nih can de-risk these and the early stages. and then hand them off. >> the nih focus is supposed to be basic research. >> the focus is supposed to be basic research and exploring that basic research to discover the applications that will benefit human health. we are unapologetic about those parts. we're the national institutes of health. to the extent that we have the opportunity to push that agenda , in partnership with the private sector, making it more of foss hilfacile, then we are r jobs. >> error guest is dr. francis collins, director of the national institutes of health. he is a graduate of yale, of the university of north carolina where he got his medical degree and the university of virginia where he got his undergraduate degree. he was former director of the nih national human genome research institute. you were home schooled up until the sixth grade. earlier this year, you founded in institute for religion and science. >> a foundation. >> is there a concern that your named the director of nih when you are an evangeli

"(b) responsibilities of the director of nih.-with respect to each recommendation provided by the board under subparagraph (a)(i), the director of nih shall respond in writing to the board, indicating whether such director will implement such recommendation. in the case that the director of nih indicates a recommendation of the board will not be implemented, such director shall provide an explanation of the reasons for not implementing such recommendation. "(5) meetings.- "(a) in general.-the board shall meet 4 times per calendar year, at the call of the chairperson. "(b) quorum; requirements; limitations.- "(i) quorum.-a quorum shall consist of a total of 13 members of the board, excluding ex-officio members, with diverse representation as described in clause (iii). "(ii) chairperson or vice chairperson.-each meeting of the board shall be attended by either the chairperson or the vice chairperson. "(iii) diverse representation.-at each meeting of the board, there shall be not less than one scientist, one representative of a dise

in 2008, our budget brought to some research at nih went up 25%. in 2009, it will go up much, much more than that because we are seeing this recovery act effort. we have put money specifically into an autism request for application into the recovery act. the only disease-specific request in the recovery act from and i age for this year. we have lots of other things going on with the $10.4 billion but this is the one that has a disease name on it and because we realized that there is an urgent need and there is a tremendous opportunity right now for progress toward we have the tools we need we can start to move quickly. we want to do that over the next two years. >> thank you very much for your efforts and being involved as the director of the institute for mental health. we appreciate you being here this morning and helping us fully understand the challenges we have ahead. >> thank you for your interest and support. >> would like to call our second panel -- we would like to call our said improper if you can stay, we would like you to stay. >> i wou

in 2008 our budget for autism research at nih went up 25%. in 2009 it will go up more than that because we are seeing this recovery act effort and we have put money specifically into an autism request for applications. the only disease specific such requests in the recovery act from nih for this year, we have lots of other things going, this is the one that has a disease name on it because we realize there is an urgent need and equally important, there is a tremendous opportunity right now for progress. we have the tools we need to move quickly. we want to do that over the next two years. >> thank you for your efforts and being involved as director of the institute of mental health. we appreciate your being here to help us fully understand the challenges we have ahead. >> thank you for your interest and support. >> we would like to call our second panel. didn't talk to you earlier about this but if you have time to stay i would appreciate that. if you can stay for a second panel i would appreciate that. >> i would be happy to stay and i want

. >> good morning, everyone, and welcome to nih. i am bill hall. i am with the office of public affairs at the department of health and human services. and i want to welcome you here today for this seminar on for the media and the public on new vaccine, new flu vaccine technologies. we have arranged this session today to offer the media and the public an opportunity to have a little more time to learn about the new technologies that flu vaccine technologies, that our department to a number of our agencies have been working on. as many of you have seen in the news about vaccine, h1n1 vaccine. it has been produced through our tried and true method of using eggs, which has a number of downsides to it, and so we have been working for some time now to develop new technologies, and today's event is a chance to sort of learn about the research that's been going on in both basic and clinical sides, advanced evolved activities that we are working on in order to move this technology along, to build manufacturing capacity, domestically, and to look at the new

i got to hand it to the nih director who manages to lose weight on the job. they usually pack on the pounds. he has answers [unintelligible] he should be an interesting nih director. >> how much does he control? what is the significance of nih when it comes to medical research in general? >> it plays a huge role in laying the foundation for what private sector companies can do to develop drugs. i wanted to ask him about something. he has a background in genetics- based research. is there going to be some sort of slighting of the research of environmental factors in disease. >> we should said that nih is the 800 pound gorilla in medical research. there are about 100,000 graduate students and post-docs running around up there. sending them all to work in washington is not a good idea. there will be unhappy people if the nih budget hits the wall again in two years. it will have to be substantially boosted to keep things going. >> do you see, as being favorable to that? >> they like it. everybody likes medicine. but we are in deficit policy. that makes a very har

. >> good morning everyone, and welcome to nih. i am with the office of public affairs at the department health and human services and i want to welcome you here today for this seminar for the media and public on new vaccine, new flu vaccine technologies. we hever range this session today to offer the media and the public an opportunity to have a little more time to learn about the new technologies that flu vaccine technologies, that our departments three number of our agencies have been working on. as many of you have seen in the news about the vaccine or the age one and one vaccine, it has been produced through our tried and true method of using eggs, which has a number of down sides to it. and so we have been working for some time now to develop new technologies and today's event is a chance to sort of learn about the research that has been going on, advanced development activities that we are working on in order to move this technology along to build manufacturing capacity domestically and to look at the new regulatory signs th

particularly when you're confirming a new nih director. i want to give you some optimism, though, as we talk about autism. in this classroom, in the children, the group of 6, 5 of those children have been blessed to be able to receive intensive behavioral therapy. their families have -- one of the situations they've taken two jobs to afford this therapy and that's not the case with mississippi and. with mississippians the average income is less than $35,000 a year and this therapy runs most of us around over $50,000 a year. so it is impossible for many of the constituents back home to afford the therapy that they know will make their child better. so on behalf of those mississippians, i beg you to look at ways that we can afford intensive behavioral therapy for all children. these children that i mentioned that have received this intensive behavioral therapy -- even at the age of 5, they already are requiring less classroom supports than they would have. it is -- you can see the financial bright spots down the road of investing in early in

, i took the lead with the concurrence of senator harkin which was then in the minority to increase nih funding from 12 to $30 million. and then in the stimulus package to that $10 billion more. and there has been a gap of what we call transformational medicine going from the vents in the laboratory to the bedside. and while i haven't seen the final version of the managers packets, i'm informed that such provision will be a part of the bill. we have a very important measures for preventative care for annual exams which will cut off many chronic illnesses which are so debilitating and so expensive. i have pressed an amendment which is pending to have mandatory jail sentences for at least six months for someone to invade date of $100,000 or more of medicare or medicaid fraud. and jail sentences are a real deterrent. the experience i had as philadelphia's d.a. is when you have a fine and send along the cost of business passed on to the consumers i would ask consent that the statement of the provisions which i briefly summarized, which are very favorable in this bill in the statement of tes

. >> host: release from nih says more than 1.1 million people are estimated to be hiv infected in the united states. someone infected with a fire is every mine and a half minutes, and it's disproportionately affected racial minorities and men who have sex with men and the release points out it's not only a young person's disease. approximately one quarter of hiv-infected adults or at least 50-years-old. and individuals 50 years of age and older account for approximately 10% of all new hiv infections. what is nih's role as we look at hiv and aids compared to other departments, other branches within the department of health and human services? >> guest: if you look at the major groups that are involved in addressing this is the nih, which was the basic and clinical research to develop new drugs, to test them and determine how best to use them. a big challenge of developing a vaccine. a big challenge of developing prevention modalities. the other agencies within hhs like the cbc plays a major role in the surveillance of disease and prevention modalities and making sure that when you have

thank you, nih, bill, for sponsoring this event. and i am happy to talk about how we are working to apply regulatory science, both to increase the available in other current vaccines and future vaccines. and i think safely is a really important bottom line here is part of the answer to that last question. now as you can see here, we're trying to speed things up. this is for people who live in a district of columbia, this is kind of speeding ticket we frequently get. but we want to speed things up also without causing problems or safety issues. we've heard a lot lately about curves and bending curves, and i had wanted to have all the time but i didn't in the last day to prepare a slight. but what i think what we're really trying to do with influenza vaccine, there is a curve as the pandemic occurs, there's a lag that we start to produce a new vaccine. this is true with seasonal vaccine. so there's a spirit of, you know, right now almost about five months before going very, very quickly we can begin to that in the vaccines. so that's

we already know that nih grants are down.tors and people considering going to health care, the bright ones will not go in because all the market incentives will be gone very medical schools are very expensive and i see this as a slippery slope into a government run health care eventually because that is what legislation does once you get it done. host: what kind of health care do you have? caller: have healthcare with an employer. i am happy with it but under this bill, our health care will be very much tact. we will be paying extra tax. we already pay a lot of tax. host: it is a -- is a so-called cadillac plan? caller: no, but because of what is being put in their in this bill as i understand it, many people who have anything that is a good health care plan will have to pay taxes on the health care they are receiving. the only thing standing between us and this socialized medicine which will come down the road once this is passed, in my opinion, to stand there is now on the floor, i know they have cspan on their offices and

we take an and off for the,nih and some of the department of defense and early and research and early advance development and we do acquisition and stockpiling and work with our partners at,cvc on the storage and maintenance of that and work with them to make sure it's deployed and utilized. fda has oversight of all of this. we have the defense science board that offers an overlook of decisions going forward. this is all part of the public health counter measure enterprise which is a governing body within the department and within the u.s. government for counter measure development. as pointed out earlier, this is a long continuum for development. this pipeline we see many products that candidates have to be invented basically. and then they have to go through so you actually get one or two at the end. where we work with partners atnih and department of defense. once products move out of phase one there's an and off there. there's a dotted line because as carole pointed out,nih works past this and in some instances we go earlier. but we have a very fine transition there. that actual b

and how nih may be affected by the bill making its way through congress. newsmakers airs sunday at 10:00 a.m. eastern and 6:00 p.m. eastern on c-span treated -- on c-span. monday, an update by blair 1 levin. >> and now, a house subcommittee on how cyberspace is being used by terrorist groups to spread their message. the subcommittee on terrorism and unconventional threats is chaired by adam smith of washington. it is about one hour 5 minutes. >> what some. i appreciate everyone being here this afternoon. i think we have about an hour block to go through. i will make a few opening remarks and then turn it over to questions. i really appreciate the doctors being with us. several of us on the committee have been briefed a couple of times of what has been going on in cyberspace in regards to al qaeda. it is a very extensive part of the battlefield but i think that too few people on our side are aware of. al qaeda is on the internet, aggressively recruiting and trying to radicalize people and spreading their message and they're viable -- their violent papal mes

. >> release from nih, more than 1.1 million people are hiv infected in the united states.sin teched with the virus every nine 1/2 minutes. disproportionately effecting racial minorities and men who have sex with men. it is not only young person's disease. approximately one quarter of hiv-infected adults in u.s. are 50 years old. they account for 10% of of all new hiv infections. what is nih's role as we look at hiv and aids compared to other department, other branches within the department of health and human services? >> well, if you look at major groups involved in addressing this, it is nih which does the basic and clinical research to develop new drugs to test them and determine how best to use them. big challenge of developing a vaccine, big challenge of the developing prevention modalities. the other agencies within hhs, like cdc, plays a major role in surveillance of disease, in prevention modalities and making sure that when you have disease that is predominant in certain area, that you educate them, that you get public health programs implemented. the fda, which i

francis collins on the latest developments in stem cell research, the future of genome technology and how nihaffected by the healthcare bill making its way through congress. he is interviewed by reporters from usa today and c.q. weekly.com. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2009] cheer clear next, broadband expansion in the united states and blair levine is back at the federal communications commission, this time as the omnibus broadband initiative executive director, and he is our guest this week on "the communictors." amy schotts of the wall street journal is joining in on the questioning. mr. levine, we're about 50-odd days away from the national broadband plan being presented to congress. can you give us a status update on that report? >> sure. as we set out in july, we have been getting status updates all along. in september, we laid out for the f.c.c. where we thought the state of broad broadband was in the united states. in november, we looked at the problems we needed to deal with. a couple weeks ago we looked at

three more minutes. >> without objection. >> senator mikulski said if you look at the research done at nih it is all done on men and women. and i remember that some years ago when all of a sudden the light bulb went off in my head and i said you're right. so we have to start changing the focus of a lot of the research done to focus on the unique situation faced by women. well, this is also a concern that was raised in a house committee by senator mikulski and we included language to require all health plans to govern comprehensive women's government cared and screenings based on guidelines promulgated by the health resources and services administration. again, without any co-pays or deductibles. that was in our house bill, but unfortunately it was not included in the merged bill. but senator mikulski's amendment, which we are about to vote on brings us right to the position that we had on the health committee bill. that was largely, i think, supported if i'm not mistaken on both sides at least in our health committee. at least no one offered any amendment to strike it. i assume it was supp

francis collins on the latest developments in stem cell research, the future of genome technology and how nih may be affected by the healthcare bill making its way through congress. dr. collins interviewed by reporters from usa today and cq weekly.com. it airs at 6:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. eastern on c-span. >> good morning, everyone. today the judiciary committee is holding a second hearing on real authorize ition on the groundbreaking justice for all act, and the justice for all act includes the debbie smith rape kit reduction act, authorizing significant funding to reduce the backlog of untested rape kits so victims do not have to live in fear and we have seen this happening around the country. now we're going to examine some disturbing reports that despite the important progress we've made tone sure justice for rape victims, in too many jurisdictions, large numbers of kits continue to sit untested. when d.n.a. evidence taken from rape victims can be iewbsed to find and convict criminals and instead it sits on a shelf and rape victims are victimized once again and our communities become more

self-regulatory approaches were needed for industry, and those are similar in spirit to those of the niht of those principles is in weeks. and we're very much supportive of those efforts, and i think that they're very much part of a trend of a momentum towards exactly what the ftc called for in terms of a very vigorous engagement. >> thank you very much. ms. wong, i would love to ask you a question regarding your comments or support of establishing a uniform online and offline framework for privacy. i would love to have you clarify what uniform means, and does it mean that it should apply to all entities and engage in collecting or using and sharing online information whether they are high as peas or application providers? should it be straight -- isp 's or application providers? >> google in a number of the folks at the table here been working hard to think about federal comprehensive privacy legislation, and if i were to encourage the committee to do anything, i think it is backing something like that because our history on privacy legislation has been trying to sectorally trying to re

one is a steady the but nih and autism speaks are finding, which is following a court of @ risk infants. these are infants that have a higher chance of doping autism because they have a sibling with autism. we know that -- of developing autism because they have a sibling with autism. we know that there are parents that are choosing to vaccinate and those that are not. it is important that we leverage those studies to know how vaccinations affect the outcome for genetically at risk infants. the other study is the national institutes of health national children study. this is a cohort of 100,000 children that are being studied from conception through adulthood. keep in mind that 600 individuals in that court will develop and autism spectrum this order based on current estimates. one of the weaknesses in the design and autism speaks is -- and artisans beach is overseeing the cattle that i is devising the national study -- and autism speaks is overseeing the study, but one of the witnesses that is in the design -- weaknesses that is in the design is they are not collecting medical records o

francis collins on the latest developments in stem cell research, the future of genome technology and how nih may be affected by the healthcare bill making its way through congress. he is interviewed by reporters from usa today and c.q. weekly.com. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2009] cheer clear next, broadband expansion in the united states and blair levine is back at the federal communications commission, this time as the omnibus broadband initiative executive director, and he is our guest this week on "the communictors." amy schotts of the wall street journal is joining in on the questioning. mr. levine, we're about 50-odd days away from the national broadband plan being presented to congress. can you give us a status update on that report? >> sure. as we set out in july, we have been getting status updates all along. in september, we laid out for the f.c.c. where we thought the state of broad broadband was in the united states. in november, we looked at the problems we needed to deal with. a couple weeks ago we l

my co-author nih bring a distinct perspectives.an engineer by training -- my co-author and i bring distinct perspectives. john is an engineer by training. hewe found that while there were different, the initiatives followed a predictable path, a series of steps that we called the journey to success. to have a happy ending, the following must occur. you must have a good idea. you must have and implementable design. it must win approval when it goes through the legislature. recall that started. -- we call that start datgate. it is because you go from one universe to another universe better radically different places. by simply visualizing this as a map, that would help. i am a consultant. my perspective is different. consultants are often called in when an initiative is in the ditch and they need to get it out of it. i am also a bit of a pessimist. this map, while technically correct, it does not reflect the real world that i see every date of government and government initiatives. attend to look and all the possible problems and spe

on december 21, francis collins in the, the director of the nih will discuss medical research and new horizons for human health. i like to present both of our guests with a traditional and must coveted npc mug. [applause] >> grover, did you get this? >> he does not seem to havethu thumbs, so i will give this to you. i have two for you. how often do you get upstaged by bob betz, and who is your favorite muppet? >> the answer is often, and grover. >> good answer. >> thank you. i have been abused by moppets around the world. it is a wonderful job, and i hope we can continue to work with great colleagues to do great things for kids. [applause] >> i would like to thank all of you for coming today, especially the young folks an audience that gave us such terrific questions for grover. i like to thank the staff members, melinda cook, pat nelson, and joanne for organizing the luncheon. the video archive is provided by the national press club's broadcast operations center. we are available for download onitunes and our -- 9oon itunes and our

on december 21, francis collins in the, the director of the nih will discuss medical research and new horizons for human health. i like to present both of our guests with a traditional and must coveted npc mug. [applause] >> grover, did you get this? >> he does not seem to havethu thumbs, so i will give this to you. i have two for you. how often do you get upstaged by bob betz, and who is your favorite muppet? >> the answer is often, and grover. >> good answer. >> thank you. i have been abused by moppets around the world. it is a wonderful job, and i hope we can continue to work with great colleagues to do great things for kids. [applause] >> i would like to thank all of you for coming today, especially the young folks an audience that gave us such terrific questions for grover. i like to thank the staff members, melinda cook, pat nelson, and joanne for organizing the luncheon. the video archive is provided by the national press club's broadcast operations center. we are available for download onitunes and our -- 9o

then thanks to a bipartisan effort and nih, women of the senate supported by the good guys in the senate were able to get that type of screening for women, get that the valuation, know that the manifest system is different than the guys do in that we are on their way to detection if you can afford to have a doctor and if you can afford to have the screening. my amendment also guarantees screening for breast cancer, guests for mammograms. we don't mandate that you have a at age 40. what we say is discussed this with your doctor but if your doctor says you need one you are going to get one. studies have found screenings decreases breast cancer among women by over 40%. regular pap smears reduce cervical cancer by 40%. this year over 4,000 women will die of cervical cancer. so, my amendment does focus on women's health. keeping a woman held the not only impact all like that for family. it impacts our ability to care for her child or an aging parent. early detection saves money by treating diseases early. screening test for and cervical cancer cost about $150 but the treating of advanced brea

on december 21, francis collins in the, the director of the nih will discuss medical research and new horizons for human health. i like to present both of our guests with a traditional and must coveted npc mug. [applause] >> grover, did you get this? >> he does not seem to havethu thumbs, so i will give this to you. i have two for you. how often do you get upstaged by bob betz, and who is your favorite muppet? >> the answer is often, and grover. >> good answer. >> thank you. i have been abused by moppets around the world. it is a wonderful job, and i hope we can continue to work with great colleagues to do great things for kids. [applause] >> i would like to thank all of you for coming today, especially the young folks an audience that gave us such terrific questions for grover. i like to thank the staff members, melinda cook, pat nelson, and joanne for organizing the luncheon. the video archive is provided by the national press club's broadcast operations center. we are available for download onitunes and our -- 9oon itunes and our website. you can also email us at archives@press.org

recommendations about the use of mammography and breast self exams have been revisited by the task force or nihor any member of cancer related research or advocacy groups. just as we have seen with prostate cancer screening immunization schedules and even last week cervical cancer screening as well as numerous other services new information or interpretations of old information often result in a change in what the experts tell us works s all or works most effectively at all. this is how it is supposed to be. as a science of medicine involves so too should the recommendations on the best use of that science. i believe that is what the u.s. preventive services task force set out to do in making a review of its 2002 mammography guidelines to take a fresh look at what has been learned over the past several years and based upon the body of work to provide its best professional judgment on but to doctors and their patients should consider when they are making decisions about breast cancer screenings. while that may be contentious i have no doubt it was driven by science and by the interpretation of s

recommendations about the use of mammography and breast self exams have been revisited by the task force or nih or any member of cancer related research or advocacy groups. just as we have seen with prostate cancer screening immunization schedules and even last week cervical cancer screening as well as numerous other services new information or interpretations of old information often result in a change in what the experts tell us works s all or works most effectively at all. this is how it is supposed to be. as a science of medicine involves so too should the recommendations on the best use of that science. i believe that is what the u.s. preventive services task force set out to do in making a review of its 2002 mammography guidelines to take a fresh look at what has been learned over the past several years and based upon the body of work to provide its best professional judgment on but to doctors and their patients should consider when they are making decisions about breast cancer screenings. while that may be contentious i have no doubt it was driven by science and by the interpretation of

we ask nih to help us with the advancement they've made on screening technology. us also double our efforts on behalf of 1/3 of women who are not being screened due to lack of access, education, or awareness. we partner closely with the cdc early detection program to fund free clinics and mobile vans. half of eligible women for this program do not receive screening. that's a disturbing finding that underscores the need for affordable insurance to eliminate the health disparities. it would prevent insurance companies from denying coverage, protect patients from high out-of-pocket cost. and in light of the new task force recommendations, however, we must ensure that women ages 40 to 49 will have access to same coverage and cost-sharing benefits. even a relatively small copayment reduces mammography rates. we do understand that hr3962 willeeuate a new entity which would not be bound by the task forces guidelines, and that the bill does not exclude services that are not rated a and b. we understand the task force recommend are a floor not a ceiling. women in the 40-49

collins, m.d., phd and director of nih will discuss biomedical research, new horizons for human health on january 11, richard, newly elected president of the afl-cio will discuss major domestic legislative initiatives. and second, i would like to present our guest with the traditional and much coveted nbc coffee mug. [laughter] [applause] >> i need is. thank you very much. >> all right. something to wake up early in the morning with. so, here's your last question. knowing the economy was on the verge of collapse and you would be in the hot seat, what persuaded you to take this job? did president obama make any specific pledges regarding the ncaa small business and how did you get on his radar screen? >> well, i actually had a job interview about a year ago, maybe today, and i went out to see the president. i was on the transition team. and what i realized, and i told you the economy was in a meltdown, i have a passion for small business. this president really cares about small businesses. and i was out at in landover maryland. we did an event where we were at a small business and the p

in 1997, and nih conference recommend against routine screening of women under the age of 50, but political and outside organizational pushback, not evidence, torpedoed that recommendation. so in fact we have known issues with screenings for decades but we also know that 40000 women will die of breast cancer this year, tens of of people in this country are uninsured, many, many millions lack access to quality care. we now have a great deal of work to do to fix the situation. we know that breast cancer is a complex disease. while we have learned more about the biology's of the disease, in the four decades since mammography screening programs have been instituted, we have not yet learned how to detect life-threatening breast cancer at a point where we can make a difference how to cure it for every woman, how to prevent it. given all this, we were frankly stunned at the reaction of the media, and many in the cancer community, and in government to the task force recordation. the task force is a body of the right expert who look carefully at updated evidence, and objectively made recommendations

nih says about 12% to 13% of people use drugs. the crime, almost 60% 12% of people to the crime, 60% to the time. this makes a lot of people lose respect for the law. in my criminal law scholar leaving which i would say that the law has lost its deterrent effect. so, when so many people acknowledge that this crack/powder disparity includes even president bush, president clinton, president obama, when the sentencing group advises congress on this law and says the disparity is unfair and congress still does not appear to listen, the law does not change. the law is having these devastating effects on families and neighborhoods. people get discouraged. it makes some people in these communities distrust the police, prosecutors, and the lawmakers. these are the people that need smart law-enforcement the most. when we equalize the sentences, everybody wins. and communities that have responsibly reduced the prison population -- and most often they do that by reducing sentences for non-violent drug offenders and letting some nonviolent dru

collins, n.d., ph.d., director of nih, will discuss biomedical research, new horizons for human healthon january 11, richard trumka, newly elected president of the afl-cio, will discuss major legislative domestic initiatives. second, i would like to present our guest with the traditional and much coveted npc coffee mug. >> i need this. thank you very much. i am delighted. thank you. >> something to wake up early in the morning with. so, here is your last question. knowing the economy was on the verge of collapse and you would be in the hot seat, what persuaded you to take this job? did president obama make any specific pledges regarding the sba and small businesses, and how did you get on his radar screen? >> well, i actually had a job interview about a year ago, maybe today. i was on the transition team, and what i realized -- and i told you the economy was in a meltdown. i have a passion for small business. this president really cares about small-business. and i was out at the -- in landover, maryland, we did an event where we were at a small business and the present was talking and