was an education desert, and we see that that is still the case with one of the counties that nicholas hillman talked about. people in my own department actually teach students at the institution that nick hillman identified. we bring a program out to them. so that they can have access to doctoral education and educational leadership and policy studies. and even though i live in a metropolitan area can even though we are located in the metropolitan area we have to reach out to them. we are still held to same standards. texas is one of the 25 or so states with performanc performa. we are still held to the same standards of outcomes as of universities like university of texas at austin us are probably half as many low-income students or fewer, and we serve over twice as many latino students. and i think an important point about the education is there maybe a ripple effect even further away from those region. because institutions in my county, it's not necessary to an education desert but we're trying to make up for what's going on in some of the counties around us. if we also get penalized, and

sylvia hurtado, nicholas hillman, and anne-marie nunez. why don't we start at this end of the panel and have anne-marie go first? >> my paper is co-authored by someone who could not be here today. we focused on how the shortcomings of a post-secondary system could lead to shortchanging hispanic-serving institutions. research indicates there are well documented offenses in student institutional characteristics between hsi's and non-hsi's, so our analysis at the beginning of this paper, in the previous session, we talked about the possibility of adjusting for some of the student and institutional characteristics, and so, in fact, at the beginning of our paper, we find that when we account for student characteristics, financial resources of institutions, policies and institutions that might influence completion, whether or not it institution has an open admissions policy, that the gaps in graduation rates, and so the most commonly used measure being discussed right now to measure institutional performance, the six-your graduation rates, that