i look forward to hearing from the witnesses that bring perspectives on how we can improve the office of intelligence and an analysis to meet our security goals. i have no doubt that this committee can work in a nonpartisan way to strengthen our homeland security and protect americans from all threats both foreign and domestic. with that i will turn it over to the ranking member for your opening comments. >> thank you, mr. chairman, and for holding this hearing it is

myriad problems that could have been solved by having a national paid sick days and national paid sick program in place. and workers knew that. voters knew that. asked whether national paid program would've helped them to the pandemic and over one majority suggests and there were no divide really across party lines because everybody was affected by this. this pandemic and has been affected for years before and that's why we've seen high levels of support for both of these policies, 70-80% with very little partisan division over the last decade really. >> thank you. i agree with that. ms. hilaire-finn, you have run a successful child care and preschool business here in washington, d.c. for over 17 years. over the course of that time here, washington, d.c. put in place citywide paid sick days and pay family and medical leave programs. based on your experience with the cities paid leave policies, tell us how you believe a national paid sick family and medical leave policy affects childcare providers and other small businesses. >> thank you, chairwoman for the question. i think a national

we are also at a pivotal time in our nations history. for the first time in decades the united states leadership is facing intense global competition. other nations especially china are investing vast resources into industries of the future like artificial intelligence quantum science and next-generation wireless. the united states needs to take a comprehensive approach to r&d investment in science and engineering and technological innovation to market much more rapidly. doing so requires creating engines of economic development across entire nations and more tightly integrating curiosity driven research and youth inspired outcome. the scientific pursuit of knowledge and understanding cannot be separated from the development of new technological capabilities and the capacity to breakthroughs to innovate to cultivate the industries we cannot even imagine today and inspired the domestic take challenge needed to power a country forward and strengthen the scale. we have captured a bold vision for the agency. we must advance the frontiers of

through her work with the national civic federation women's division. she supported construction of affordable housing to replace the housing that was in alleyways. it was being occupied by many of the city's african-american and immigrant populations. she even invested in the company that built the housing and she supported with that investment until her death. prior to her illness prohibiting her from leaving the white house. she took members of congress and city leaders to the alleys where these individuals were living in squalor and she encouraged them to pass legislation to do something about this housing. in many ways. she established the beginning of the modern first ladies activism by directly focusing on legislative issues and leaving the white house to show policymakers what it was they they needed to be dealing with and finally lou henry hoover who was a trailblazer in many ways. she furthered integration at the white house activities once again through a social event by hosting a tea party but a tea party with very serious civil rights impli

has supported the drafting of the united states nation submission and response to the 2020 united nationsgeneral assembly resolution on reducing space threats through norms and rules an principles of responsible behaviors. from the d.o.d. perspective, united states leadership in the development of a rules-based order for space activities reaps benefit for u.s. civil, commercial, scientific and national security space operators. as space activities worldwide become more prolific and more varied, volunteer nonbinding international norms standards and guidelines of responsible behavior could benefit u.s. national security and foster a conducive environment for growing global space activities. thank you for your time and attention and i look forward to your questions. >> thank you, mr. hill. i appreciate that. i think i would ask members one more time to please mute your microphones. there is still some background noise. and now we'll hear from general widing. >> chairman cooper and chairman castro, ranking member lamborn, ranking member malio talkis and members of the committee, thank you fo

the national archives foundation hosted this event and provided the video. and then in an hour julia schweig on her new book lady bird johnson hiding in plain sight based in large part on mrs. johnson's recorded white house diaries. well, let's jump right in we've got a lot to hear about important topic a first layers, but also something we don't really talk a lot about which is the role in engaging around civil rights and justice issues. so, let me talk to you a little bit about who our speakers are today and we're going to jump right in anita mcbride is an executive in residence in america university in washington dc. she directs the first ladies initiative. she's known to many of you because she was the second term chief of staff or laura bush. she served in the white house and the department of state for george w bush. she's also served in the administration of george hw bush and ronald reagan and is the founding member of the first lady's association for research and education also known as flare our second speaker today nancy keegan smith is the flare

the question of korea became a united nations concern in 1947. the un's efforts to hold supervisory free elections throughout korea were blocked in the north by soviet union. only in the south was a election held. the republic of korea was created. and the national legislature elected with provisions for north korean representation if and when elections could be held. they're sigmund reid became the first president. the elections in the south produce the only legal government in korea. from december 1940, eight the soviet union and you surprised move announced that she had removed her occupation troops from north korea. we found ourselves to be compelled to do the same in the south. except for a small u.s. army advisory group which remained at the request of the korean government. the question of a unified korea remained unanswered. the future of the south korean people was another anxious american concern. north korea's plan for unifying korea was made known to the world in june 20, five i 50, and it was by military invasion. a six divisions of

they were emerging nations. that were trying to sort out their place in global politics pakistan india afghanistan. iran turkey tunisia morocco places such as this eisenhower was was very impressed. by how all his meetings with these leaders went. for example, um since his photograph is up there. i'll use the example of pakistan president ayub khan eisenhower was especially impressed with his bearing and and how he discussed developing. an emerging democracy in the nation of pakistan from the very beginning i conceived for president ayub a warm affection which still endures endures? i have more than once disagreed with his views, but i had no reason to doubt his sincerity. and eisenhower's meetings with leaders throughout these trips. i'm mostly resulted in in similar feelings. it was equally impressed with prime minister nehru of india. private discussions with the charismatic leader led ike to write understanding between our two governments had been deepened. i felt and our ease of communication improved. basi

it is the spine of the nation. on my first memorial day as commander-in-chief, i want to reaffirm my long-standing belief that we may have many obligations in the nation, but we only have one truly sacred obligation, and that is to equip those we send into harm's way with all they need, and care for them and their families when they return home, and when they don't. all of us have a duty to renew our commitment to the fundamental values to our nation, the values that have inspired generation after generation to service, that so many have died to defend. every day, since i was vice president, i have carried a card with the exact number of troops killed in our operations in afghanistan and iraq. not an approximation or around a number, an accounting of every life laid down for our country over the 20 years of war. today, it is 7,036, military members, fallen angels, who have given the last measure of devotion as lincoln termed at in armed conflicts. we will never forget they are the guardians of us, and we are the gu

we are not a nation of open borders. we are a nation of laws. and it is past time the current administration wakes the hell up and remembers that fact. but i won't hold my breath and neither should the american people. democrats have demonstrated right to our faces that they don't care about putting the american people first. members of congress and the american people need to speak up and speak out about the biden border crisis and hold this administration's feet to the fire until they reverse course the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman's time has expired. the chair recognizes the gentleman from texas, mr. cloud, for five minutes. mr. cloud: i ask unanimous consent to address the house. the speaker pro tempore: without objection, the gentleman is recognized. mr. cloud: thank you. mr. speaker, i rise today to advocate for fiscal responsibility as congress seeks to craft a budget. this past year our nation has spent more than $7.6 trillion. that is more than the federal government spent in the first 200 years since our founding. with the federa

this nation was build on an idea. the only nation in the world but on an idea.igion, et cetera. we were built on the idea of liberty. and opportunity for all. we never fully realized that aspiration of our founding. every generation has opened the door a little wider. every generation has opened it wider and wider to be more inclusive. include those who have been excluded before. it's a mission handed down generation to generation. the work of perfecting our union. in 1830, when we were a young nation, this unionist put their interest ahead of the common good. a great senator, daniel webster, rose in the capital to defend the union. to him, we're not just a collection of competing forces but a coherent whole. his cry started across the potomac in the capital, resonates even now. he stood on the floor and he said, liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable, liberty and union. more than 142 years later, when i first came to the united states senate at a time when our country was so deeply divided over vietnam, the struggle of civil rights, the fight o

the national association of colored women. this was not an attempt to deny her own or black women's african heritage. while studying for over two years in europe. she recalled. somebody would say you are rather dark to be an american aren't you? yes, i would explain i am dark because some of my ancestors were africans. i am proud of having the continent of africa as part of my ancestral background. i am an african-american she emphasized that people of her race in the united states had many different shades of skin color ranging from deep black to the fairest white. the word colored allowed her to highlight the harsh reality that those with african heritage in america, especially black women had been raped by white men. for terrell, the word colored was an important reminder of black women's lack of autonomy, but also their insistence on asserting and gaining that autonomy. mary church terrell and her husband the first black municipal court judge in washington dc robert h. terrell were both born enslaved. they were intimately