northern. the people that came to kansas city represented many different nationalities in many different states, but the vast majority of those people came from places like iowa, illinois, indiana ohiopennsylvania, new york looking for opportunity. when they moved into the area, not only did they bring a northern focus culture with them, but they also brought a culture of energy, commercial growth, and let's get going. i also have on the chart what i call [indiscernible] in july of 1865, in my first book, the last chapter in that book is entitled "the first train." in july 1865, the first train pulled into pleasant hill, missouri. on that train were many returning southern veterans. in september of 1865, the first train pulled in from independence in to kansas city on the missouri union-pacific. during the next five years, a very significant thing happened here in kansas city. before the civil war and even during the civil war, there had been considerable competition between cities in western missouri to grab the railroad. we want to be the hub. between 1865 and 1870, kansas city did become the hub. think of this. in 1860, the population of kansas city was 4400 citizens. in 1870, it