the average ph of the ocean is about 8.1. we're expecting it to decline about another .2 to .3 units, possibly more. you may not think that that is an incredibly important detail, but it actually turns out that animals in the ocean have evolved in a pretty stable ph, that the magnitude of change we're expecting is much greater than they've seen in any recent evolutionary period of time. aquilino: all of the caldera instruments come back tomorrow. swezey: oh. hill: so this place will be hummin' starting this weekend. swezey: ok. hill: we were particularly interested in species along the west coast of the u.s. that people would really identify as sort of classic west-coast species. and so we began thinking about ocean acidification impacting abalone and other species that many people on the west coast, if you're walking along a shore, they're the species that you think of as being sort of characteristically what you would find on this shore. when an abalone or a clam is making its shell, it is essentially pulling components out

but days after the rescue the ocean viking gets caught in a storm. the freighter is being buffeted by meter high waves. was . we feel bad really bad. for the crew members the tension is also rising. since we send the 1st boss requests that we didn't receive any reply and just a few minutes ago i just brought an email asking if they have any feedback or any update for us. and we just wait and. the word wait means going around in circles the ocean viking has become a prisoner of the mediterranean the ship is shuttling back and forth between mull to and the italian island of lampedusa this puts pressure on the all star a tease from both countries but all of this back and forth worries the survivors. at the moment we're headed southeast so not get a chance to libya is in the south. the sun moon the sun it really scares us because we don't want to go south again. that we should be looking over. there scared they'll have to return to their past hell it's more than a week after the rescue and the still no european pool. that is willing to accept the 104 pas

we're back aboard the ocean viking tony and his crew from s.o.s. my details on me and doctors without borders are once again plying the waters off the libyan coast. and the shores for our mission is sacred. that's what they taught me in the army i'll continue to do this for as long as it's needed for as long as i'm able or until they stop me from doing it of course is good for. today the 18th of october 29th marks the 3rd rescue operation of the month it's another overloaded inflatable boat full of men women and children. that are feeling the best will just. as they climb aboard the ocean viking the 104 rescued people assure that they have secured their freedom however since 2017 at the initiative of the european union and the rescue zone has been established when a boat is in this sector the libyan coast guards is supposed to intervene and take the migrants back to libya. and this is exactly where the ocean viking is currently on patrol the crew takes the lead by informing both the libyan and the european also richie's of their intervention via em

to its early oceans. but the oceans of the young earth soon faced another danger that of freezing over. the sun was still weak 30 percent less bright than it is now earth therefore needed a greenhouse effect to keep its surface warm enough and its water in a liquid state. this greenhouse effect appeared very early on in earth's history thanks to the water vapor and c o 2 abundantly present in the atmosphere of su will be 2 months 6 a day of course we know that c o 2 increased by human activity is a bad thing too much as an good idea but we needed some back then and still do if there wasn't a bit in the atmosphere the surface temperature would be 15 degrees colder i can back then with the sun younger and less bright it would have been much colder cougar earth would have been frozen but about minus 60 degrees so not favorable to life up of the side of. the volcanoes where yes again contributing to making earth habitable in their x. aleisha as they would constantly spewing out huge quantities of c o 2 along

but the oceans of the young earth soon faced another danger that of freezing over. the sun was still weak 30 percent less bright than it is now earth therefore needed a greenhouse effect to keep its surface woman off and its water in a liquid state. this greenhouse effect appeared very early on in earth's history thanks to the water vapor and c o 2 abundantly present in the atmosphere. was already 2 months 6 a day of course we know that c o 2 increased by human activity is a bad thing too much as i'm good but we needed some back then and still do come on that there wasn't a bit in the atmosphere the surface temperature would be 15 degrees colder if you had back then with the sun younger and less bright it would have been much colder beaucoup earth would have been frozen but about minus 60 degrees it's also not favorable to life be said of. the volcanoes were yet again contributing to making earth habitable in their ex aleisha as they were constantly spewing out huge quantities of c o 2 along with the water they. pursued the c o 2 sat out by the volcanoes accumulated

{lilia ocean during this pandemic. ok, we're going _ ocean during this pandemic.ve it there for the moment. really interesting. thank you very much professor.— interesting. thank you very much professor. before we go, german scientists have found what could be the world's smallest reptile. so small it can fit on yourfingertip. discovered in madagascar, the nano—chameleon is less than 30 millimetres long, making it the smallest of all the roughly 11,500 known species of its kind. scientists say the nano—chameleon's natural habitat is under threat due to defortestation, but have now placed the area under protection in the hope that the species will survive. wow, i love doing this shift. you never know what you're going to see when you come in in the morning. fantastic. lots more news coming up. i have got the business coming up in five minutes' time. i will see them. —— see you then. you can reach me on twitter — i'm @vfritznews. hello. cold and snow on the way. for now, for many of us, it's just yet more rain with an ongoing risk of flooding. but as you know, in no

it costs $14000.00 euros per day to from the ocean vikings rescue missions so s.o.s. made it a highway and doctors without borders rely on donations from people across europe these donations have also allowed the rescuers to purchase equipment including semi rigid inflatable boats with powerful engines which enable tolgay and his crew to quickly reach vessels in distress. first they distribute proper life jackets to the youngest on board. but. this is the 2nd rescue since the team left must say in less than 24 hours time gear and his crew have saved $176.00 people now it's time to identify them. it's just so we know what country are you from ivory coast but mali higher up the number here. how old are you know 22. i'm 2625. a red wristband for adults and a yellow one for minus there were 23 unaccompanied minors on this boat and you're a new having the research. is from the u.k. before she retired she worked as a midwife patient is a 24 year old woman from ivory coast who's 6 and a half months pregnant she escaped a libyan detention center with her other 2 children. but

but the oceans of the young earth soon faced another danger that the freezing over. the sun was still weak 30 percent less bright than it is now earth therefore needed a greenhouse effect to keep its surface warm enough and its water in a liquid state. to screen house effect appeared very early on in earth's history thanks to the water vapor and c o 2 abundantly present in the atmosphere. from the 6th day of course we know that c o 2 increased by human activity is a bad thing too much isn't good but we needed some back there and still do if there wasn't a bit in the atmosphere the surface temperature would be 15 degrees colder can in fact then with the sun younger and less bright it would. but much colder beaucoup earth would have been frozen but about minus 60 degree sun so not favorable to life be said of. the volcanoes where yes again contributing to making earth habitable in their ex aleisha as they would constantly spewing out shoot quantities of c o 2 along with the water they. sued for the c o 2 sat out by the volcano has accumulated the greenhouse effect incr

we're back aboard the ocean viking tony and his crew from s.o.s. made it tough on me and doctors without borders are once again plying the walshes off the libyan coast. and shores for our mission is sacred that's what they taught me in the army i'll continue to do this for as long as it's needed for as long as i'm able or until they stop me from doing good for. today the 18th of october 29th marks the 3rd rescue operation of the month it's another overloaded inflatable boat full of men women and children to. feel it's best to kill just. as they climb aboard the ocean viking the 104 rescued people assure that they have secured their freedom however since 2017 at the initiative of the european union a new rescue zone has been established when a boat is in this sector the libyan coast guards is supposed to intervene and take the migrants back to libya. and this is exactly where the ocean viking is currently on patrol the crew takes the lead by informing both the libyan and the european also routines of their intervention via email. the libyans are the

we're back aboard the ocean viking tony and his crew from s.o.s. made it to honey and doctors without borders are once again plying the offices of the libyan coast. and shores for our mission is sacred. that's what they taught me in the army i'll continue to do this for as long as it's needed for as long as i'm able or until they stop me from doing it of course is good for us. today the 18th of october $29000.00 marks the 3rd rescue operation of the month it's another overloaded inflatable boat full of men women and children. i feel is the best bush. as they climb aboard the ocean viking the 104 rescued people assure that they have secured their freedom however since 2017 at the initiative of the european union a new rescue zone has been established when a boat is in this sector the libyan coast guards is supposed to intervene and take the migrants back to libya. and this is exactly where the ocean viking is currently on patrol the crew takes the lead by informing both the libyan and the european also routines of their intervention via e-mail. the

a model of local control along the coast of madagascar provide a blueprint for ocean sustainability and community building, while in san diego, scalability is the goal as researchers work to build the first open-ocean fish farm in the unitedtates. [film advance clicking] man: in madagascar, we have more than 5,000 kilometers of coast, and a lot of fishermen communities. it's forbidden to fish sea cucumber with dive materials to preserve the species. but there are many foreign investors that came here that pay the young malagasy people to fish sea cucumber with a bottle of gas, etc. the chinese came here and, as usual, they tried to offer infrastructures like roads, and as a counterpart, they want to be authorized to exploit natural resources. there is a very huge upsurge of these practices now, and it's a big threat to the natural resources, to their sustainability, and the environment in general. [man speaking native language] day: we believe that fish stocks are declining for multiple reasons, one of them being access to international markets. a lot of people in europe, a lot of peopl

but days after the rescue the ocean viking gets caught in a storm. the freighter is being buffeted by me to high waves. was it. we feel bad really bad. for the crew members the tension is also rising. seas we send the 1st force request though it is deceiving me and apply and just a few minutes ago i just brought an email asking if there were any feedback or any update for us. and we just wait and. the word wait means going around in circles the ocean viking has become a prisoner of the mediterranean the ship is shuttling back and forth between mull to and the italian island of lampedusa this puts pressure on the all star a tease from both countries but all of this back and forth worries the survive as. at the moment we're headed southeast asia it's not that it's not libya is in the south. of seattle oh it really scares us because we don't want to go south again you know you should be all over. this they'll have to return to their past hell it's more than a week after the rescue and the still no european pool. that is willing to accept the 104 pass an

but the oceans of the young earth soon faced another danger that the freezing over. the sun was still weak 30 percent less bright than it is now earth therefore needed a greenhouse effect to keep its surface warm enough and its water in a liquid state. the screen house effect appeared very early on in earth's history thanks to the water vapor and c o 2 abundantly present in the atmosphere of ash will be 2 months 6 a day of course we know that c o 2 increased by human activity is a bad thing too much as i'm good but we needed some back there and still do if there wasn't a bit in the atmosphere the surface temperature would be 15 degrees the colder a contract then with the sun younger and less bright it would. but much colder beaucoup earth would have been frozen but about minus 60 degrees it's also not favorable to life up 0 percent of. the volcanoes where yet again contributing to making earth habitable in their ex aleisha as they would constantly spewing out shoot quantities of c o 2 along with the water vapor. has sued the c o 2 sat out by the volcanoes accumulated

but the oceans of the young earth soon faced another danger that of freezing over. the sun was still weak 30 percent less bright than it is now earth therefore needed a greenhouse effect to keep its surface warm enough and its water in a liquid state. this greenhouse effect appeared very early on in earth's history thanks to the water vapor and c o 2 abundantly present in the atmosphere. to no 6 today of course we know that c o 2 increased by human activity is a bad thing but too much isn't good but we needed some back there and still do if there wasn't a bit in the atmosphere the surface temperature would be 15 degrees colder then with the sun younger and less bright it would. but much colder cool birth would have been frozen but about minus 60 degrees it's also not favorable to life she said of. the volcanoes where yet again contributing to making earth habitable in their ex aleisha as they were constantly spewing out shoot quantities of c o 2 along with the water they. pursued the c o 2 sat out by the volcanoes accumulated the greenhouse effect increased the ice

and egypt a book the ocean viking. tayo has already completed 4 missions with s.o.s. maybe telling me that this merchant navy officer continues to hone his lifesaving skills not come off with practice the most become automatic if we don't get the training are all now then in a crisis situation it's likely we won't do the moves correctly sunny but not usually 1234 like. the ocean viking is 60000000 natives you know at the stern there is 6 containers 2 are reserved for food. how many more are 10 something. hot for dr. duncan who is from the u.k. is in charge of the contain is this one he hopes never to use this is a specially refrigerated container. only always to go for you but i don't show really we're trying to be prepared for everything. but yeah see how it will just respond by. in recent years the mediterranean has become a graveyard the u.n. h.c.r. estimates that since 2014 more than 18000 people have died or disappeared trying to cross it. soldier a fire fight a deep sea fisherman told he had several lives before he began a career in sea rescue or poison sell him

it costs $14000.00 euros per day to fund the ocean vikings rescue missions so s.o.s. made it i may and doctors without borders rely on donations from people across europe these donations have also allowed the rescuers to purchase equipment including semi widget inflatable boats with powerful engines which enable tony and his crew to quickly reach vessels in distress. first they distribute proper life jackets to the youngest on board. but. this is the 2nd rescue since the team left must say in less than 24 hours time gay and his crew have saved $176.00 people now it's time to identify them. it's just so we know what country are you from ivory coast but mali higher up the number here. how old are you know 22. i'm 2625. a red wristband for adults and a yellow one for minus there were 23 unaccompanied minors on this boat. giving obama long in the research. he is from the u.k. before she retired she worked as a midwife her patient is a 24 year old woman from ivory coast who's 6 and a half months pregnant she escaped a libyan detention center with her other 2 children. alon

why biker plus leagues in the world oceans are making i'll see. you venture that's fucking up south africa's beaches. and punish all of these things and some leads to a dream she gets captured. but 1st we head to west and offer with some goods from you rope like to spend the winter now millions of them migrate to senegal mauritania and for the south the landlocked walk in a fossil while the hobby to its increasingly on the threat from intensive farming steal a number of calls ovation they stood doing what they can to ensure migratory birds can still find a way to home in sub-saharan africa. with. the fruits of the kodiak trees. tamari needs and a good place for reminisced. divided davis off season couple returning national park in south and booking a fossil was favorable even conditions for many species of buds. nevertheless bought conservationists are concerned migratory bugs from western europe such as the kingfisher becoming increasingly rare. the woman was. solid very migratory birds are indicators of the health of an environment today we can

and egypt a book the ocean viking. has already completed 4 missions with s.o.s. maybe to honey but this merchant navy officer continues to hone his lifesaving skills not come off figure with practice the most become automatic if we don't give the training our all now then in a crisis situation it's likely we won't do the moves correctly flowers $25.00 or 1234 why. the ocean viking is 60000000 meat is known at the stern there is 6 containers to our reserved food. how many more hours than. half an hour duncan who is from the u.k. is in charge of the containers this one he hopes never to use this is a specially refrigerated container. we always go point by i don't show really we're driving paid for everything. but yeah we'll see how it will be small fires. in recent years the mediterranean has become a graveyard the un h.c.l. estimates that since 2014 more than 18000 people have died or disappeared trying to cross it. soldier firefighter deep sea fisherman told he had several lives before he began a career in sea rescues. missile for 3 years of service in this field

. ~ . , time in the ocean in satellite imaue .~ . , ., ., time in the ocean in satellite - imagery-—magery. what is going on? why has it happened? antarctica - imagery. what is going on? why has it happened? antarctica has| has it happened? antarctica has to lose mass when it gains through snowfall. snowfalls on this massive ice sheet, down at the bottom of the planet, and it very slowly accumulates over a large area and has to lose it as well. so, iceberg carving, you can think of it like housekeeping or, it ok checks and balances for the ice sheets to be the ice sheet needs to stay around about the same size. because of all of the snow that is being added slowly over time over that large area, it needs to lose it as well. very infrequently we get these very large calving events like this one. and because they are infrequent, they take us a little bit by surprise because they do not happen very often is the pic. they do not happen very often is the pic-— is the pic. that is very interesting. _ is the pic. that is very interesting. this - is the pic. that is very interesting. this is

there are few do that and, some see that ocean rules as the ceiling and all that they have to do. ocean has always worked with employers both in consultation and in getting advice, and clearly the employers had to open up their workplace and to let osha cameras film. there are a lot of employers who are really good at this issue. >> so the third film we want to film was also recalled, it's called worker to worker, and it was also narrated by studs turkos. what's the purpose of that phone? >> that phone is supposed to show that there are ways to deal with safety and health in the workplace beyond calling osha. and that osha is simply one aspect or one tool that workers in unions can years. and employers in terms of getting consultation advice. but there's a lot that can be done in oversight of workplace between workers in and their employer, between unions and their employer, identify solutions and hazards. >> they will kill you, and if it's gonna whip you to death. basically because a lot of us had gripes, and some of us took them to our supervisors and stuff, and they just weren'

why bike reform sneaks in the words oceans often begin to see. you venture babs vacuuming up south africa's beaches. and a spanish aunties to send some of these baby and she gets touches. but 1st we head to west and west songbirds them you rope like to spend the winter now millions of them migrate to senegal mauritania and for the south of landlocked walk in a fossil while their hobby to its increasingly on the threats from intensive farming steal a number of calls ovation least they can to ensure migratory birds can still find a way into a home in sub-saharan africa. the fruits of the kodiak tree. tom green's and the good peanuts for enhanced. the. treason couple return the national insult and booking a fossil office favorable living conditions for many species of bugs. nevertheless but conservationists are concerned migratory bugs from western europe such as the kingfish are becoming increasingly rare. so while a very migratory birds are indicators of the health of an environment today we can see there are fewer and fewer migratory birds here a

once again it started with the idea that well, he walked out in the ocean we really change the oceanfoundly. that partly climate change changing very fast on geological scale. and also a lot of the co2 that we poured into the ocean really quickly. we point to the air that and it being dissolved in the ocean that changing the chemistry of the ocean. one group of organisms we know does not like this, we can already see his reefs and corals. these tiny little gillette tennis creatures that build a coral reef. so the idea was well, or not getting the ocean of the past back any time in any foreseeable timeframe. and if you want and the year 2100 they're just still be coral reefs, we're going to have to manipulate reefs two. the idea here was could we raise coral. i does inch towards engineering. could we breed him up to the heartier across species or corals in different parts of the reef. and subject them to stress and see how they do the heartiest ones to repopulate parts of the reef that in hawaii been decimated by warming. there also manipulating trying to work with the symbiont's for

for about a month and a half, the oceans were really quiet.ly strong decreases in ocean noise in most places where we listen. and forward thinking, what are some of the solutions to this. it is unlikely we are going to see rapid and to ocean noise, can be done?— can be done? unlike other stresses — can be done? unlike other stresses to _ can be done? unlike other stresses to the _ can be done? unlike other. stresses to the environment can be done? unlike other- stresses to the environment by chemical and plastic pollution, once you cut off the source of the sound, then the noise goes away. although its effects of course, its cumulative effects are going to stay there with most organisms, the sound source itself would disappear. so it is relatively simple, the solution. such as mass ship traffic or building quieter ships. the technology exists to do that. there is also a lot of equipment in which we can explore using quieter technology. we should also change where the ship lanes. even large ships and small recreational vessels don't go over con

why biker plus mixing the words oceans often make it honestly. new venture that's why giving up south africa's beaches. and punish auntie's sends leaves from the dreams of kids top cheese. but 1st we head to west and offer west songbirds from your rope like to spend the winter now millions of them migrate to senegal mauritania and for the south of landlocked walk in a fossil while the hobby to its increasingly on the threats from intensive farming steal a number of calls a vacation they still doing what they can to ensure migratory birds can still find a way to home in sub-saharan africa. with. the fruits of the kodiak trees. tamari needs and a good place for enhanced. they've made a vast off season coupler a time the national park in south and booking a fossil office favorable even conditions for many species of bugs. nevertheless bought conservationists are concerned migratory bugs from western europe such as the kingfisher becoming increasingly rare. so all a very migratory bugs are indicators of the health of an environment today we can see t

still ahead, a new generation of ocean exploration, how one bay area company is mapping the ocean floor like it's never been done before. and they're doing it in an ecofriendly way. to defend against dark forces attacking your organization, you need to see in the dark. to have the wisdom to understand multiple cyber threats. the precision focus to end attacks instantly. on computers, mobile devices, servers and the cloud. join the world's leading companies in our mission to defend. cybereason. end cyber attacks. from endpoints to everywhere. >>> for the first time the university of oxford plans to test its covid vaccine in children. this is the shot being produced and distributed by astrazenica. researchers are looking for 300 volunteers between the ages of 6 and 17. most will get the covid shot. the rest will get a control meningitis vaccine. >> this is the highest evaluation in children to establish the toller ability of the vaccine and immune response. but there are further steps that need to be taken beyond that to look online to numbers. >> researchers say the trial could help heal

the ocean is sick. and we, as man, have made her sick.he one that feeds us every single day, and yet we're toxifying her, we're hurting her. so we're spending time doing the science, trying to find out what is going on with the resources of the sea, why are they disappearing. - so in a marine protected ea we selected species that were both cultural keystone species aning, younow, you take them out of that culture, and they'll sort of have this ripple effect. and also ecological keystone species, so similarly, where they're, you know, important to sort of identifying the health of that ecosyste so we focused on mussels, smelts, and seaweed. can i help? - [speaking native language] - i don't know if there's gonna be some sneakers, but... - there probably is. - we'll probably be all right, huh? - yeah, i think so. - okay. i don't know. it looks pretty aggressive. - yeah. [indistinct] - [laughs] - all right, well, we'll go over here. this is normally where we-- where i go to see how they look. [upbeat music] - [speaks in native language] it's

may let me check out when it all but this carbonaceous material that ended up in earth's oceans that adventure all whole series of changes that particular temperatures particular events a particular star but very particular radiation from our own star not kept up to here. this organic matter was constantly altered on its long journey towards our planet its final composition the product of a singular history which scientists are now attempting to reconstruct. to understand what happened to these comments during their transformation and journey through the solar system louis don't the coal and clay court don't have taken an original approach which doesn't require a long and costly interplanetary travel more a trip in a test tube. over the joy day there's the idea of a journey which is quite poetic but it's framed in a very scientific context show on parole stratification. and here in the lavar tree and must say the scientists simulate the formation of a comet and its journey to earth i don't know how do we do this it's all comments are made of ice and dust we make some ice are we going

we change the oceans really profoundly that's partly climate change is warming the oceans very fast. it was important to the air and ends up being dissolved in the ocean change the chemistry of the ocean. as we can already see the coral reef building these tiny tiny little latin is creatures that build coral reefs. we are in connecticut the ocean past back anytime in the foreseeable timeframe. so there's a correlation up to manipulate reefs two. could we raise coral. across different species in different parts of the reef. subject to stress the hardest once the very hardy once you try to used to repopulate of on hawaii or the great barrier reef that have already been decimated. very interesting relationship with these plant symbionts. looking all parts of the echo system. that raises the question because if you could do that, that sort of pushes you towards a gene editing. it's very hard to produce enough of them unless you push these traits out and into the population. i have to save all the chapters in my book, about the natural world in relationship to it. this chapter in particul

it can spend up to 12 months on the open ocean.s sonar equipment that helps to map the sea floor down to 7,000 meters. currently less than 20% of the earth's oceans are mapped. >>> people are not the only ones getting treats this valentine's weekend. we're going to show you how penguins at the academy of scientists are celebrating next. >>> finally tonight celebrating valentine's day a little bit early and in a way i bet you've never heard of before. i'm going to bet on that. biologists at the california acad mu of sciences delivered these heart shaped valentines to the african penguin colonies. the team says the birds will use the hearts as new testing material, kind of like a water bed, something like that. you can see some of the pengens carrying them back to their nests. the experts are right. the birds also got check ups and a hearty of meal of what else? fish. in the shape of valentine's. thanks for watching. "nightly news" is next. we're back at 6:00. hope you can join us then. >>> breaking news tonight. historic acquittal t

wow. 37 miles beneath the ocean bed. officials say there was no threat of a tsunami. >>> new at 11:00, a winter blast across most of the country tonight, 150 million americans facing snow and ice and windchills. alerts along dangerous conditions. hundreds of thousands of people, the freeze over coating trees and cars and power lines. a massive pile up, sending eight people to the hospital. texas is still shaken by this week's deadly interstate crash. now the state is on alert for blizzard conditions and brutal cold. in the pacific northwest, mass vaccination sites closed today. the wind was so strong, literally knocked people off their feet and they're not staging that. that's for real. >>> mapping the ocean floor with the sailing drone. you may have seen it being tested here in san francisco, the company sales drone launched the world's largest and most advance unmanned ship for ocean exploration. it carries equipment to help to map the sea floor down to 7,000. that's currently left of 20% of the earth's ocean are mappe

maybe tens of thousands of meters deeper and we'd have had no land just one big ocean when it was no surface no interaction and no possibility of environments favorable to life. we can wonder if the fact that earth had just the right amount of water to have 70 percent oceans continents and then interactions was what made life possible for. the ponds of hydrothermal springs provide an ideal environment in which the chemistry of life can get started water heat and chemical elements rising from under the surface that they're not creamy to primitive earth was definitely a chemistry and level a dirty chemistry lab with the. lots of components all mixed up with a lot of changing of parameters and condition it's a metal book will take on a show. for several hundreds of millions of years the molecules mixed together rearranging themselves in all possible combinations becoming ever more complex could this chemistry to finally produce life the chemical elements needed to be able to assemble in isolation from the outside environment. the cell membrane needed inventing. the c.e.o. within this on

maybe tens of thousands of meters deeper and we'd have had no land just one big ocean when it was no surface no interaction and no possibility of environments favorable to life if we can wonder if the fact that earth had just the right amount of water to have 70 percent oceans continents and then interactions was what made life possible but me that is . the ponds of hydrothermal springs provide an ideal environment in which the chemistry of life can get started water heat and chemical elements rising from under the surface to air not free media primitive earth was definitely chemistry and there level of dirty chemistry lab where you have a ball with lots of components all mixed up with a lot of changing of parameters and how conditioned it's time it to look will take on the show. pacific. hundreds of millions of years the molecules mix together rearranging themselves in all possible combinations becoming ever more complex could this chemistry to finally produce life the chemical elements needed to be able to assemble in isolation from the outside environment. the cell membrane needed

to the left is not as apparent as our ocean towards the moon.re, we have the decided impression that we're going right into the center of that baby right now. >> okay, houston, we're maneuvering to the burn altitude. >> copy that, 12. >> we're beginning to go into darkness at this time. >> roger 12. >> in fact we're there. >> hello, 12, houston, gopher on the line. >> burn checklist complete to minus six minutes and we're holding a dead point. >> loi, lunar orbit insertion, the burn of the spacecraft rocket engine that would place "apollo 12" into orbit around the moon. with this burn occurring behind the moon, there would be no communications with the spacecraft until it came over the lunar horizon. the command module yankee cliffer, the lunar module intrepid. >> "apollo 12," houston. >> houston, yankee clipper with intrepid has arrived on time. >> i guess like everybody else, all three of us are plastered to the windows looking. >> the next day, pete conrad and alan bean entered the lunar module, leaving dick gordon in the command module. now

this is what they saw this beautiful ocean teaming with fish and it's a big pull factor for immigrant sicilians. also clear in the next slide is that this world was not a world of hanging out this was the world of work and it is in juxtaposition with steinbeck's world of play it's women's centered and it's working class and above all its industrialized and the next slide shows the same kind of view this is hard work women at work and i think there's another one. right this multicultural multi-ethnic working class world it was a family world too and the next slide kind of celebrates family, which i'm going to be focused on a lot and you can see that it's multi-generational. it's exuberant. it's robust and it's grounded by women. as monterey transformed and all kind of go into this, you know a little more detail culturally into a new ethnic working city. i want you go to the next slide there marco, please this was the transformation of monterey represented in santa rosalia, and we see how this played out on the wharf and how how important and vibrant it became and i think you have anoth

'd the times caused by the moon churned up the oceans and contributed to the dynamism of our ecosystem and the mutual attraction between the 2 bodies also had a crucial effect on me a rotation all access. this interface of a something more than what the effect wasn't just the tides it was much more to that effect that it's stabilized to the famous tilts on the angle of $23.00 degrees i would urge will act as a filter in relation to its trajectory around the sun all the way and this angle has stayed constant for billions of years i mean yeah then it seems you know we both knew no dollar that if the moon hadn't been there the earth's rotational axis would have oscillated causing rapid changes in the climate and this could have had huge consequences on evolution that fail with rapidly alternating periods of glaciation and warming for example on the bell the less assume that valuation of one. the moon helps the earth maintain a climate stable enough for the slow and gradual evolution of life. without the moon the earth would have been faced with the same up he evil's as its neighbor months

made let's walk out when it all but this carbonaceous material that ended up going to earth's oceans that adventure all whole series of changes that particular temperatures particular events a particular star but very particular radiation from our own sun kept up to create . this organic matter was constantly altered on its long journey towards our planet its final composition the product of a singular history which scientists are now attempting to reconstruct. to understand what happened to these comments during their transformation and journey through the solar system louis don't the core and clay court don't have taken an original approach which doesn't require a long and costly interplanetary travel more a trip in a test tube. because if you know you are gay there's the idea of a journey which is quite poetic but it's framed in a very scientific context sure if you're. hearing there live dartrey in ma say the scientists simulate the formation of a comet and its journey to earth and i'll just also how to. we do this comets are made of ice and we make some ice so we go into glass w

no, actually it's related to jellyfish and anemones in the oceans.s many individuals called polyps, that they live all together and they help each other to build this skeleton. what we actually do, we pick up some corals that are broken, because of any reason, and they are on the sand, so they will die because they will covered with sand. so what we will do is just keep this healthy part from the coral and put them back on our nursery. our nursery is around 5—6m depth and with a sandy bottom, the best method is to use these ropes, hanging on metalframes. ok, i want to try to attach a piece then. so let's see. i will put it through here. hold, like this, and then fasten it? yep, as much as you can, so it will not fall. this mustjust take hours to do. well, no, actually the process is quite fast. and actually, we need to do it faster as well, because they need to be underwater. so basically, what you are doing here is replicating nature? exactly, we just help to make this progress faster. so not mother nature, sandra nature! exactly! it is heartening t

adding to the problem, ocean currents carrying plastics here from nearby countries. and this is where that garbage winds up much of it plastic 700 tons a day 30 years ago this was a small island with a lagoon and a coral reef today it's three times its size appropriately nicknamed "trash island." rather than watch more islands here become trash islands, it was theatrical, but to make a point, the government in the maldives held an underwater cabinet meeting. eventually, a new law of the land here. by 2023, single-use plastics should no longer be available. no more bottles, bags, and baby diapers. >> us doing it is not going to save the planet. we can only be an example. we can only hopefully die knowing that we did the right thing. >> reporter: 1,100 islands make up the maldives. this the first island to completely eliminate single-use plastics it begins with all water. now delivered in reusable glass bottles. already on this one tiny island, they've reduced six daily pounds of garbage per person to just a half a pound it's a start, but the united nations estimates 8

drew them this beautiful ocean that we saw a little photograph of with pristine beaches, right? it was reminiscent of the mediterranean and the sicilian beaches they knew so well only this one was teeming with fish while in their mediterranean the fish were nearly extinct by the 19 teens and fishy families were desperate and starving by the 30s. i interviewed over 150 sicilians on both sides of the ocean for this book several recalled in really vivid language the poverty of those years as an impetus for out migration. one immigrant remembered that in sicily children fought over a potato in the street. and fishermen had to go farther and farther out to sea to find a catch. they often returned empty-handed after long dangerous excursions as far away as north africa. sometimes they didn't return at all. the ocean for them was a resource to be harvested it was not an environment for scientific study as steinbeck depicted through the lens of doc rickets the only recourse for them was to leave to start over but where would they go by 1910s they were hearing rumors that in monterey the

may lead to when it all but this carbonaceous material ended up going to earth oceans that adventure all whole series of changes that particular temperatures particular events a particular star very particular radiation they are all cutting here. this organic matter was constantly altered on its long journey towards our planet its final composition the product of a singular history which scientists are now attempting to reconstruct. to understand what happened to these comments during their transformation and journey through the solar system louis don't the core and clay core don't have taken an original approach which. doesn't require a long and costly interplanetary travel more a trip in a test tube. because if you go in the day there's the idea of a journey which is quite poetic but it's framed in a very scientific context show on parole structure 50. here in the libertarian must say the scientists simulate the formation of a comet and its journey to earth i don't know how do we do this it's comets are made of ice and we make some ice so we're going to last the rush was equally ch

. >> ladies and gentlemen, jazmine made it across the ocean.give her a big hand! come on, jazmine. >> she arrived on january teaguea saturday, 70 days, three hours, and 48 minutes after she left the canary islands. about 3,000 miles away. she lit a pair of flares as she cruised into the harbor. a twitter account that tracked her journey said that she had a near collision with a drilling ship, and capsized twice. >>> still ahead, flight information leak. united airlines is investigating who shared information with a reporter about ted cruz's cancun travel plans. ♪ here's to the duers. to all the people who realize they can du more with less asthma thanks to dupixent, the add-on treatment for specific types of moderate-to-severe asthma. dupixent isn't for sudden breathing problems. it can improve lung function for better breathing in as little as 2 weeks and help prevent severe asthma attacks. it's not a steroid but can help reduce or eliminate oral steroids. dupixent can cause serious allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. get help right away

they landed in the ocean. the plane carrying the first atom bomb, if they had mechanical problems, they could land at iwo jima where they had a substitute b-29 waiting and they had built a facility to move the bomb from the original plane to the secondary plane and finish the job. so, iwo was an important part of that. it was a very secret part of that, in that time. when the bomb was dropped, i don't know when we heard about it, but it went long after that. and we knew that the war would be over. that's the second thing. first it was when i saw the huge formation of planes go over, i thought it would be over soon and then when that happened i thought it would go over soon. nevertheless, the b-29s were still flying over and dropping men off with the parachutes. and i'm up on top of, i'm going to drop back now on top of that tower that i'm telling you about with my survey equipment and i see this destroyer escort coming parallel to the beach. and i thought, oh, my brother's on one of those in the atlantic somew

it's not surprising, since it's efforted that 90% of ocean species have yet to be classified.caught the attention of scientists around the world. we have the story from tokyo. >> back in 2016, an expedition off central japan yielded an astonishing discovery, long fishing lines hooked a monster. >> rter: w alogyis saw the first image, he was skeptical. >> it's very grainy photo, almost like when you see a photo of the lochness monster. you say, what is it and there's no scale. when they said it was 25kilos, i could not believe it. >> this is called slick head because of the scale free head. mostly they are a foot long. this was the size and weight of small child. they captured a rare glimpse of the fish in motion. a swish of the tail suggesting a stswimr.>> it's fh urprising and it's a mystery, how could something this large survive in an environment that is so hostile. >> it's not surprising to find big bony fishes in surface layers of the ocean. but down that depth is a completely different story. >> it proved the fish was an apex predator, the deep sea equivalent of a lion o