joining me now is noah bookbinder, he's the president and ceo of citizens for responsibility and ethics in washington. it's known as crew. crew bought the case on behalf of republicans and unaffiliated voters. noah, your take on what has happened this morning and the discussions we've had on it? >> so, a really important thing that came out of yesterday's ruling was that this judge, after hearing five days of testimony, reviewing mountains of evidence, something that had not happened in any other court in the united states, this judge found that donald trump incited insurrection. that is a finding that, as secretary griswold said, it is historic. it is entitled to a great deal of deference, because it is based on the evidence. it's based on the adversarial process. so that's incredibly significant. she also made this other legal ruling, which you've talked about, that the president essentially is not an officer of the united states. that is something -- that's a legal ruling, surely on the law. it's not based on that evidence. and because of that, when this goes up on appeal, as the tec