officers violate the law. and there's debate and i important debate about whether the answer in these cases should be to send police officers to jail. whether that is the you know the way if for those of us who don't believe that prison is particularly effective deterrent for people who have been charged with crimes. i, i, i have some questions about whether that is the right system for law enforcement officers as well. i would like to at that entire system if i had a magic wand to do so. internal affairs investigations. discipline and termination are really in much of the country and this is in part because of law enforcement officers bills of rights which limit the the way in which officers can be investigated and what the standards are for sustaining investigations and disciplining and terminating officers. and i want to put my hope in this book in civil litigation as the best alternative among these three options. one reason or a few reasons that, people who have been wronged by the police can bring these

hispanic officers, sworn officers, about 4%, 3% higher than the city demographics but obviously sfpd has a long way to go in hiring more asian officers. many police officers have been trying to step up recruiting cops from the community that they serve. these officers in young, black, from the community, why isn't getting officers from the community that look like the people that they are supposed to be protecting and serving enough? >> because it's not about individual people. it's about the entire institution, right? race-based capitalism and that -- and its us, and now it is maintaining the status quo. what happened to tyre nichols is not extra ordinary. law enforcement has killed more people since the george floyd rebellions than in the decade before it. they murdered 1055 people last year. there are only 306 to five days a year, that is three people a day or one every eight hours. you just don't hear their names. we hear more of their names and even we don't hear all of the names. and the primary way that our folks get entangled in the criminal legal system they can ever get out

how was that officers? everybody wants to hire cause to get it officers, but you have to pay though. so we can't find the police if we want to hire the best quality officers. research shows that the higher opinion jobs recruit in attractive retain more, a superior workforce, the same thing, goals for policing. also training. you know, the basic training in service training. we have to take a service, they measured, align with 21st century policing. our leaders, are they train? are they competent? how are they presented? what was their background checks? what was the promotion pathway? what? what does their record looks like? so do they hold their officers accountable? so as these things, and so i will say that it's a lot, but yeah, that will be a can do right now. well, let me, let me jump in here. i want you to keep going on because i want to ask you a question. kenneth corey, who's a former police chief of new york city, has said that what we ask of our cops is that they think like lawyers speak like psyc

plus officer hemphill. the five officers total 75 cases. there's going to be an additional number, i don't know the exact number with officer hemphill then, of course, beyond that if there are individual cases that people bring to our attention whether there's a credible reason to review it, we will review that as well. >> how concerned are you over some of the activity there that has come to light? >> i'm very concerned. i think anybody would be very concerned. >> reporter: and, victor, we heard from community members who had ain't acted with this unit which is now no longer, the scorpion unit, that raised issues and the d.a. is saying they'll look -- he told me outside of court it would be about a hundred cases. the significance of that, just one final note, these cases could potentially be dismissed which, you know, presents a big problem here for the city. >> yeah, certainly, shimon prokopecz there in memphis with the reporting, thank you. let's bring in now civil rights attorney and legal affairs comme

so we see the super premium offices probably have a 20% premium over more traditional standard offices actually held up surprisingly well, people continued to pay their rent. the other component for property values is interest rates. recently we have seen a spike in interest rates. what that does is it tends to depress the value of real estate, so rent divided by your cap rate or your interest rate gives you your capital value, so as interest rates rises that tends to depress the value of offices. but it's a really mixed picture. as i say, super prime offices in the hearts of cities, values are holding up extremely well. it's the secondary grade offices perhaps with worse energy ratings that we see will probably suffer the most. megan, let me end on this, a prediction. five years�* time, will we be in our city centres more or less? i think we're in our city centres more. i think people want to come together to socialise. the draw of cities actually gets bigger in the era of hybrid working. if people don't have to go to the city centre so much for work, they are more likely to come in t

will quickly show, "no, the officer did not say that." those types of things resolved more often than not in favor of police officers, and then that actually builds support among the police officers for the implementation of the camera program. but it's important to remember that simply having a body-worn camera is not a panacea. it is not the complete viewpoint. it is a very limited viewpoint. and i think that's something that we saw in the tyre nichols incident, where clearly a surveillance camera from above clearly saw and gave a perspective different from what was available from some of the officers' cameras. >> you know, it's unclear why tyre nichols was pulled over. there were claims he was driving recklessly that have not been proven. in 2016, a 32-year-old black man, philando castile, was fatally shot in front of his girlfriend and 4-year-old daughter during a traffic stop in in the greater minneapolis area. traffic stops are one of the places where we see deep racial disparities in policing. what do you think is the right way or

the president, vice president and all civil officers of the united states, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribe or other high crimes and misdemeanors. article 3, section 1, the judicial power of the united states shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may from time to time ordain and establish. the judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. the judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the united states, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority - to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, to controversies to which the united states shall be a party, to controversies between two or more states, between a state and citizens of another state, betwee

well, then it is somehow bigger the problem is than the kyiv tax office or the law enforcement officersl, once again , they are probably not the best tax experts, but they left a little of this amount in any case, well, once again, i am no less interested in the way of life. to this institution. as i called it, i have just such a trust. i am interested in what the claim was in essence, and i, as the head of the tsk, have already initiated the review and i think that we will actually probably even do it publicly so that everyone who wants to look at it will understand what is there it was not, no, no one tried to hide anything, let's say so, they discussed the raids on kolomoisky and he said that if these raids became such a public fur coat , for example, the lawyers were hired by the military, he turned to the law enforcement officers and noted that if you do not want some respect for yourself and to my profession, it was not worth distributing these materials of the pre-trial investigation because they relate to private life. and they say that there is a limit to everything , and here

and terminating officers. sort of put my hope in this book in civil litigation as the best alternative among these three options. one reason or a few reasons being that people who have been wronged by the police can you bring these claims themselves. they do not have to wait for a prosecutor to decide to bring a charge or internal affairs investigator to begin to investigate the case. a person whose rights have been violated also through the litigation process can on earth important information about what happened and how things went so wrong, which is often what victims of misconduct want to know. that is information criminal prosecutors and internal affairs investigators have no obligation to turn over, and that can happen in the civil litigation process. people who have been hard to get a receive money to compensate them for their losses and a court order requiring departments change their behavior, which are things that cannot happen through criminal prosecution or internal affairs investigations processes

, but someone may want to be a community safety officer but not be an actual police officer, but that does contribute to the safety of our community. >> very timely, i met with the mayor of tucson who is telling , me about her community officer program that is engaged in and serving as a pipeline for future officers, but also a group of trained individuals who can help in addressing and meeting with people in a crisis and creating a new public safety mental health response. there's been a lot of these programs that a been created in the last few years. i think the justice department is studying and evaluating them because it is such a broad range. we should not think there is just one model that is going to work everywhere, but i think this has been an important thing. you are right, there are so many social problems at the feet of police and we expect officers to address what are often failures of other systems within their communities. and it is not fair to our officer, and it creates opportunities for bad incidents to happen. so the efforts to support some of these other ways, and

versus actual officers on hand. overtime backfill helped reduce a portion of the gap by approximately 55 officers and if we compare all ranks overtime had the equivalent of 85 sworn fte. when we look at recruit hiring, we can see the number of recruits that have passed training over the past 6 years is dwarfedby the number of officers. academies will not resolve the personnel deficit and next several years have to reapply overtime backfill and academies to address the operational needs. in this slide is a update from the previous presentation. the thing to node is it the continued deterioration for calls for service. this is another update in last year's approved budget for overtime. it was-last year budget assumed for the fiscal year 24. the overtime needs would be lower because of increased academy hires. that hasn't been realized and we are now more dependent on overtime then last year and we exhausted all position vacancy savings. the gap between our overtime budget versus usage needs to be resolved during the m

that case literately took up the whole office. and i mean the whole office, it's a small unit.re's only five general investigators and three arson investigators and the other are specialized people that don't investigate the cases. >> thank you. that's helpful. you're not saying there wasn't time to sent an e-mail saying, hey, we're very busy working on this extremely high profile matter? there was time to do that? >> i don't know if the e-mail was looked at between the night of the 28th and what day it was looked at. >> you didn't open the e-mail on october 27th? >> many e-mails, if i'm not cc' d on it and i get e-mails directed towards me, which i'll read first. >> so you did or not? >> i did not. >> you're sure you didn't open the e-mail? >> i don't know for sure. >> you're not sure? >> yeah, i'm not. >> okay. >> but we did have a discussion at a later point regarding that dgo and that came, that was triggered by written directives reaching out and saying, hey, what is the status of the grid and that's when the had the conversation with dave o'connor. >> great, thank you. ms

effective at getting police officers to stopping police officers from turning each other in.a lot of these cases, i've written about numerous cases over the years where you have a scanner like this where you have a police unit that was shown to engage in massive corruption, and the only officer held accountable, the one who turned the other officers in, blew the whistle. a good example is a new york city police department a few years ago, adrian tried to blow the whistle on quotas. you not only was arrest, they raided his house and forcibly and turn him at a psychiatric ward -- interned him at a psychiatric ward. i think there is a very strong sense of camaraderie within the policing today. i think police culture has very "us versus them" mentality. it is difficult to get the good officers to report and hold the bat officers accountable because a lot of officers if you do that you're not going to remain in policing for very long. juan: i have covered a lot of these incidents of police police killings over many decades. i was surprised and i wondered if you were as well, about

turn all that empty office space into housing. the city has one of the highest commercial vacancy rates of any big city. a supervisor wants to convert some of the office space into residential spaces. the downtown core used to make up 70% of the gross domestic product but post covid, many companies aren't requiring their workers to return to the office. now the supervisor plans to hold hearings to explore how the city can encourage building owners to convert offices to home. >> we have the zoning that allows for it. we have a downtown plan that allows for it. what we don't have is the ability to move in an expedited manner. >> and there are challenges including the high construction cost and san francisco's legendary red tape. that could be changing. the city has commissioned a study to see how many towers in the downtown core could be candidates to be turned into homes. and that would be a big deal and a big process to undergo in san francisco. >> that's for sure. rob joins us now. boy, you're getting points today for beauty outs

two police officers get help? no, i think it is l officers get help? a very valid point, _ officers get help? no, i think it is a very valid point, because - officers get help? no, i think it is a very valid point, because this . officers get help? no, i think it is a very valid point, because this is unprecedented, a lot of the normal investigation the police would have done is that they would have control of it, but you haven't got control of it, but you haven't got control of social media. i think they have to bear responsibility but have allowed tiktok, conspiracy theories to be shared across social media. so, i think in the cold light of day, the police will have to look at what they need to be doing if they have a situation like this, and remember that the genre of true crime series now is so widespread that people feel, having watched a serious, that they are experts. people will come along to the scene and actually not realise that they are causing a huge injury, because what you may lose, if there is any forensics, having people trampling thro

hire more officers. but he has not spoke about any incentives or what he actually plans to do to help with recruiting more officers. >> well, and the east bay opens police chief continues his push to try to get back on duty. armstrong sent a letter on tuesday to the city's mayor and police commission demanded that he be reinstated. oakland's mayor sheng tao placed armstrong on paid administrative leave january 19th over his handling of officer misconduct investigations. while armstrong maintains he's done nothing wrong. the mayor wants the city's independent oversight bodies to review that matter before she makes any final decision on the chiefs future. a lot at letters sent to the mayor is confidential. in a statement, chief armstrong says, quote, letter is detail its comprehensive analysis of the flaws and that report's conclusion about me by a law firm working for the federal monitor. the facts demonstrate that i acted properly following all policies and did nothing wrong and quote, he goes on to say

but the provisions are not about that officers doing their jobs, it's about holding that officers accountable every police executive says i don't want to do that. host: just a fewew more phone calls chatting on policing reform and the recommendations from her group from lakeland florida thank you for waiting. >>caller: good morning. i must start off by saying i absolutely love you. used to call you my political girlfriend. i will say this i and in lakeland down the road from orlando. it is bad when you have w people in tampa say they will go to orlando because they have to go through lakeland. right now a friend of mine's son you probably seen it it was on viral he was handcuffed on the ground being kicked by police. this kind of thing has been going on forever. my question is i don't know if this gets better or worse it's about the same from my viewpoint because when we were younger a friend of made mine got hot grease kicked on him by the police a lot of people settle out of court there is no real conviction so they just get moved to different areas so with great power comes great responsib

and in particular , the final scene caused a lot of complaints about the officers in the film.tings of two. e. the main characters imagine that the commander of a tank division, a major general, called to the new commander of the district , a lieutenant general, might not know his last name. it's completely impossible. eh, especially since the surname varov is quite rare, frankly speaking, not ivanov and, uh, of course. he should have known. uh, who's his new boss, therefore, uh, conversations, like i found out, the old devil was completely excluded . vasilyev always answered that he intended in the script and in the final film, but to draw a line of arrests that, uh, mowed down our army elite in the thirty-seventh year. purely in army circles about him, they say a bad year, however, but by the end of the sixties. uh, after all, the central leadership decided to move away from this exposure of stalinism. and hmm, first of all, e did not want to somehow compromise the socialist system with mass repressions and oh, the cult of personality and repression. for all eighteen years of

that officers failed or i'm sorry, the officer behaved or spoke inappropriate and the officers failed to properly investigate. in the past two weeks we received 24 cases with a total of 52 allegations. in terms of general updates, i want to thank commissioner walker who resided over the first trial that dpa has been involved with her, so our attorney stephanie wilson wanted me to highlight that this evening. in terms of audit, dpa's currently at work drafting the next interim report which will focus on how sfpd audits electronic communications. as a reminder, we're producing smaller, my audit director would hate me for saying this, mini audit that's will be a part of the larger audit report so they are digestible and issue focused. in materials ever outreach, dpa participated in the richmond station community meeting. we used those meetings an an opportunity to tell the public how they can file a complaint and what information dpa needs in order to investigate. we also use those meetings as an opportunity to explain our mediation program. diana from our office continues to work with l

investigating officer, l senior officer, a senior. investigating officer, he senior officer, a senior profile. all our officers working - against the backdrop of a sequential set, against the backdrop of a sequential set. the _ against the backdrop of a sequential set, the cheetahs, _ against the backdrop of a sequential set, the cheetahs, we _ against the backdrop of a sequential set, the cheetahs, we will— against the backdrop of a sequential set, the cheetahs, we will do- set, the cheetahs, we will do everything _ set, the cheetahs, we will do everything we _ set, the cheetahs, we will do everything we can _ set, the cheetahs, we will do everything we can to - set, the cheetahs, we will do everything we can to support| set, the cheetahs, we will do- everything we can to support them. we continue — everything we can to support them. we continue to— everything we can to support them. we continue to work— everything we can to support them. we continue to work in _ everything we can to support them. we continue to work in that - we continue to work in that environment, _ we continue to

they're number one concern that i've heard over and over, office to office, public safety. and we have to listen. but even as we do, we must accept another tough fact. san francisco downtown, as we know it, is not coming back. and you know what, that's okay. empty office buildings have fuelled dire preconvictions of economic doom and screaming headlines about the death of downtown. but let's keep some perspective here, in 19 07, downtown was ash, that's worse than today in how people are working. we have our challenges but that does not mean it's the end of downtown. like the niantic, it's a call to action to reimagine, what our future holds what we can be, to think about what kind of city we are and what kind of city we can be. the truth is that it will not be one thing that fixes downtown. it will be many things and the good news is that downtown san francisco, that's so many advantages, a beautiful water front location, local and regional transportations, a dense walkable neighborhood, restaurants, bars entertainment and iconic venues like or cal, park and chase center.

the officers did not return san jose police officer was wounded, suffered a non-life-threatening injury and has since been released from the hospital. here is a photo of a ghost gun that police investigators allege mendoza used in these 2 shooting mendoza is prohibited from possessing any firearms. due to his prior felony convictions. now a san jose police chief anthony mata did have the suspect's criminal history available. the police chief says that he is unaware of the suspect's mental health history. >> and he also doesn't know whether or not the suspect was under the influence of any illegal substances during this incident. that remains under investigation. in san jose. hasn't let you cross for news. >> tonight, president biden is set to give his second state of the union address to the american people. the white house says he plans to tout what he considers economic progress for as washington correspondent reshad hudson joins us now with the preview of the president's big speech. good evening. were shot. hey, good evening, grant and vicki, the white house says president biden is l

no, the officer did not say that.hose types of things resulted, more often than not, in favor of police officers. then, that actually build support among the police officers for the implantation of the camera program. but it's important to remember that they simply have the body- want camera, which is not the complete viewpoint. it is a very limited viewpoint, and i think that's something we saw in the tyre nichols incident where, clearly, the surveillance camera from above clearly psyche perspective to different visibility from some officers' cameras. >> it is unclear why tyre nichols was pulled over. there are claims he was driving recklessly that were not proven. in 2016, 32 black men, castillo, was fatally shot in front of his girlfriend and 4- year-old daughter during a traffic stop in the greater minneapolis area. traffic stops are one of the places where we see deep racial disparities in policing. what do you think is the right or best way, or a possible way to reform traffic stops? >> yeah. i think we should b

when officer tyler engages mr. bagley again, as the state police investigator testified, it was almost simultaneously in a close encounter with less than one second to make a split decision. officer tyler was placed in a situation where he had to make that call. it's a tragic situation for all involved. however, that's the position we're placed in today with having to defend these charges. >> you say that there was something grabbed from the dresser in the bedroom. we watched the body camera video, but between that moment where you say there was something grabbed, bagley jumps off the balcony. your client runs out of the apartment, down the stairs, around the building, and then in the direction of bagley. does your client claim that there was something in his hand at the time he fired that shot? >> again, commenting just strictly from what the bond hearing evidence brought forth, the encounter was almost instant, as the investigator indicated less than one second, and simultaneously they're coming at each other in

thank you very much data officer leadbetter we have all our officer in office we will move forward. we have our liaison role. as well and i allowed make a nomination as chair i want to make a nomination for emergency shelter andhygiene. continue serving our emergency shelter and hygiene liaison. we are luck tow have her in this role i can't think of anybody better and we are well served boy her exert ease and leadership. like to renominate member friedenbach. second. >> second. >> i think by member reggio. >> and member friedenbach do you accept. why yes. why wonderful. we will open up from the board if there are comments this folks would like to make or if you would like to make any comments? >> no. just -- you have been happy to continue doing this or move to different roles we have one our behavioral health seat is vacant and wren who will get appointed but we canment to note is if i think we are thinking behavioral health person the liaison could be a role i could play if somebody wanted shelter put thanksgiving out there. if we wanted switch it if you mean we had a need. my bac

the presiding officer: duly noted. mr. schumer: i ask unanimous consent that the appointment at the desk appear separately -- that the appointment at the desk appear separately in the record, as if made by the chair. the presiding officer: without objection. mr. schumer: i understand that there's a bill at the desk due for a second reading. the presiding officer: the clerk will read the title of the bill for the second time. the clerk: h.r. 185, an act to terminate the requirement imposed by the director of the centers for disease control and prevention for proof of covid-19 vaccination for foreign travelers, and for other purposes. mr. schumer: in order to place the bill on the calendar under the provisions of rule 14, i would object to further proceeding. the presiding officer: objection having been heard, the bill will be placed on the calendar. mr. schumer: finally, madam president, i ask unanimous consent that when the senate completes its business today, it stand adjourned under the provisions of s. res. 57 until 11:

unlike the office, the leader of the belarusian popular front did not limit himself to virtual work and immediately went to the war zone. here is how zinon commented on the political reincarnation. former unit fighter. rumor has it that the real televised visit to ukraine announced the creation of a new political movement. i don’t know if the old position plus the military whom zenon will lead will do it or not, but i think it’s a good idea, here or in kalinovsky’s regiment they will put things in order or we will see another track. an employee of one of the extremist resources put the leader in an uncomfortable position . why didn't she come to ukraine so supportive? showed due to the circumstances, and can you explain, please, the circumstances. you mean. ah , so that i, uh, enter the territory of any state. i need an official an invitation from the foreign ministry, and while the ukrainian side is not ready for us to provide an invitation to provide this, as i understand it, it would be too late for ezenon and his supporter of such a proposal. yes, that's right, i understand. i think

officers will also patrol the area supervisor , hillary ronan's office pushed for the barriers but also says she supports legalizing prostitution. ronan says legalization would create a safer environment for sex workers. the man accused of the deadly mass shooting in half moon bay was in court this morning and redwood city is our appeared to have been crying while the court proceedings took place today, the judge granted a request from the defense for a gag order in the case. prosecutors says you killed seven people and two farms where he worked. he scheduled to be arraigned next thursday and may enter a plea. faces the possibility of life without parole or the death penalty if convicted. chiefs and eagles fans descend on this year's super bowl host city tonight. coming up, we'll take you live to glendale, arizona for a look at how they're getting ready for sunday's big game. barry weather a bit of a cool down today, and right now i'm tracking some scattered showers moving into parts of the bay area, and those showers will stick around to one part of your weekend. we'll have more on you

officer twice. today the district attorney said cantu went out looking to kill police. >> he tried to kill the police officers. he knew that he was shooting at police officers, intending to kill them, and that he understood the gravity of that offense. >> so at this point cantu is being held without bail. and coming up at 5:00, robert handa will have details on the defendant's strange behavior in court today. again, that's at 5:00. less than 30 minutes. >>> all right, the massage envy spa chain, a massage therapist crossing the line in the bay area. massage envy was named in a new lawsuit this morning. the alleged victim and her attorney made the announcement in front of a redwood city courthouse saying she was sexually assaulted by a man who worked there back in 2017. they claim this employee has a history of sexual abuse, and the spa chain ignored it for years. when asked why she waited this long to come forward, hear what she said. >> i think we've all heard this in the past that people who exper

the da's office and the san francisco police department. you know, when you see these incidentses occur on video, i know that in many communities, not just our asian community, it really hurts. and it touches people's heart and soul in a different way. as david mentioned there are alegality of asian organizations that have stepped and up done extraordinary work. i want to acknowledge the cross cultural rep this continueless to help bridge that gap and bring communities together. and we have street violence intervention programs here which has been instrumental in helping to deal with a lot of the violence in the city. especially challenges around retaliation. we appreciate their work with sarah juan and cyc and how they come together to be the eyes and ears and ambassadors on the streets to take care of our seniors. thank you roberto hernandez from the mission and demonstratingior love and support for this community. when we say in san francisco is you come for one of us you come for all of us. we will band together it make sure this we sup

there is a view, though it is obstructed, that the officer -- the way the officer is turned.rosecuted? and i'm sure this video will certainly be used in court, whether by both sides or at least the prosecution? >> absolutely. to the extent that that body cam video we haven't seen yet shows that mr. bagley's hands were in the air it's going to be difficult to make the claim he posed any threat to the officers. and the initial question i had, he ran and we've seen so many of these cases, black men run from police because they are afraid. they've seen cases where they don't run they run into situations like tyre nichols. so why was this officer chasing him? what was the purpose of chasing him and drawing his gun in the first place. seemed there needed to be more investigation conducted at the apartment about whether a crime was committed. having a dispute with your spouse or partner isn't necessarily a crime. i'm not sure why he's making chase after mr. bagley and why a weapon was drawn. those are questions that have to be answered and a defense attorney has to convince jurors t

, support from coming over the age of one officers. one thing that january six committee said in their report is that there was a fear among some of the top brass at the military that donald trump wanted to use the guard to protect him and his supporters. they marched to the capitol not to protect the capitol, and they felt it would be misused. do you agree with that conclusion? i write about a form of that. i think there's a lot of people within the president's cabinet that believe that he may invoke the insurrection act. and i tie that into the concern about how intelligence was handled. i firmly believe the intelligence community handled the intelligence on january six, different than they have in previous events. but i do believe there was concern for him possibly activating martial law and activating the military in support of of his concerns. so i think that had played a role in the reluctance to put military anywhere near the capitol. but there was also, i think, a reluctance on the other side. i think you get to this a little i

but gerald ford comes in office totally unprecedented.no present had resided for no present had ever resigned with an indictment or two hanging over his head. and president nixon left so many documents on the fourth floor of the executive office building that the secret service was afraid the floor would actually collapse. that's how many documents were left. in addition, there were, depends on the figures, about 880 reels of tape. most of them were bought at the then the equivalent of a cvs. were very flimsy and they were all gathered together, also in the executive office building. one day a moving van pulls up, and president ford had continued in office, president nixon's chief of staff, alexander haig, the i'm in charge guy of the reagan era. and the the president, and y his team, wondered what's going on, and they said stop, to the process of moving the materials to the president, the former presidents home in san clemente. and the asked the justice department who owns the papers. this matter was extremely important not just for hist