the scientists at the nimh and niaaa all have early intervention studies going on that are extraordinarily promising. and i think that actually the science should make us a little bit more optimistic about our ability to actually prevent disorders. so, for example, the affordable care act has a nurse-home visitation program as part of it. and that has been studied for 30 years. the first randomized trial was 33 years ago and it showed that you could actually prevent lots of bad things from happening to children as they grew when they lived in at risk households. and similarly, if you treat mothers' depression, mothers of young children, you do things to prevent both substance use disorders from developing, but also a variety of behavioral problems and early schooling. and so i think there is a lot of promise here and i think that that promise is what prompted the act to put in the provisions to make it really easy to access those types of services. also the untreated alcohol and drug problems drive medical costs in unwanted ways. they just drive up all kinds of healthcare costs. this illne