those who are nonemployee or self-employed, those individuals may be doing freelance work working with independent contractors and we will talk more about this in a moment. many of those individuals especially after the great recession were not necessarily choosing to be entrepreneurs but were doing so out of necessity even among college graduates. we know college-educated immigrants are more likely to start businesses, especially more likely to start high-tech businesses, so if we assume one of our goals is to increase us employment rates and the level of employment to stimulate economic growth or entrepreneurship, whether it is all immigrants, or a subgroup among immigrants who may be more or less likely to contribute towards these ends. just as some background i will be using the word immigrants a little differently than some speakers have used it today. the distinction, speaking of foreign-born, those who are not native us citizens by birth, and immigrants, i will be referring to legal permanent residents, and naturalized citizenship. for those on temporary resident visas, relative