o'connor. i want to thank all of the witnesses for their testimony and also for being right at the five minute button. that is a rarity on capitol hill and i thank you for your punctuality. i want to remind you of the rules, limit questioning to five minutes. the chair will open the round of questioning. recognize myself for five minutes. chief mitchell, as we are examining the usfa, we're interested in what changes should be made. it serves as a support agency -- the u.s. forest service and the emergency management agency, these responsibilities are signed at the discretion of homeland security secretary. some have recommended that the usfa should be elevated to co-leader with the u.s. forest service to ensure a are more effective state and local response. would the usfa be able to handle this responsibility and to your knowledge, has the department explored the possibility of making this change with the forest service? >> thank you, mr. chairman. yes, the short answer is, yes, we have explore

o'connor pled guilty on thursday. current president john henderson says the company is still struggling to regain people's trust. they rely on donations from the community. >> they look at it as, the fire company cannot be trusted. the donations come down, the operating expenses go down. >> henderson said they are down tens of thousands of dollars. they had to sell the fire truck that they did not make payments on and an ambulance is sitting in the parking lot because they cannot afford to repair it. o'connor did not come to the door at her home on thursday. her sentencing is scheduled for august. she started paying restitution to the fire company before she entered her guilty plea in court. she faces up to 16 years in prison. reporting live in baltimore county. >> we have learned a baltimore city police sergeant, an 18-year veteran on the force, is under investigation after a run in with the judge. the incident is under internal investigation. it involves baltimore district court judge john gordon, who -- joan gordon

o'connor and mr. mitchell, you both highlight one area in which you think the usfa can do more is in training. and mr. o'connor, you specifically mentioned that usfa has been slow to implement congress's implementations, that the usfa partner organizations have established fire training programs. so i want to ask mr. o'connor, can you tell me -- tell us more about iaff training programs and how they can help the u.s. fire academy expand the reach of its classes. >> well, i think that in all fairness to the academy, part of the issue is resources that we have talked previously. but in our view, the national fire academy is a wonderful resource for people that are actually able to be in residence there and actually traveled to emmitsburg, it's wonderful training. and the outreach of the training academies has been magnificent. but i think this committee in congress in a previous authorization recognized that there is other opportunities. and while we're very proud of the ia a ff, i wouldn't limit it the

casey, i'm father o'connor. ( groaning ) mr.m going to administer the sacrament of the sick. rebecca. sandy. hi. kevin called and told me. how are you doing? terrible. i flew in this morning. this is my worst nightmare. how is he? he's barely hanging on. the doctors aren't hopeful. becky, i feel so sorry for you. how is he doing? rebecca: he keeps everything inside. i don't know... he seems so different. poor kid. sandy, you should see the apartment. it's a total mess. there's no food in the refrigerator, nothing. i guess he still needs someone to take care of him. i feel bad... i yelled at him this morning. it's o.k. you're upset, that's normal. i know, but i shouldn't have yelled at him. i mean, he doesn't... i bet you could use a cup of coffee. there's a cafeteria on the third floor. what do you say we go? yeah. it's so good to see you. i feel guilty for leaving dad alone. i don't know... the doctor said things don't look good. i asked for a second opinion. the other doctor said the same thing. i don't know if he's going to m

o'connor and mr. mitchell you both highlight one area in which you think the usfa can do more with training. mr. o'connor you specifically mentioned that usfa had been slow to implement congress's religiouses that the usfa partner with organizations that establish fire training programs. i want to ask mr. o'connor can you tell us more about iaff training programs and how they can help the u.s. fire academy expand the reach of its classes. >> i think in all fairness to the academy part of the issue is resources. but in our view, the national fire academy is a wonderful resource for people that are able to be in residence there and travel there it's wonderful training. the outreach of state training academies has been magnificent. i think this committee in congress in a previous authorization recognized that there's other opportunities. what we're very proud of the iaff i wouldn't limb it to simply our organization. there are a lot of folks throughout the fire service organizations representing firefigh

i'm kevin o'connor. i'm especially pleased before this subcommittee because i am a constituent of member john sarbanes and after the november elections will be a proud constituent of the ranking member as firefighters take on . additional responsibilities and extended capabilities, so, too, must the fire administration evolve to meet the needs of the 21st century fire service. the days of firefighter primary function to put out fires is long gone. today's firefighters are well educated responders with broad responsibilities. most significantly your firefighters are always the first boots on the ground for any manmade or natural disaster. the prevalence of the fire based delivery systems requires the agency to integrate training and preparedness into its mags. although usfa is beginning to move in that direction, we want to ensure that ems be afforded its appropriate recognition and attention. while the fire administration continues to integrate into its programs, it must work the change the perception fo

sandra o'connor. >> last elected official to state government. >> exactly. so we're talking about a very narrow slice of individuals serving on the highest court. and then we have ongoing diversity problems, racial and gender, throughout the federal aappellate system but also throughout the state system. >> that's true. >> that's critically important. that goes to the public's sense of confidence in the judiciary. the sense that it is not closed off. it is not a collect groselect g. we should want all different kinds of people to serve so that those experiences, legal and otherwise, can interact and we can get the best judicial, most informed judicial making that we can. >> one other thing i would ask you to comment on, which came up earlier, but we moved so quickly to so many different topics. jeff, you brought it up in reference to an essay about the courts not being a democratic institution. >> i think they are. >> i'm with you. >> i have a book called "the most democratic branch." yes, of course the courts do play an important role in checking the minori

alice o'connor from the university of california santa barbara discuss the panic of 87 and other crisis and explain how they relate to the 2008 financial crisis. this is about a half hour. >> american history tv is at the annual meeting of historians in milwauk milwaukee. we are joined by two historians who will be speaking about economic crisis and american history. jessica teaches history at the university of new hampshire and alice o'connor, the historian at the university of california, santa barbara. thanks for being with us. let's start with the panic of 1837. what was that panic of 1837? >> the panic of 1837 was what referred to a long period of time. it referred to seven years. both the financial crisis and really hard times that followed it. my focus has been on the experience of panic. it happened between march and may of 1837. it was rather remarkably similar in a lot of ways. it was a credit crisis out of real estate speculation and consumption of goods and similar experience to what a lot of people have just looked through. >> similar in that it was an inherited crisis for

o'connor, do you have a comment on that? >> to piggyback we all recognized the fire service is inherently local operations of the chairman reference to the landmark america in 1973 and frankly congress recognized the federal government needs to be an agency that is the voice of the fire service, and you described this as being very lean and that's correct. some of my testimony to other issues such as the brandt it offers criticism of limited resources for consistently diminishing infers is having a hard time doing its job and the simple reality is the author level is great and needs to be at least at the current level but it certainly needs to be appropriated. this is a lead agency. there's not a lot of fact there and its supporting the professional firefighters and probably two and a half as many volunteers across the country in every community and we encourage the congress to recognize that this is an efficient use of federal funds as protecting the communities and that really in our view is the government's most basic res

more about his vision for the administration, particularly pleased to welcome my good friend, kevin o'connor, as well as our other witnesses. and i want to thank you for taking the time out of your schedules to be with us. the fired a manager was created in 1974 with the goal of reducing the number of fire-related deaths by half from a staggering 12,000 per year. through the good work of the fired a manager and our first respond beers, we met this goal in 1988. the number of fire-related deaths continues to decline, but unfortunately our country's fire-related death rate is still one of the highest in the industrialized world, and it's estimated that in 2009 fire cost the united states over $331 billion in economic and human losses. chairman quayle just spoke about the loss in his own state. the fired fired a manager contio play a central role in making our communities safer.

kevin o'connor, assistant to the general prison for the international association of firefighters. thank you again to the witnesses for being here today. as the witnesses should know, spoken testimony is limited to five minutes each. after all witnesses of spoken, members of the committee will have five minutes each to ask questions. i now recognize the first witness, the united states fire administrator, ernest mitchell. >> good morning, chairman quayle to the crosby, ranking member edwards and members of the committee. my name is ernest mitchell, jr. of the emergency management agency and the united states fire administrator in charge of the united states fire administration at the department of homeland security. it is indeed an honor to appear before you today to discuss the u.s. fire had fenestration. the fire administration is committed to providing national leadership to foster a solid foundation for the fire and emergency stakeholders and prevention preparedness and response, and my testimony today i will share an overview of the administration's core functions,

the reality is, as much as i laud justice o'connor's efforts, she's had a conversion. she was part of the problem in republican party versus white, she has fond let'scy tsai the lord -- >> she's admitted that. >> she's found jesus and she's come back. there are ways to conduct elections that can deal with some of the problems you've talked about, nonpartisan elections, public funding in north carolina. there are ways to deal with it show that the process, the reform that the jacksonians wanted to happen was you wanted to have justices who had to present themselves to the people, who were not simply appointed by people from the wealthy classes. i can understand the impulse. the problem is we have allowed a free for all and now citizens united will ratchet it further up. the case out of west virginia that the supreme court said the judge had to recuse himself, his election had been supported by $3 million who had a case that appeared on the west virginia sport. we on the other hand learned about that because west virginia has an unusual disclosure law for independent con

jessica lepler teaches history at the university of new hampshire and alice o'connor, a historian atbarbara. thanks for being with us. >> thank you. >> thank you. >> let's start early in history with the panic of 1837, professor lepler. what was the panic of 1837? >> the panic of 1938, that phrase refers to a rather long period of time t.referred to seven years of both a financial crisis and really hard times that followed it, well into the 1840s. but my focus has really been on the experience of panic which happened between march and may of 1837 and was rather remarkably similar to our own crisis in a lot of ways. it was a credit crisis built out of real estate speculation and consumption of goods, and sort of very similar experience to what a lot of people have just lived through. >> and similar also in that it was an inherited crisis for for martin van buren. >> well, martin van buren. andrew jackson was president and then his vice president van buren took office on the same day in london and new orleans the panic began, so, yes, it was an inherited crisis, but it was a crisis inh

>> no. >> chief o'connor? >> no.ee an increase in k-9s, an increase in public and employee training. >> mr. blankenship? >> the only increase we really seeing is in the baseline inspections that have occurred. >> mr. morris? >> no, sir, i have not. >> we've been joined by my friend and colleague from texas who has come from the intelligence community were i'm sure she has made the world safer, and we're glad to have her here. i recognize her for any statement she may have. >> thank you very much, mr. chairman, into the witnesses for the testimony. the chairman has been gracious. thank you members. we are all so in immigration subcommittee so i thank you very much. this is a subject that is enormously close to my heart, and i thank all of you for your participation and this valuable hearing that will provide, and that is providing insights and critical french traction issues but as ranking member, i continue support the allocation of adequate resources aimed at enhancing the efficiency, safety and security of our rail

kevin o'connor. thank you again for to our witnesses for being here today. as our witness, no spoken testimony is limited to five minutes each. after witnesses have spoken. members will have five minutes to answer questions. i now recognize earnest mitchell. >> good morning, chairman quyale, ranking members. it is indeed an honor to appear before you today to discuss the u.s. fire administration. the fire administration is committed to providing national leadership to fostering a solid -- stakeholders in prevention, prepardness and response. in my testimony, i will share an overview of the core functions, major priorities, present activities and goals. despite making progress over time, have been higher than in most of the industrialized world. this has held true in both fire deaths and dollar loss rates. thousands of americans die each year and thousands more are injured. average annual fire losses greatly exceed those from floods, hurricanes and other natural disasters. the fire administration provides fire safety and prevention programs to help decrease t

o'connor and mr. mitchell, you both highlight one area in which you think the usfa can do more in training. and mr. o'connor, you specifically mentioned that usfa has been slow to input congresses recommendations, that the usfa partner with organizations and establish fire training programs. so want to ask mr. o'connor, can you tell me, tell us more about iaff training programs and how they can can help the u.s. fire academy expand its reach? >> i think in all fairness to the academy, part of the issue is resources, we talked previously. but interview the national fire academy -- people were able to be in residence there and actually travel to emmitsburg. it's wonderful training. and the outreach of state training academies has been magnificent. but i think this committee and congress, or use authorization, recognize there's other opportunities. while we are very proud of the iaff i wouldn't limited to simply our organization. there are a lot of folks throughout the fire service organization represent

o'connor you indicated there's some lagging since it's been in the hopper since 2006. >> this was something that was brought forth after 9/11 and certainly katrina. you articulated very well. i don't think anyone on the federal level or even the fire service wants to suggest to local communities what the level of fire training should be or ought to be. that is up to the local community. we recognize that. we don't want to try to intervene with that. however, one of those larger scale instances flooding in the plains or a hurricane coming ashore, a wildfire whatever the instance is, you need an appropriately trained and skilled responder to actually handle that type of a crisis. and throughout very many fire departments as you know, i was a firefighter, a structural firefighter in bawel county. i don't have the training in wild land fire fiting. it would have been useless to have me dispatched to that incident. the point is to make sure that incident commanders and there's some coo type of a clearinghouse or databasing that firefighters and departments are typecast so you know what training,

just seven years ago, nine years ago, justice o'connor, former justice o'connor said she hoped that maybe in about 25 years questions of affirmative action in higher education admission policies might be able to be race blind as a matter of constitutional mandate. i think when she said that, what she meant was maybe in 25 years from then the battle over the civil war would at last be over. it turns out the supreme court is probably going to end that next year. they just granted certificate shi ory. secondly, the beginning of sustained moral and legal and military deliberations on what it means to be a great power. we see in the lincoln administration for the first time in american history many i am aware of, sustained thinking and deliberation and debate about what it means to exercise the huge power that comes with an industrialized military force. this ranges from lincoln's extraordinary just war deliberations in the fall, elaboration of a code of rules of engagement that purport to be international law, which are still with us today in the international law that we have from the hey co

kevin o'connor, assistant to the general president for the international association of firefighters. thank you again for, to our witnesses for being here today. as our witnesses should know, spoken testimony is limited to five minutes each, after all witnesses have spoken, members of the committee lieutenawill h minutes each to ask questions. i now recognize chief ernest mitchell. >> good morning, chairman quayle and distinguished members of the committee. i'm at the federal emergency management agency and the administrator in charge of the administration at the department of homeland security. it an honor to appear before you today to discuss the u.s. fire administration. the fire administration is committed to providing national leadership, to foster a solid foundation for our fire and emergency services stakeholders, and prevention preparedness and response. in my testimony today i will share an overview of the fire administration's core functions major priorities and present activities and goals. despite making prol ovgress ove time, fire in the united states has been higher than

. >> alice o'connor, why study history? >> so many reasons, but just to really to add on to that, i think what history does, it's not uniquely necessarily, but history is in a very good position to do is to draw attention not only to the structural dimensions, right, of things that people often experience on very individualized and in some ways -- and in very isolated and isolating ways, but i think history also draws attention to the ethical dimension of what is happening right now and draws attention, you know, enables students to get a way of understanding of how, what's unfolding now is really what's the theme of this conference, are very big changes and very big questions about the relationship between capitalism and democracy that has changed over time and that change is really because of human agent. >> i that's right. >> not because of some, you know, inexorable forces. it happens because of choices and especially political choices that are made at any given moment. >> alice o'connor from the university of californi

i think the problem is that problem which sandra o'connor has been devoting her post-court life to, which is a basic lack of education about civics in this country. and there's very good research that shows that the more people know about the courts, the more they're willing to support the courts. the less they know, the less they're willing. so, you know, to the extent that -- i mean, you can't blame the whole thing on no child left behind. but to the extent that the only thing that matters is math and science and you don't -- you have people coming out of high school that can't name the three branches of government, it's really a major -- >> fundamental problem that is so profound i'm too depressed to discuss it. >> justice o'connor has been working on this. >> right. >> but what do we think that would lk like? i hear people say the civics education thing all the time. i have three kids. they were in eighth grade. i looked at their textbooks. some of them were a little skewed but for the most part they did learn about the ju

turns out last week that the game was won by anne o'connor who mentioned that her niece nancy donovanvorced

margaret thatcher sandra day o'connor is your immediate predecessor. why did you do this? >> first of all, the president of the college made a very compelling case. first of all, the predecessors that you mentioned but the first chancellor after president was gorge washington. >> rose: simultaneous to being president. >> he was chancellor through 11 years, through his entire presidency. and i figured if i could sit in the chair he sat in that would be worth the price of admission. >> rose: william and mary is an interesting college because so many presidents came here, from thomas jefferson to james monroe also the great scholar jon stewart of comedy fame came here. >> exactly. >> rose: when you look ahead to your life what do you hope to accomplish? well, i'm writing two books. the first is a memoir of my time as secretary of defense under president obama and president bush. it was a unique time and a unique experience working under two presidents, two different parties, never been done before and i also want to write about how you lead change in big public institutions.

i've been with justice o'connor on several occasions. when she talks about this, she is very convincing. there really is a problem. there may be exceptions, there is another problem. when people are judging what they think of the courts, and that is the politicization. i will tell you now that if, for whatever reason, president obama has the opportunity to appoint someone else as his nominee for the supreme court, that before the appointment is made, before we know who it's going to be, all the democrats will be for it and all the republicans will be against it. if mitt romney wins, we have a republican president. he is able to name somebody to the supreme court. all the democrats will be against that nominee come in, and all the republicans will be for it. that's not the way it used to be. it used to be a very different system. some of the most important and even controversial justices in our history were overwhelmingly approved. that time is gone. people are looking at the court, looking at justices through a political prism. i think t

o'connor to come to the microphone for a second? obviously, we do not have staff here to address. with the buildings under appeal on this, what size building? rex a larger type construction. >> was a high rise? >> no, it would be me -- and it dries. -- it would be a midrise. above the fourth floor it does not require egress windows. staff can correct me if i'm wrong on that. gregg's and in regard to the light -- >> and in regard to the light eliminated? >> the building code is quite clear in section 1205.2.1 where you are like from next door. it has a specific section. the room is not dark. it is borrowing like. it just does not have lighting for exterior gazing. gregg's it is in direct light? >> yes. >> i'm confused about the interpretation and why it was denied. i see clearly that it says by means of exterior glazed openings, but bennett said in section 1205.2 which then has section 1205.2.1 that allows for natural light to come in from adjoining spaces. my question is, how did we interpret it? did we interpreted to not allow that? >> in this section 1205.2.1 is stated habitable

o'connor to come to the microphone for a second? obviously, we do not have staff here to address. with the buildings under appeal on this, what size building? rex a larger type construction. >> was a high rise? >> no, it would be me -- and it dries. -- it would be a midrise. above the fourth floor it does not require egress windows. staff can correct me if i'm wrong on that. gregg's and in regard to the light -- >> and in regard to the light eliminated? >> the building code is quite clear in section 1205.2.1 where you are like from next door. it has a specific section. the room is not dark. it is borrowing like. it just does not have lighting for exterior gazing. gregg's it is in direct light? >> yes. >> i'm confused about the interpretation and why it was denied. i see clearly that it says by means of exterior glazed openings, but bennett said in section 1205.2 which then has section 1205.2.1 that allows for natural light to come in from adjoining spaces. my question is, how did we interpret it? did we interpreted to not allow that? >> in this section 1205.2.1 is stated habitable

o'connor, do you have a comment about that? >> yes, to piggyback on what the chief referenced. we all recognize that the fire service is inherently a local operation. but the chairman referenced the landmark america's burning in 1973. and frankly congress recognized in federal government that there needs to be an agency that is the voice of the fire service. you describe it as being very lean, and that is correct. some of my testimony was predicated on ems, other issues such as credentialing. i don't offer that as a criticism. with the limited resources that are consistently diminishing, usf is having a hard time doing its job. and the simple reality is the authorization level is great. it needs to be at least at the current level, but it certainly needs to be appropriated. this is a lean agency. there is not a lot of fat there. and it's supporting over 300 professional firefighters and probably twice and a half as many volunteers across the country in every community. and we just really encourage congress to recognize that this is an efficient use of federal funds. it's protec

. >> i am mary o'connor from minnesota. i nominate sam sloan for vice- president. >> i am sorry, i have been informed by his secretary that he is not eligible. further nominations? >> i nominate jim gray for vice- president. >> he was already nominated. if you like to nominate someone please come to the microphone. >> i have been informed that nominations are supposed to be in writing, so those who have done the nominating, there are three names that the secretary is already in possession of. the go-ahead and state your nomination, but submitted to the secretary. >> i am from the great state of florida. and nominate -- i nominate nota, none of the above. >> another seconding for jim byrnes. >> seeing no further nominations, nominations are closed. unless there are any objections, we will have the nominating and seconding speeches in that order which the candidates were nominated. that nominating speakers come up to the podium and stands in queue, and we will get the show on the road. nominators for judge jim gray, please co

in american history, jessica letler teaches history at the university of new hampshire and alice o'connor, a historian at the university of history santa barbara, thank you for being was. >> thank you. >> let's start early in the history, with the pak panic of 1837, pwhat was the panic of 1837. >> that phrase refers to a rather long period of time it referred to seven years of boston a financial crisis and really hard times that followed it well into the 18 40sz. but my focus has been on the experience of panic which happened between march and may of 1837 and was rather remarkably similar to our own crisis in several ways, it was a secret crisis built out of speculation and consumption of goods and sort of very similar experience to what a lot of people have just experienced. >> so it was an inherited crisis for martin van buren. >> andrew jackson was president, and martin van buren took office in 1837 which was the same day that in london and -- an inherited crisis, but it was a crisis inherited within an administration. he wasn't exactly ignorant of the situation that was going on. >> w

. >> professor o'connor for the session on economic crisis in history. what do you plan to make as the main focus. what do you plan to make as the discussion? >> the panel itself is talking about why it is not only that economic crisis that matters in history, but what they are and how they relate to one another. why is it that narratives of economic crisis matters? some of the things that jessica was saying i resonate with and part of the rational for this panel and partly because it was our way and historians have something unique to bring to the economic crisis and why they matter. not only in the degree to which historians can step back and get a fully contextual sense of the transformations that are underlying these moments of panic and moments of crisis. historians, narrative is our tool. in helping people to make sense of the bewildering events that are happening all-around it. helping people to in that way try to rest some control, whether they can or not. they are destructing their lives possibly, but also bringing some understanding to how narr

sandra day o'connor has one of the best statement. in every society, there have to be a safe place. in a democracy, that is a place that is the courts. we have to have the average citizen talking about how they want to preserve that save space in our society and talk to their legislatures, because there is a view among legislators, not all of them, but many, that the courts are another agency. it is not another agency. it is a co-equal branch of government but is necessary to protect our fundamental liberty, and to be such a branch, it needs adequate funding. when they say we have an economic crisis, we do have an economic crisis. there is no question about that. don't put the courts as another library for another road. it is not. it is the basis why we today enjoy our freedom. we have got to make that clearly understood. every time you talked legislator, every time you have an opportunity to talk to a civic group, you need to make that distinction. >> thank you. the next question from the audience, if you could choose only one reform of the american justice system, what would it be

john o'connor being again i'm going around here for two months trying to figure out the thirteen cs part of the building code is a star more management twenty twenty five percent of of the water retention and the grey water go to the plumbing department they don't know go to p. you see they don't have a clear and concise process to follow you're on an island you don't know what direction you told to hire an engineer there is there is no specifics how to implement this and the section thirteen c. is part of the bill and gordon was adapted in the two thousand and ten building code. so i would ask to continue this item and get some clear clarification have maybe plumb inspection department come over here and explain you know how we implement this if you know it's great and we all need to go this direction but the implementation i see is a complete breakdown the policy here thank you. if there's no more public comment or close public comment commissioner that story we can ask your peer you know in a minute or so before director regard to you know policy and implementation obviously this is g

as far back as 1994, john o'connor who was a former head of the scotland yard firing squad said cannabis has been decriminalized drug for some time now. >> that's -- that doesn't answer my question. >> let's move on to the situation of cannabis. so in 2009, we have -- excuse me while i consult a note to get right. it's very, very important. in 2009, there were 162,610 cannabis cases handled by the police in england and wales. of these, 19,137 were dealt with through police cautions which expire after three months and need not be reported to employers. 11,492 resulted in penalty notices for disorder. which is an on the spot review. generally no punishment. 22,478 actually ended in court, and many of them did so because there were only several charges against the defendant. 86,593 were dealt with by the cannabis warning which i discussed with you which is nothing. >> if i can make the point. the criminal justice system goes through the motions of pretending to enforce the law against drugs. but it does not actually do so. you can possess a drug which is technically illegal in this country,

just, seven years ago, nine years ago, justice o'connor, former justice, said she hoped in about 25 years questions of affirmative action in hyperedig education, may be able to be race blind as far as constitutional amendment. what i think she meant, in 25 years from then the battle over the civil war would at last be over. turns out the supreme court is probably going to end that next year. >> it's not about health care. don't make it about health care. >> second legacy. draws on an observation gary made. the beginning of sustained moral and legal and military deliberations on what it means to be a great power. we see in the lincoln administration for the first time in american history that i am aware of, a sustained, thinking and deliberation and debate about what it means to exercise the huge power that comes with an industrialized military force and ranges from lincoln's extraordinary just war deliberations in, stom where om the fall of 1862 to elaboration of code of rules of engagement, pu purport to be international law, and with us from the international law of hague and geneva con