this is a map to show you of the scale of what we had to put in place in northern india to work with the muslim community to engage in any underserved communities in seeking not just the polio vaccine, that any vaccine. olio, they were best vaccinated against polio, in fact. as you can see here we put nearly 5000 part-time people on the ground. these were people from within the communities. we trained them on social mobilization, interpersonal communications, etc., to begin the process of building the community engagement needed to be able to eradicate polio, to get the population in unity up to the levels that would stop transmission. as we worked with the underserved communities to engage them as well, this required use of another tool we weren't used to certainly an immunization or at least any areas i have been working in. that was the widespread use of social mapping to figure out how do we reach these populations. for those of you who know communications is probably second nature. for those of us who are doctors and used to approaching medical problems another way, a lot of thi

india during the wild polio virus. we have that associated with tight ii and outbreaks due to the vaccine derived poliovirus that this is what the picture looks like with wild viruses. the northern part of india, pakistan, afghanistan and nigeria, have never interrupted their indigenous polioviruses but in addition to that we have another group of countries that are infected as a result of spread from nigeria as well as shad and the sudan, those are the key countries that affect the spread in this area and in addition we have the challenge we are facing because of the spread of polio from in the and angola. i don't want to be late for everything we want to do to get the job of the revocation published. it is not the topic of today's discussion but i have touched on a lot of the things we are doing over the course of my presentation. the key thing will be sustaining implementation. we have an independent evaluation on going of the major barriers to interrupting transmission. hopefully we get a fresh look at what we're doing in each of the remaining infected areas. we are assessing a number of new approaches, we are evaluating a new vaccine with type i and iii to augment the tools

at that point, the world got stuck with 4 parts of 4 of these countries, northern nigeria, northern india and parts of pakistan and afghanistan and the situation got further complicated when the virus began to spread out of those countries and back into countries that had been polio free. at this point in the program we face 4 major challenges. in afghanistan and pakistan, as you know, active conflicts, a challenge of insufficient political -- in corners of pakistan in particular. in india, a different problem with insufficient vaccine effectiveness which i will come back to as we go through the presentation and in northern nigeria, a combination of problems related to the political leadership that different points in the program and the societies in which the program was operating. the whole thing complicated by areas that have been polio free. in addition to the countries that you see in red, another 15 countries this year alone were reinvested by these countries. this is where we are, that is what the eradication program is. i would like to look at the lessons we have learned before re

the northern part of india that use the infected afghanistan, pakistan, nigeria have never interruptedthe indigenous virus but in addition we have another group of countries that are infected as a result of spread from nigeria, chad, sudan and those are the hitherto countries that affect this area and in addition we have the challenge rear facing due to the spread of polio from indiana and angola part i do not want to belabor everything we will do to get the job finished is published here and not the topic of today's discussion but i have touched on what we are doing over the course of my presentation. key is to sustain the implementation of course, strategy's come independent a violation of major barriers to interrupt transmission. we're hoping to get a fresh look in each of the remaining effected areas processing a number of new approaches. in the process of developing and the foul it -- evaluating a new vaccine with type wine and iii vaccine and additional strategies to have those days to run those for spreading. to give you a response with jesse the complex ability of the response