nixon.ted by john f. kennedy in 1960, and for governor of california in 1962, he seemed finished that was all but forgotten. but in less than two years, he was on his way again, toward one of the most important offices in the world. there are two clues to this modern political miracle. in his origins on a farm in yorba linda, california, and in statements where he has expressed his concepts on the role of the presidency and his views on the position of government. ♪ in discussing his new administration, richard nixon stated, the presidency is a place where priorities are set and goals determined. the president's chief function is to lead to put the right , people in charge, provide them with guidance and direction, and let them do their job. ♪ at the moment of his great electoral triumph, he told the american people, the great --ective administration objective of this administration at the outset will be to bring the american people together. this will be an open administration, open to men

nixon. more able of make -- to make something of the office and off himself. as the 1954 congressional elections approached, nixon confided to a friend he was bone tired. it was taking its toll. he wanted to campaign for every republican candidate in the country. for the campaign ended, nixon had been in 31 states working harder than others -- for other republicans that he had ever worked for himself. -- then he had ever worked for himself. faced the tests nixon none was more crucial that his conduct of the american government during president eisenhower's illnesses in office. before the first illness ,ike has spoken well of his vice president. afterward he said that no man was better prepared than richard nixon to carry out the duties of the presidency. so skillfully had nixon stepped into the void without the appearance of taking over, that national security and order were never in doubt. business ofime, the government will continue as usual. under an administration which has been organize

to see nixon with mrs. nixon and dignitaries from the chinese and the american governments on the great wall was a spectacular and amazing sight. in 1973 the war between israel and its arab neighbors, something we're going to get into in more detail, led to the first gasoline crisis in the 1970s. henry kissinger was right in the midst of negotiating a diplomatic solution to this crisis and he developed a technique called shuttled diplomacy in which in his own play he was going back and forth between israel and egypt. he is speaking with the egyptian leaders and making trips to saudi arabia and damascus. and this exhausting back and forth laid the groundwork for the treaty which was going to be signed in a subsequent administration in '79 between egypt and israel against something that had been unimaginable a few years previously in which kissinger helped to bring about. here is a typical cartoon from the time. i think the way to interpret the cartoon is like this, the mideast is like a bomb, it's a about to

it backfired on nixon. because rogers would often times not defend nixon's policies with -- but would cater to the attitudes of congress and the attitude within the press. often times they support policies that contradicted nixon stances. there was a pattern -- a power struggle that ensued between the state department and the white house. very little cooperation. nixon would exclude rogers from negotiations. he had a lot of negotiations that went through the white house. they were typically back channels for diplomacy, but became the standard for interacting with foreign governments. he did not keep rogers in the loop. kissinger's secret trip to china , rogers did not know about it until kissinger was already on the way. which was interesting. they would say different things before and after. they were each other. kissinger says the soviet union was even able to foresee that, they were not on the same page. prof. allitt: that's right. exactly. at one point kissinger says ideally, the secretary of state shou

nixon really did have a doctrine. the nixon-kissinger doctrine. what it was was effectively a rejection of containment. we talked a while back about the idea of containment, that the united states could contain communism everywhere. this is how the united states got involved in these wars, including with vietnam, which turned out not to be a little war at all. the nixon doctrine announced that although america would reward its friends with economic aid and even with weapon sales, that it was no longer going to dedicate its own troops to combat communist growth anywhere in the world. mainly in asia, africa, and latin america. it would send money, it would send weapons, it might send advisors, that is how we got into vietnam in the first place. that was maybe not a good idea. they were not going to send american troops to fight other people's wars. he had, at the same time, a three-pronged approach to end the war honorably. no one wants to end a war dishonorably. i think pretty much everybody was on board for ending the war honorably. this meant try

nixon saw as a great plus.it meant that rogers was not going to enforce the will of the state department and that foreign policy would be controlled by the national security council. nixon intended that the policy direction would remain in the white house. the consequences of this, where that kissinger enhance the influence of the state department and the press and actually sort of backfired because rodgers oftentimes was not a fan of nixon's policies but tailored that attitude of congress in the attitudes of the press. which oftentimes he supported the policies that actually contradicted nixon's stances. they were sort of a power struggle that ensued between the state department in the white house, and there were very little cooperation, and nixon would exclude rodgers from negotiations, he had a lot of negotiations that went through the white house. that would typically be in back channels for diplomacy, but it became the standard for interacting in foreign governments. he did not keep rodgers in the loop. ki

nixon saw as a great plus. it meant rogers would not enforce the will of the state department and that foreign policy will largely be controlled by the national security council. nixon intended -- a quote from the reading -- policy direction would remain within the white house. the consequences of this were that kissinger said this appointment enhanced the influence of the state department and the press and backfired on nixon. because rogers would often times not defend nixon's policies with but would cater to the attitudes of congress and the attitude within the press. oftentimes, he supported policies that actually contradicted nixon stances. there was a power struggle that ensued between the state department and the white house. very little cooperation. nixon would exclude rogers from negotiations. he had a lot of negotiations that went through the white house that were typically back channels for diplomacy, but became the standard for interacting with foreign governments. he did not keep rogers in the loop.

or ford once he became president could pardon nixon, could ford pardon him even before nixon had beened with a crime? as far as buzzhardt could determine under the presidential pardon powers, ford could and indeed ford did. richard nixon's pardon covered every day of his presidency. donald trump's pardon will surely use the nixon pardon as a template but will cover a much longer period of time in donald trump's pass. president nixon's son-in-law edward cox was, quote, worried about the president's mental health. the president was not sleeping and had been drinking. the man couldn't take it much longer. the president had been acting irrationally. the president was up walking the halls last night, talking to pictures of former presidents, giving speeches and talking to the pictures on the wall. and then there is the most memorable scene of all in the final days on the night before president nixon announced his resignation to the world, he was alone in the white house with secretary of state henry kissinger. quote, the president broke down and sobbed. nixon got down on his knees, kissing

in that sense i do think the foreign policy in the first nixon years was nixon's foreign policy. i think kissinger, to borrow the argument, i think he tuned himself into nixon and it advocates more forceful measures as he did on the korean shoot down of an american spy plane in 1969. i do think that is something about, particularly in the first years, in which kissinger did and often times to read nixon as a part of enhancing his own prestige and importance. unlike the secretary of state it was a constituent of one president and i think kissinger was very aware of that. to a certain extent he did advocate policies that played into some of nixon's own inclinations towards the use of force. specifically on laos, i do think that was one where kissinger was persuaded that some type of use of force could strengthen the negotiating situation that was still -- and his memoirs was for that. how much responsibility? i think it's there. i think that kissinger's role on a number of these issues does give him a certain level of responsibility. kissinger learned not to doubt himself. kissinge

with vice president nixon is his wife pat.introduces her to the people and then speaks of his program. he speaks of the progress of these past eight years and the need for keeping experienced leaders at the helm of the nation. in their travels, the candidates visit american indian communities. seeking their votes. they meet with people in all parts of the country with easygoing informality and with a sense of humor. beginning in hawaii in the sunny first weeks of september the campaign stretches into early november when the first snow starts to fall in the eastern states of pennsylvania and new york. by this time, the issues of the campaign have been made clear. tuesday, november 8th is election day all over the country. streets and buildings are decked with flags. the campaign clamor has died down. and given way to quiet reflection. ♪ in all the 50 states of the union this is a legal holiday. many places are business are closed. the people are urged to exercise their right to vote. beginning in the morning hours they line up

. ♪ nixon was choice for the republican party.rved as vice president of the united states since 1953. now, he was a candidate for the presidency. his vice presidential running mate, ambassador henry cabot lodge. as the campaign gets underway, the presidential candidates meet face-to-face in television debates seen and heard by thousands of people, the same people who will decide which of these two men shall lead the country for the next four years. but personal contact with the people is still an essential feature of an american presidential campaign. senator kennedy, a tireless campaigner, goes to all sections of the country, spelling out his views of domestic and foreign policy. on foreign policy, the overriding issue is the maintenance of peace and making the challenge of the international situation. on domestic affairs, he stresses the government's role in meeting economic and social problems. [applause] senator kennedy's wife, jacqueline, has to limit her campaign appearances because she is expecting a child. but still, she i

nixon appear before their royal supporters.he scene is broadcast on television screens all across america. the presidential candidate makes his statement. >> i want to say that we have political contests. they are very hard fought as this one is hard fought, and once the decision is made, we unite behind the man that is elected. i want you all to know -- [ applause ] >> i want senator kennedy to know and i want all of you to know that certainly if this trend does continue and he does become our next president that he will have my wholehearted support. [ applause ] >> it is in the best tradition of american politics rising above his own personal disappointment. vice president nixon has shown to his support. as the night wears on, deserted chairs are the symbol of discouragement. but the popular vote is still dramatically close. in the end, it will be a narrow victory in minnesota that will give senator kennedy a sure hold on the electoral vote of the states. as morning comes to the cities of the eastern states, the newspaper's h

nixon appear before the loyal supporters. the scene is broadcast on television screens all over america. the presidential candidate of the republican party makes his statement. >> i want to say that one of the great features of america, is that we have -- and once the decision is made, we unite behind the man who is elected. i want all of you to know, i want i want senator kennedy to know, and i won all of you to know certainly if this trend does continue, and he does become our next president, he will have my whole support and everyone here. >> is in the best tradition of american politics, rising above his own personal disappointment, vice president nixon as shown the way to his supporters. he is asked that in the event of senator kennedy's victory the nation unite behind this new president. as the night wears on, deserted chairs are dissemble discouragement and headquarters. the popular vote is still dramatically close. in the end, it will be a narrow victory in minnesota, will give senator kennedy assure hold of the elect

richard nixon covered up the pool. use the word "cover-up," because that's what it was and it seemed to be his mo, covering up. what he did is he gave the press a theater style setting for daily briefings. and it really changed the operation of the white house press corps. moving out of closer proximity to the oval office. which was one of the reasons he did that, but also giving them a state-of-the-art facility and television broadcasting to allow more to be allowed in the daily coverage of the white house. it also created a briefing room. which we know too well today. think, when we see those briefings that they are standing over the old swimming poor that roosevelt used to swim in for rehabilitation and lyndon johnson used to take reporters in for nude swimming. "look" magazine reporters and others. nixon ended swimming and replaced it with a pool with a cover. susan: i know that you spoke to president bill clinton from your notes and newt gingrich, who they famously squared after in the clinton presidency. i will a

>> nixon was way smarter. [laughing] nixon had a much better sense of power. i mean, say what you will about richard nixon, but he understood american foreign policy. he had been vice president for eight years under dwight eisenhower, possibly the most masterful president in foreign policy in the years since world war ii. he had been all over the world. she knew things. donald trump is richard nixon on twitter minus 50 iq points. >> richard nixon on twitter would actually be a really fascinating -- >> i know. >> -- wonderful thing to try to play out. he actually does seem like he would take to it during the same dark night hours that donald trump does. >> richard nixon on twitter would be something to behold. >> so, rachel, i'm fine diving into the chat and start to take some questions. >> go right ahead if you would like you. or we are happy to pull it out for you if you'd rather have us take care of that. >> anyone of you are out there and have a comment, long or short, just let us know in the chat and we would love open up this conversation. kate asks the f

imagine being in the shoes of richard nixon.e had a well earned reputation as a communist buster, one of the premier communist busters in america, and all encompass democrat from massachusetts suggesting that richard nixon was not anti-communist enough. it was galling. kennedy somehow managed to outflank nixon with anti-communist talk. the best example occurred in one of the television debates. not the first, the one that is most famous, but the fourth debate. this was most important in the campaign. it offered a glimpse to the wonderful strangeness that was richard nixon. kennedy came out in the press previous day about a statement on cuba. in the statement, kennedy suggested the eisenhower administration was negligent about castro, and they ought to find some way to help anti-castro cubans take up arms against castro. this is exactly what the eisenhower administration was trying to do. when nixon saw this in the newspapers, he was outraged. somebody in the cia, he thought, misstep told kennedy about the cia's plan. -- must hav

if so, how old he have been richard nixon in 1960? lodge did look older like the grandfatherly eisenhower than the youthful nixon during that race. you know, for this kid who grew up in the midwest, lodge has when this names you knew is important but you did not know why. for many the misunderstanding is compounded by the fact that henry cabot lodge junior was named not for his father who died when cabot is he known was young. but his grandfather. and in addition, there are so many cabot and lodges especially in the northeast and family traditions are such that certain first names like henry repeat through multiple generations of the family tree. this is a book i never planned to write. as a writer there are things you spend a lot of time on, but they never quite gained traction. then there are things you have no plan to write that come together relatively easily. this book is in the latter category. in early 2015 the executive editor of yale university press of who would go on to become my editor called me to it ask what i knew about

but those who listened to the first debate on radio thought nixon won. those who watched it on tv, felt kennedy won. so the appearances were really important. so after that, there were no more presidential debates for a while. part of it was something called the fairness doctrine that says if a station licensed by the federal communications commission gives a candidate time on the air, they have to give their opponent equal time. and so in 1964, lyndon johnson was not anxious to debating. he had a huge lead. he didn't really want to debate barry goldwater and they could rely on this fairness doctrine to say, there's no way to do it. there's ten people running for president. you have all of the minor party candidates and so forth, and it's just not practical. so he was able to dodge it successfully. in 1968 when nixon was running again from his experience in 1960, he was not too anxious to debate now. he kind of learned his lesson. in '68 and '72, nixon was on the top of the ticket for the republicans. and so this kind of stopped presidential debates. it

hisessor allitt and students discuss nixon's memoir, recounting his activities during nixon's first termy university provided this video. >> today's class is about president richard nixon and his national security advisor henry kissinger. in some ways, nixon is one of the most brilliant people to occupy the white house. he had an incredible political gift. broad streak of paranoia and was mistrustful, sometimes worked against the instruments of government like the state department and in the end ruined himself by bringing about his own catastrophic downfall in the watergate scandal of 1972 to 1974. so we are going to look at the good and the bad side of the nixon presidency and his partnership with kissinger. the screen sohare that we can look at powerpoint pictures as we go through the sequence. himself.esident nixon he had been born in 1913.

donald trump is richard nixon on twittetwitter minus 50 iq point. >> richard nixon on twitter would be a fascinating thing to try to play out. he actually does seem like he would take to it. i am fine diving into the chat to take some questions. >> go right ahead if you like to. we are happy to. >> if you are out there and have a comment, long or short, just let us know in the chat and we would love to open up this conversation. kate asks the first question which i'm told he's not only morally bankrupt but has multiple bankruptcy filings himself. how does he continue funding his business ventures? >> through the skillful manipulation of debt and with the help that remains mysterious of one of the most suspect banks deutsche bank. that's all i can tell you about that. >> talk to us a little bit about the doctrine and what you learned about it in the course of the book and what america should know about it. >> he was a soviet and russian general and in short it was crystallized and something he wrote years ago that all warfare is based on deception and will be decided by information, inf

he focuses on nixon and kissinger's attempts to stop relations with the soviet union which result in the first arms-control treaty between the countries. he also talks about their diplomatic overtures towards china including nixon's visit in 1972, which reestablished official communications with the communist nation for the first time in 25 years. later in the class the professor and students talk about kissinger's 1979 memoir recounting his activities during nixon's first term.

at least nixon talked a good game. these are the words of richard nixon. wrote inesident nixon the 1960 election if he were to demand a recount the organization of the new administration and an orderly transfer of responsibility from old to new might be delayed for months. the situation within the federal government would be chaotic. those in the old administration would not know how to act or with what clear powers and responsibilities those appointed by john kennedy to positions in the new administration would have the same difficulty making plans. to the bitterness that would be engendered by such a maneuver on my part what my -- would have done incalculable and lasting damage throughout the country. i could think of no worse example for nations abroad who were trying to put pre-electoral procedures into effect than that of the united states wrangling over the results of our presidential election and even suggesting that the presidency itself could be stolen by thievery at the ballot box. the words of richard nixon on his -- on the 1960 election. a fant

you wrote a biography and richard nixon. now a lot of lot of sort of the meat of the modern frame of "the folly and the glory"'s donald trump. i'm wondering is a historian who taught deeply about these two men, two of the three presidents who have i guess four presidents who faced impeachment. what stands out to you and patty see the mouse and different and as of the same. tim: there is a line that runs from richard nixon to donald trump. and that linus roy combs. john mccarthy's counsel during the carthy time. as protective, and it was against stiff competition possibly the most crooked lawyers in the united states for any years. was utterly immoral and ruthless. and in some of that ruthlessness, into both richard nixon and donald trump who he also canceled. for the last decade. there's a shamelessness in the work of roy combs. and interviews the political lives of both richard accident donald trump. eight shamelessness and recklessness. garrett: do you see them, will how do you see them as different . sort of what, which o

and nixon felt safe with this. i'm sure. and with her history, you know, you want to recall and he jumped out. he was that day. if i could take you to happier moments in a presidential town that the famous picture you took with the reagans. astonishing picture of, of them dancing on a picture. i understand which i used to say of the very famous magazine. you know, far, vanity fair and new. i'm going to close the magazine for i'm about to say to you, is it complete so big? because that picture saved vanity fair. i mean, this is documented, shine, you have, you know, known, was going to close a magazine and she number and me as a child, went to him and same woman got this thing coming out of the reagans and i'm sure it's going to sell a lot of copies and it did, and i got the reagan to dance, and the magazine was sold out. that was a picture of a presidential couple very much in love, of course. yet another famous picture of a presidential couple. the picture of the clintons kiss though you have to ask, was that put on for the

stands, neither nixon or kennedy were given credit for any popular votes cast in alabama, and nixon was lost out of 11 electoral votes in alabama and another seven or eight in mississippi were something similar happened. nixon probably won the popular vote i quite a bit in 1960, but he still would have lost the electoral college. in 2000, most of you know how gore won the popular vote but lost to bush with the florida votes disputed. if any of you followed what happened in 2000, not only did al gore win the popular vote, he may very well have won florida as well, but the recount was halted by the supreme court. we will never actually know who recount ends up being decisive because it could've swung electoral college .otes in either direction if it was a 19th century they probably would have thrown out all the ballots and congress probably would have made a decision. you probably would have ended up with the same outcome, in that republicans had the majority in the house. the wayld have carried and installed george w. bush as president. unlike the 19th century, politicians today are far-

captioning performed by vitac captioning performed by vitac richard nixon is our freddy krueger. this is the normal set of terms. you have not done that. you have wrichb the book with historical context of research but also understanding that kissinger knew what we know now. that's the second wonderful thing about your book is the fact you used neither anachronistic views nor hindsight. i was struck by this in the nixon library, the point you were talking about earlier, tom, the fact they were so obsessed with the '72 election. you're sitting there going, why are you obsessed? you won every state practically, but they were. you don't have that sense. it's almost a suspense book to read. what's going to happen? will vietnam be foretold. i'm going to do some bigger, some smaller questions and let you respond. the first one was i did a poll of young students, law students, young professionals, and i said tell me the first three things you think about when you think about kissinger's foreign policy. what i got was cambodia, chile, argenti argentina, and indochina. no one mentioned ch

but as it stands nixon -- neither nixon nor kennedy were given credit for any of the popular votes cast in alabama and nixon was probably lost out on 11 electoral votes in alabama and probably another seven or eight in mississippi, where something similar happened. in all likelihood nixon probably won the popular vote in 1960 by quite a bit but still would have lost the electoral college. in 2000. as most of you know, al gore won the popular vote, 48.4 hkt but lost to bush 47 to 9 percent, with four votes disputed. if any of you followed, gore may have won florida as well. but the recount was halted by the supreme court, we'll never actually know who won florida, but that recount or non-recount ended up being decisive. it could have swung enough electoral college votes in either direction to give the presidency the winner. 19th century they probably would have thrown out the ballots and congress would have made the decision and probably would have ended up with the same outcome. republicans had the majority in the house and would have carried the day and installed george w. bush as pres

nixon: good evening, my fellow americans. tonight, i want to talk to you on a subject of deep concern to all americans and many people in all parts of the world. the war in vietnam. one of the reasons for the deep division about vietnam is that many americans have lost confidence in what their government has told them about our policy. the american people cannot and should not be asked to support a policy which involves the overall issues of war and peace unless they know the truth about that policy. tonight, i would like to answer some of the questions that i know are on the minds of many of you listening to me. how and why did america get involved in vietnam in the first place? how has this administration changed the policy of the previous administration? what has really happened in the negotiations in paris and on the battlefront in vietnam? what choices do we have if we were to end the war? what are the prospects for peace? let me begin by describing the situation i found when i was inaugurated on january 20th. the war ha

i've found that a pleasant being with the nixon and his family. you probably have joined a glaswegian holiday when they sent you the drank. i think it will live. may of what the opposite from me i have found them can be very easy to want. that must mean very dramatic moments. you know, in these last hours as president, when you photographed him as he was a boat to demetri office under the, under the threat of impeachment that must have an extraordinary time for a photographic study of someone. it was amazing. it was terribly sad because there was also his family room with them. they were in tears. they were just devastated by it. and it absolutely was all over nick shingo. it's is elevator to go back to the room. i need just such a slumped onto is wife. shoulder brought down. you know, it would be a day, sad moment. a photograph doesn't lie. and nixon felt safe with this. i'm sure it was for history. you know, you want to recall vito? how'd he was that day? if i could take you to happier moments in a presidential town that the famous picture you t

talk only about the nixon impeachment and they forget that gerald ford pardoned nixon a month after he resigned from office. nixon was never impeached, by the way. he -- there was a vote in the judiciary committee, but there was never a vote on the floor of the house. the republican senators went to him and he resigned because the evidence was conclusory and gerald ford pardoned him. people can have different views on whether he did the right thing or not, and those views have changed over time, but the political result was that it was catastrophic and the bottom dropped out and he never really recovered. what happened that fall is that in the midterm elections of 1974 was that the democrats had the greatest wave of victories in years and abroad and what was called the watergate class of politicians. some of whom were still around. and, my view and that piece was at the ford a pardon, i guess it would be senate majority leader mitch mcconnell forcing an acquittal if the house were to impeach trump on charges of high crimes and misdemeanors that had already been brought before the pu

that only happens with nixoned on ford. i'm sure during the q&a somebody will ask me why i didn't include nixon and ford as a separate chapter. at some point i'll beat you to the punch and answer that question. the reason the presidency and vice presidency is important. john tiler is a disaster for the wig party, again, he's basically a democrat. he doesn't subscribe to the wig agenda at all. like most of the accidental presidents that came after him, he has a completely different set of policy views than his predecessor. he takes the country in a completely different direction, like all of the eight accidental presidents, he was completely ostracized from the administration, had no relationship with the predecessor and didn't have a good sense of what was happening in the administration that he was a part of. now for him, the administration was only 30 days. so tyler, as he sort of subvers the wig agenda, most prominently with the vetoing of two national banks end up getting formally excommunicateed from the wig party. hen

but as it stands, nixon -- neither nixon nor kennedy were given any credit for the popular votes in alabama and nixon lost out on 11 electoral votes in alabama. in 2000, most of you know, al gore won the popular vote, 48.4% but lost the electoral college to bush with florida's votes disputed. if you followed what happened in 2000, not only did gore win the popular vote, he may very well have won florida as well, but the recount was halted by the supreme court. we'll know who won florida but that recounter ended up being decisive. if it was the 19th century, they probably would have thrown out the ballots and congress would have made a decision in early 2001 and probably would have ended up in that same outcome. in the house they would have carried the day and installed george w. bush as president. but unlike the 19th century politicians today in congress, less willing to throw out electoral college votes and install a president through the congressional selection process. and then of course the election of 2016 was another one where we had a mismatch between the popular vote with hillary cl

and when president richard nixon resigned, in 1974. was there ever any concern among congressman, or among any national security people, in the transition to power? we've never had a president resigned before, with the turmoil that was going on in the white house, was there ever any concern about nuclear weapons? >> well, there was. but when you talk about chaos, i know people think today well, how could it be any more chaotic, if i have a country, we do have a lot of problems. but, back then, if you look back, who the elected in 72. in 1970, six and four years, i've served for three presidents, and for a vice presidents. in a four-year period. so we had a lot of turmoil going on. and there was a lot of tension. president nixon was under tremendous investigation, a lot of pressure. and, according to reports, i didn't know one of the time, but he was engaged much more heavily in alcohol and would've been the case, normally. my understanding is, and i've talked him about it, personally, because he's a friend of mine, but you never respon

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nixon's campaign used a lot of music in his spots in 1968.the first time you saw popular rock group having its music being used in a spot like that. >> let's hear from doug up next in palmer, alaska. >> wasn't bill moyers strongly associated with developing the daisy ad? right now it's pretty obvious that they are strongly associated with helping the democratic party. >> bill moyers was one of the most trusted aides that lyndon johnson. he did not become a journalist until after he left the white house. he was tangentially involved in the daisy girl add. it was produced by the madison avenue firmer doyle dale and burned back which is still a prominent advertising firm. they produced that ad and brought it to lyndon johnson to show -- brought it to show to lyndon johnson and his people. the night that it showed on television, johnson started to get some phone calls from friends who are reacting to the spot, some of them reacting negatively and moyers is called to the second floor of the white house and johnson it's having dinner with some frie

in a fair system, nixon and kennedy would've been on the ballot as nominees and nixon would've won the state and won 11 electoral votes. as it stands, neither nixon or kennedy were given credit for any of the popular votes. on 11 electoral votes in alabama and probably another seven or eight in mississippi, where something similar happen. likelihood, nixon probably won the popular vote and would've lost the electoral college. in 2000, most of you know al gore won the popular vote but lost the electoral college. with florida's votes disputed. if any of you followed what happened in 2000, not only did hee win the popular vote, may have won florida as well. the recount was halted by the supreme court. we will never know who won florida. beingcount ended up decisive. it could've swung enough electoral college votes in either direction give the presidency a winner. it was the 19th century they probably would've thrown out all of the ballots in congress would've made a decision in early 2001. probably would've ended up with the same outcome. republicans probably would've carried the day. pol