oppenheimer was the father of the atomic bomb. he directed the civilian laboratory at los alamos during the project. under his leadership, he directed nobel prize-winning scientists, engineers, military and the civilians who worked on the atomic bomb project in los alamos. >> in 1938, two german physicist working in berlin bombarded this lump of material called uranium. they got a curious result. a kind of released a lot of heat and it created a different element. an element that was farther down on the table of elements. the word about this spread through the nuclear physics world like a forest fire, that scientists had split the atom. and that it was scientists working in nazi germany that had. there was a lot of knowledge that the germans had split the atom. that england was working on their own splitting of the atom and harnessing that into a military weapon. it was not until pearl harbor that the manhattan project was created. then a lot of resources under the control of the army corps of engineers was devoted to create this

he was the soviet oppenheimer. what they meant by that is right, we are now in the arms race and we've got to get moving. in a way the cold war is born in that conversation at that table in potsdam. and the fighters -- very briefly, the fighter planes, there were no fighter planes. nothing happened. there was no flak. i mean, there was no anti-aircraft fire, there was nothing. one of the reasons why that happened is because the japanese, there had been a number of practice missions that these guys had flown carrying what they call pumpkin bombs, which were very big bombs, but they were regular bombs. they would fly these missions with one or two or three planes unlike the classic, big array of missions that the americans would fly and they were doing it with the express and specific purpose of getting the japanese used to high-flying airplanes that did virtually no damage at all. and it worked. it worked. tibbetts says this expressly in his autobiography. they flew this mission, what on earth is one or two or three

devoted -- i think the relationship between oppenheim or and -- oppenheimer and groves is fascinating. groves is large, his weight pacified almost as much as the -- classified as much as the bomb program. he was rude. the only person who would work with him was his secretary. the only person in the pentagon office who actually stood up to groves and told him to shut up when he was rude. she knew more about the bomb program than the president. she was a major o'leary. he was scared of her. he was a complete bastard. his deputy called him the greatest son of a bitch i have ever known and also the most capable. he employed a headset with bold commands. his empire was across the world. he was very tough, but he was the guy needed to get this thing working. oppenheimer is the opposite, very thin, cadaver of a man. he weighs 116 pounds by the time of the trinity test and on five packs a day, -- he died finally of throat cancer in the 1960's. he is very thin, very nervous. he is a man who believes in open society, that scientists should be able to talk to each other. groves really is a secur

he then recruits oppenheimer to do it.o you have the military push and drive and discipline of groves, and this year scientific brilliance of oppenheimer, the scientific director of the program. i think oppenheimer really is the key figure here. because on the one hand you have groves demanding military discipline and security and deadlines, and a lot of the scientists were bucking out at this and somehow, oppenheimer kind of had to keep the scientists on board while on the other hand trying to meet the deadlines that groves was setting. and groves was not very patient. he called the 8000 scientists in los alamos a bunch of prima donnas, and said he was conducting a giant opera. so it was a kind of clash of temperaments and wills, but somehow it worked. host: i was struck by the quote you had of oppenheimer's reaction on the news of fdr's death. the quote was, roosevelt was a great architect, perhaps truman will be a very good carpenter. guest: treatment new absolutely nothing about the manhattan project and scientists kne

and kurt you talk of, was an oppenheim or a basically a russian oppenheim or.and the fighters there were no fighter planes, and nothing happened there was no flak, there was nothing really. one of the reasons why that happened, is because japanese number of practice missions guys have flown, the which are very very big bombs, they were conventional bombs. they would deliberately fly these missions, with one or two or three airplanes, and they were doing it with the express and specific purpose, of the japanese getting used to high flying airplanes, that did no damage. and he says to six pressley that it worked, and they flew these missions, and what's one or two or three planes headed to, they are not dangerous. maybe a reconnaissance mission so they weren't touch. tidbits said after the war, that in the hiroshima mission, was the most boring mission he had ever flown. which in a way is a terrifying advertisement for my book, but astonishingly revealing, about how perfect that mission was. it was the perfect mission. >> last one i'm sorry yes last question. >>

robert oppenheimer. there have been extensive books written about him. what a man.you describe him as a renaissance figure and a genius. >> half a dozen languages. sanskrit so he could read the buddhist writings, fabulously brilliant as a physicist and people didn't know if you would have any executive skills at all he was the scientific director at los alamos and one of the things he had to juggle that i mentioned before was this military man and then frankly all these. >> don scientist who rebelled at the idea of military order and deadlines. another nugget in the book is after the bombing in the war ends truman never looks back he's asked about it for the rest of his life and he says i had to make the decision to end the war and i would do it again all the people on the flight crew said the same thing. it ended the war. we are military men this was the way to defeat the enemy. those who didn't have the second thoughts for the scientist. einstein started the manhattan project in 1939 when he writes a letter to roosevelt and his concern with the german refugees the

on the other hand, oppenheimer is the opposite, he's a corpselike man. he weighs 116 pounds by the time of the trinity test. he's on five packs a day by then. he's smoking himself into an early grave and he died of throat cancer in the '60s. he's very, very thin. a very, very nervous man indeed. he's a man who believed in an open society. he thinks that scientists should have been able to talk to each other. groves thinks -- he's a security freak. not only did he actually -- he sent spies on onnppenheimer. his wife and his two children who lived here near in washington had absolutely no clue what he was doing every single day of his life when he went into the office running the most expensive and most important weapons program in history and the first time they found out about it was actually on the day the bomb was dropped in hiroshima when he rang up his wife and said, you should listen to the radio today. i'm on it. and at 11:00, he said. they switch on the radio and they hear that this man that's been living with them for the last three years going t

oppenheimer was probably not high on the list. actually, oppenheimer had not even been in charge of the physics department in berkeley before he was chosen to be the head of the central laboratory, but there was something about oppi that people like. i think a couple things grew. there were nobel prize winners that were being considered. they already accomplished the nobel prize. groves wanted somebody who was hungry and maybe would have worked a little harder, and also on a train trip across the was able toppi describe what needed to be done in terms that a layman could understand. so groves picked oppi. to puter thing is where the laboratory. you could not have it in chicago. what happens if an accident happens? toxic security. what happens if you're walking down a street involved in it? involvedue who was not in it, walked up, and said, "joe, what are you doing?" so they looked around. they went out west. had gone to mexico to recover from an illness when he was 18 years old and fell in love with new mexico. at one point he sai

that is the scientist j oppenheimer quoting the bhagagavad-gita.tedrn now to how the stateses governmnment contrtrole narrative about the race to build the first atomic on, especially by controlling how that story was portrayed in the media. this is the focus of a new book, called "the beginning or the end: how hollywood -- and america -- learned to stop worrying and love the bomb." thehe end" is or also the name of a 1947 movie by mgm. we will learn more about that and more by external us greg mitchell, who has written andnsively on the hiroshima nagasaki atomic bombings. it is great to have you with us, greg. anniversary, the 75th anniversary of the dropping of the atomic, ushering in the nuclear age. before we talk about the film, the beginning or the end, that started to re-create a narrative about what happened, for people who are not familiar with what happened then, the significance of j robert oppenheimer, president truman's decision to why the bomb, tell us bomb was d dropped, and the criticism at that time through to today t that was not

he wrestled with it. >> tough job to be a president. >> robert oppenheimer.ome and talk to us about him, i'm sure there's been extensive books written about him, what a man. i think as you describe him, a renaissance figure and ingenious really. >> absolutely. he spoke and a half dozen languages, learned sanskrit so he could read the buddhist writings. fabulously brilliant as a physicist but also, and people had real questions about whether he would have any executive skills at all but he became the very skilled administrator. he was a scientific director at los alamos. one of the things he had to juggle was he had general groves which i mentioned before, this bulldozer of a man and military man and that he had all these, frankly, prima donna scientist who rebelled at the idea of deadlines and military order and he kind of had to keep both of those things going. we talk about second thoughts, another one of these great nuggets in the book is, after the bombing and after the war ends, truman never looks back, he says, he's asked about it for the rest of his li

actually, oppenheimer had not even been in charge of his physics department at berkeley before he was chosen to be the head of the central laboratory. there was something about opi that grooves liked. groves saw that he was hungry. groves wanted somebody who was hungrier and would maybe work a little bit harder. and also on a train trip across the country, oppi was able to describe to groves what was needed to be done in terms that groves and a layman could understand. groves picked oppi. you couldn't have the laboratory in chicago. what happens if an accident happened? or also it would be easy to breach the security. you're walking down a street involved in it, a colleague who wasn't involved came up and said, hey, what you doing? there would be an easy way to break top secrecy on that. so they look around. they picked some places in the west. oppi had come to new mexico to recover from an illness when he was 18 years old and had fallen in love with new mexico. at one point he said that he wished he could marry the two loves of his life, physics and new mexico. of course that's befor

co-author with another of our speakers, kai bird, of american media's, the triumph of j robert oppenheimer -- oppenheimer which won the pulitzer prize in 2006 for biography in september, marty will publish gaveling with armageddon, nuclear relet from hiroshima to the cuban missile crisis. messes kai bird who i just mentioned, the executive director of cuny graduate center levy center for biography. he is coeditor of hiroshima's shadow, and the author of the chairman, john j mccloy and the making of the american establishment, in addition to co-opting the pulitzer prize-winning book. next is garr alper bench was atd academic positions king's college, cambridge, the institute of politics at harvard and the university of maryland. he is the author of two books on today's subject, atomic diplomacy, hiroshima and potsdam, and the decision to use the atomic bomb. he is currently a principal of the democracy collaborative in -- an independent research organization and finally we will hear from peter chris that, professor of history and director of the nuclear studies institute at american univers

robert oppenheimer and general leslie gross. but there were also critical voices in los alamos. as there were many scientists here who thought that we should do a demonstration for the japanese and they they signed a petition and oppenheimer stopped the petition from going forward to the government. the critics remained isolated they read later that america had no bombs to waste so why did it have to drop 2 bombs within days of each other. we had 2 different kinds of bombs we had the your am bomb that was dropped at hiroshima and we had the plutonium bomb that we dropped at nagasaki had we had authority and bomb we probably would have taken out a 3rd city but it was important to test the plutonium bomb from the standpoint of u.s. policymakers and military strategists because that was the kind that we were going to bring into effect increasingly over the next period the effort that went into this was the primary. challenge. that the scientists face that loss at los alamos and the implosion device was a much more efficient way of exploding either iranian or plutonium and that was

aller: did oppenheimer have chance to talk to truman about what was going to go on it they dropped this bomb? thank you, brian. when was the decision made to drop that bomb? on may 5,a meeting they decided japan would be the target and not japan. made and afters ,he splitting of the adam physicists were very alarmed about the possibility -- the om,itting of the at physicists were very alarmed about the possibility of hitler getting to work. they were to eisenstein. project really gets off the ground very slowly. it does not really get momentum until 19 to. the admirals and the generals, some of them were briefed about the use of the atomic bomb. but even someone like arsenaler, america's increases threefold. bombs.ve almost 30,000 they were going to drop the bomb. eisenhower said, they told me they are going to drop it on the japanese. but the war was over in europe and it was not up to me -- i am getting more and more depressed, just thinking about it. he asked for my opinion. .e said, i'm against it he said, i am -- i hate to see our country be the first to use such a weapon. , in an

so i actually don't know off the top of my head whether he did meet oppenheimer or not. i would guess that he did, but i'm just guessing. but our appointment calendar could probably come up, although he may have been in secret meetings and not recorded. so not an all exclusive answer for that. i would say right off the top of my head i'm very sorry, i can't answer that question accurately. i'm going to look it up as soon as we get done. >> a third question from dave who says, do you have any more information on the soviet spies that infiltrated a bomb development program in new mexico? >> we do, actually. that's a whole other topic for discussion but it's pretty obvious we know spies were in new mexico. truman did not know at the time. a lot of it came later on about those spies. that's a whole other presentation. but later on it was found that the worst spies in new mexico, and i believe it's in 1949 that the soviets but that time they have their atomic bomb. so it's another four years later but it's shortly after. so yeah, there was a lot of information at the truman l

[laughter] oppenheimer, robert oppenheimer. talk to us about him.re are extensive books written about him. what a man. i'm just -- i think as you described him, a renaissance figure and a genius really. >> absolutely. spoke, i think the, a half dozen languages, learned sanskrit so he could read the buddhist writings. fabulously brilliant as a physicist but also -- and people had no question about whether he would have any executive skills at all -- but he was a very skilled administrator. he was scientific director at los alamos. and one of the things that he had to juggle was he had general groves, who i mentioned before, this bulldozer of a man and a military man, and then he had all of these, frankly, prima donna scientists who rebelled at the idea of deadlines and military order. and he kind of had to keep both of those things going. you know, we talk about second thoughts. one of my -- another one of these great nuggets in the book is after the bombing and after the war ends, truman never looked back on it. he says, you know, he's asked about i

oppenheimer was probably not high on the list. he had not even been in charge of his physics department in berkeley before he was chosen to be the head of the central laboratory. things grew.ple there were nobel prize winners that were being considered. they already accomplished the nobel prize. on a train trip across the country, they were able to describe what was needed to be done that a layman could understand. he could not have it in chicago. what happens if an accident happens? what happens if you're walking down a street involved in it? a collie that was not involved said joe, what are you doing? there would be an easy way to break top secrecy on that. he came to mexico to recover from an illness when he was 18 years old and fell in love with new mexico. at one point he said he wished he could marry the two loves of his life, physics and new mexico. that was before he got married. i want to be clear about that. this was an opportunity for him to do that. they settled on this boys school in los alamos. after that was chosen

cutoff was the soviet oppenheim are.nd what they meant by that was, we are now moving in the arms race. we have to get moving. so in a way, the cold war is born in that conversation in that conversation in -- very briefly the fighter planes, the window fighter planes, nothing happened. there was no flak, there were no anti aircraft. there was nothing. one of the reasons that happened, the japanese, there had been a number of practice mission these guys have flown. caring what they call pumpkin bombs. the called their very big bombs, whether conventional bombs. they were flying one of these missions -- quite unlike the big bomber raid that the americans are usually flying. and they were doing it with the express and specific purpose of getting the japanese used to high flying airplanes that didn't do damage at all. and it worked. until it says is very expressly in his autobiography, they flew -- one or two or three planes gonna do nothing. they are not dangerous, maybe reconnaissance or whatever. and there's so little fue

oppenheimer leaves and truman says i never went to see that son of a bench in this office ever again. >>. >> you tell a story in the book i have not heard before in that part of the pulitzer with the new york times and the opportunity in this project and how that turned out. >> this is the joy. talk about good days and bad days. william leonard lawrence was a distinguished science reporter for the new york times. he won a pulitzer prize with a group of others for writing an article in a scientific project. and also thinks it will be an immense story and i want the story told right. and the unity of what we have today. so the military general those to see the editor because he knows about lawrence i would like to get william lawrence in like him to disappear off the face of the earth and i want him to go inside the greatest story of all time. i don't think he told the editor was but the editor said can you imagine that today cracks and you say you'll have the greatest story of all time but you cannot tell it and tell be tell you that you can. so the idea of this great story was then br

>> why did oppenheim or changes views so quickly? he was convinced, during the war, when he served on the committees that it was necessary to use the bomb to prevent an invasion and very soon after the war, he learned, he was very plugged into the war department and he learned that it wasn't necessary. on two occasions that i know of, one, in a public speech and one in an article in the earliest versions of the bulletin of atomic scientists, i think it was a june 46 issue. he actually wrote it in writing that it was used against him essentially defeated enemy. but he never argued publicly that we shouldn't have used it. yes, sir. >> with the decision to use the bomb have been different if roosevelt had lived? >> of course, that's another counter factual, your guess is as good as mine. i tell my students when i say that, your guess is as good as might actually, it's not as good as mine. (laughs) but you're guesses ok. i have come to believe, i have done a one 80. i've come to believe, the high park memorandum that i read to you is a p

so i actually don't know off the top of my head whether he did meet oppenheimer or not. i would guess that he did, but i'm just guessing. but our appointment calendar could probably come up -- although it may have been secret meetings and not recorded, too. it's not an all exclusive answer for that, but i would say off the top of my head, i'm sorry, i can't answer that question accurately. >> all right. >> i'm going to look it up as soon as we get done, though. >> we'll take a third and final question, then. so from dave, who says do you have any more information on the soviet spies that infiltrated the a-bomb development program in new mexico? >> we do, actually. and that's a whole other topic for discussion, but it's pretty obvious that we have on record now that the spies were in new mexico. truman did not know about them at the time. a lot of it came out later on about those spies. so that's a whole other presentation, but later on, it was found that were spies in new mexico. i believe it's in 1949 that the soviets by that time, they have their atomic bomb. it's anot

i don't know off the top of my met -- my head whether he oppenheimer or not. i would guess that he did but i'm just guessing. our appointment calendar could probably tell you. there may have been secret meetings not recorded. there is not and always close of answer for that. i would say i am very sorry i can't answer that question accurately. it up as soonlook as we get done. >>>> we will take a further -- take a final question. do you have any archives on the atom bomb development in new mexico? mark: we do. we know that the spies were in new mexico. truman did not know about them at the time. a lot of it came out later on about those spies. that is a whole other presentation. later on it was found that there were spies in new mexico. i believe it was in 1949 that the soviets had their atomic bomb. it is another four years later but it is shortly after. there have been books written about it as well. >> from george washington to george w. bush, we feature the presidency, or weekly series exploring the president, their politics, policy and legacies. you're wat

oppenheimer, dr. oppenheimer, to decide if the weapons should be used; and if so, how. so it -- and i never learned about any of this from grandpa, as i said. i found out about this in school. i learned in school like everybody else. i learned from my textbooks. for me, the dropping of the bomb has always been much more of -- it's what you do afterward. it's how grandpa felt about it. it's how we deal with the as paul said, this continues to be debated. people still write books about this. people still talk about it, and it goes back and forth. in 20 -- i guess my son wesley, this must have been in 2003 or '4 when my son wesley was 10 years old, he brought home a book from school, "sadako and the thousand paper cranes." for those of you who don't know the story. sada kch sadako is a real little girl, who survived the bombing of hiroshima and nagasaki. sadako was diagnosed with radiation induced leukemia about nine years later. to help in her treatment she followed a japanese tradition that says if you fold a thousand origami paper cranes you are granted a wish of good h

did truman and oppenheim are ever meet? >> you got me. i'm stumped. i don't know that, actually. we will get back to you on that. one of our archivists me will have to look that up. if i was quick on my fingers they would go search for oppenheim on my calendar and see if his name pops up. i actually don't know off the top of my head whether they did meet are not. i would guess that he did, that i'm just guessing. our appointment calendar could probably come up. although secret meetings are not recorded. i would say off the top of my head, i am sorry, i cannot answer that question accurately. i'm going to look it up as soon as we are done, though. >> i will take a final question. dave says, do you have any more information on the soviet side that -- the bomb development in new mexico? >> that is a whole other topic. we do. it's pretty obvious that we have on record now that the spies were in new mexico. truman did not know about them at the time. a lot of it came out later on about those spies, and so that is a whole other presentation, but later on i was found that the spies were

in any case, about a month after the explosion, oppenheimer comes to the white house and sits down withthis point he's just wracked with second thoughts. he says, mr. president, i have these terrible regrets, i feel that i have blood on my hands. truman says, don't worry about it, i gave the order, i've got the blood on my hands. they finish the conversation. oppenheimer leaves and truman says to his staff, i never want to see that side of the ditch in this office ever again. >> that is such a moment. you also tell a story in the moment i've never heard before, i want you to tell the whole story, it's with respect to this fellow william lawrence with the new york times, the opportunity that as we had in this project and how all of that turned out. >> this is the joy, you talk about good days and bad days writing, this was a very good day. william leonard lawrence was a science reporter and a very distinguished science reporter for the new york times. he had won the pulitzer prize with a group of other people for writing an article on a scientific project. groves this military man but al

and did oppenheimer have a chance to talk to truman about what will go on if they dropped this bomb?ost: several points there. when was the decision made to drop that first bomb? may 5, 1943, they decided japan would be the target and not germany. the project began under the scientistshe emigre who had fled from nazi occupied europe. split the uranium atom in 1938, they were very alarmed at the prospect of hitler's developing an atomic bomb. scientist wrote three letters to roosevelt urging they begin a bomb project as a deterrent against japanese bombs. the project gets off the ground very slowly and does not really get momentum until 1942. generals, somed of them were briefed about the use of the atomic bomb. you mentioned halsey and mentionedth of whom -- said the atomic bombs were not necessary to end the war. arsenals nuclear increases almost 30 fold. eisenhower says that at potsdam, stimson told him they were going to drop the bomb. not offer did anything because my work was over in europe. , and i told him i was against it on two counts. the japanese were ready to surrender, a

what i actually don't know off the top of my head whether he did meet oppenheimer or not? . i would guess that he did, but i'm just guessing. there may have been secret meetings that were not recorded to. it's not an all exclusive answer for that. i would say off the top of my head, i'm sorry but i can't answer that question accurately. >>. >> i'm going to look it up as soon as we get done. >> we will take a final question then. this one is from dave. he says, do you have any information on the traded -- soviet spies in new mexico during the manhattan project? >> we do. it's a whole other topic of discussion. we have been on record that the spies were in new mexico. truman did not know about them at the time. a lot of it came out later on about those spies. that's a whole other presentation. later on it was found that the worst spies in new mexico, and i believe it was in 1949, that the soviets by that time had their atomic bomb. it's another four years later. it's shortly after. there is a lot of information at the truman library about that and other sources as well about t

>> thank, you go ahead brian finish up. >> did oppenheimer had a chance to talk to truman about what would go on if they dropped this bomb? >> several different points there. when was the decision made to drop that first bomb do you think? >> the meeting on may 5th, 1943. they decided that japan would be the target and not germany. the project began under the urging of the and the gray scientists who fled nazi occupied europe. after the germans split the uranium atom in december of 1938. the in the great scientists were very alarmed by the prospect of hitler developing an atomic bomb. they went einstein and then einstein got roosevelt's attention. he wrote the first of three letters to roosevelt urging the u.s. began a bomb project, not to drop on japan but as a deterrent against the japanese bomb -- a german bomb. the project gets off the ground very slowly and does not get much momentum until 1942. some of the generals were briefed about the use of the atomic bomb. he mentioned both admiral's were both on record saying the atomic bombs were not necessary to end the war. even someon

oppenheimer was probably not high on the list.e had not even been in charge of his physics department in berkeley before he was chosen to be the head of the central laboratory. it was something about him that groves likes. groves saw he was hungry, there were nobel prize winners that were being considered. but they already accomplished the nobel prize. groves someone just wanted someone who would work harder. also on a train trip across the country, oppy was able to describe what was needed to be done that a layman could understand. the other thing was where to locate the laboratory. he could not have it in chicago. what happens if an accident happens? it would also be easy to breach the top security. you are walking down a street involved in it, a colleague who was not involved set, what are you doing? there would be an easy way to break top secrecy on that. so they looked around, they picked some places in the west. mexico toome to new recover from an illness when he was 18 years old and fell in love with new mexico. at one poin

oppenheimer briefed the interim committee may 31st, military and political leaders and warned them in three years we'll likely have weapons between 700 and 7,000 times as powerful as the hiroshima bomb. the scientists were warning about this. when you get to the moral equation, seven of the eight five star generals in 1945 are on record saying that the atomic bombs were military earl unnecessary, morally reprehensible or both. the most outspoken about this was admiral william leahy. hayley chaired the meetings of joint chief of staff and truman's personal joint chief of staff. leahy wrote japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender. the use of this barberous weapon was of no material assistance in our war against japan. being the first to use it, we adopted an ethical standard common to barbarians of the dark ages. we've got similar comments by eisenhower, mcarthur, king, and. they all knew it wasn't necessary and some of them recognized the moral significance of using it. because as you're saying, we knew there was no secret to the bomb and that other countries would be dev

open hammer doctoral up oppenheim or. this was to decide if the weapon should be used in and if so how. i never learned about any of this from grandpa as i said i found out about this in school. i learned in school like everyone else. i learn from my textbooks. for me, the dropping the bomb has always been much more, it's what you do afterward. it's how grandpa felt about it. it's how you deal with the legacy. as paul said, this continues to be debated. people still ripe folks about this, people still talk about. it goes back and forth. in 20, this must be an in 2003 or four when my son wesley was ten years old. he brought home a book from school, cydonia cydonia and 1000 paper cranes, those of you don't know the story, sadat go was a real girl who survived the bond bombing of of hiroshima. senior family. did assad act was diagnosed with radiation induced leukemia about nine years later. to help under-treatment, she formed found a japanese tradition that said a few fold in the thousand organic cranes you are granted a. wi

let's welcome oppenheimer chief executive strategist john stollzfus to get his case on the directionmarket and less the direction in more just your general sentiment of where we stand right now. this all-time high we hit yesterday, is that a signal to you that there is some momentum here to continue paring this market? john: i think there is, romaine. i think when we look at it, the market has a goal that is beyond the near term. it reminds me a lot of 2009, after we got beyond the bottom on march 9. through that whole year, there were many people who thought the fed was pushing on a string, they thought the rallies would fail. 2009n fact by the fall of as i recall, there were people looking for a death crawl in the s&p, and a hindenburg affect. we have not had that yet, but i have to say that things are looking better instead of worse. caroline: it is really interesting, talking of looking better. it is a sign of the times that a company built out of the ashes of 2008 that came from that first recession was airbnb. publicly announced its confidential filing to go public, which -- ne

pentagon, he talked to different physics departments and asked people who would be a good leader and oppenheimerbably was not high on the list, actually he had not even been in charge of the physics department at berkeley before he was chosen to the central laboratory, there is something about his life, a couple of things, he saw that he was hungry and the noble prizewinners that were being considered that they had already accomplished, he wanted somebody who is hungry or it maybe could work a little bit harder and also on a train through the country, he was able to describe what was needed to be done in terms that they could understand. so he picked him and the other thing was where to locate the central laboratory, he cannot have it in chicago because what happened if an accident happened or it would be easy to breach the top security, they come up and say hey, what are you doing, that would be an easy way to break top secrecy, so they looked around, they picked some places in the west, he had come to new mexico to recover from illness and when he is 18 years old and he had fallen in love with

of that first successful detonation of a nuclear weapon in new mexico, robert oppenheimer, the head of the los alamos laboratory reacted this way. >> line from the hindu scripture. i suppose we all thought that one way or another. >> tens of thousands die instantly. >> we shall competely destroy japan's power to make war. >> three days later, nagasaki is the target with a similar result. his grandmother insisted he come down. >> if he stayed on that roof on the bomb exploded, we would have been burned to a crisp. this is after the a bomb. >> howard says one way to understand the horror of that day is to look at the numbers of american lives lost thus far to covid-19. >> that took eight months. >> the arms race was on. baby boomers were taught to do this. >> what was sort of ludicrous, we all had drilled to hide under our desks. >> ambassador wendy cherman negotiated nuclear control issues with north korea and iran. >> they are the only times in history that nuclear weapons have been used. what did the world learn from that? >> the world learned that nuclear weapons should only be a det

mark santoli with the action, colin rush from oppenheimer. let's start off with the broader market, familiar things taking us higher, tech, lower treasury yields and the like. >> that's right. a bit of a reform to norm. yesterday 3381 of about the late selloff. of course we're a couple points above that right now it's kind of tantalizing also seems a little bit silly this hesitation in front of an all-time high. but here we are all-time highs are more bullish than not. in other words strength begets strength even if we're getting stretched in the long-term i wanted to point out one-year basis, if you look to last august, august 15th, that anniversary is friday, was a pretty significant low, a summertime low last year from that point on, the s&p 500 is up 9% that's kind of a remarkable return over this period of time, which is especially to vault this huge valley the market doesn't really owe you anything if you've been in it for a little while. doesn't mean you're not going to get a little more. yes, it is tech reasserting itself today here i

brain child of our friend katie henman who just did a remarkable job with this along with toby oppenheimer so many others. but it is to show that it is different. even when i first started. there were a lot more dudes and a lot fewer women. and now there are -- there is daniela and jasmine and so many women that at all levels in various parts of the news media from broadcast to print, and to watch daniela, to learn from her the way that i did because she is and was our eyes and ears with that candidate in particular, with elizabeth warren, has been remarkable. it is really, really hard to shoot, to edit, to write, to log, to feed information, and by the way, drive a car, get on a plane, pack your bag, and maybe every once in a while get something to eat at a gas station. it is remarkable and women like daniela are just -- i'm so lucky to work with. >> daniela, i want to come back to you and i have a gazillion questions for you but my last question is do you feel like seeing the shots of you, you got your camera and trying to get into the scrum with the reporters, when you talk about women

and on the right you see the famous scientist robert oppenheimer. now they're in los alamos location, but there are 20 different facilities across the country. more than 100,000 people involved in this from extracting uranium and building munitions and recruiting scientists and all done under top secrecy. and meanwhile at the same time, the british had been developing a similar nuclear bomb development which they called the tube alloys and when the germans were bombing, they decides that the british and americans should work together and britain shared a lot of their data and their science with the americans and several british scientists came over. but by 1943 this photograph was taken at what is now camp david what fdr called shangri-la and cut the british out of the development of the bomb and the manhattan project. and this was done for a variety of reasons. but churchill was very upset about this and wanted the british to get back involved in this partnership. and then a few months after this photo was taken in august of 1943, right before the

let's bring in chief investment strategy gist strategist at oppenheimer asset management neither youidemiologists, i'm not even sure i can spell epidemiologists. who knows what this russia news is, whether or not it's true or not, it would be kind of a big lie if you said we have a working vaccine but you really don't. the day will come, i think, when we get one whether that day is today or not, who knows. what happens when we do? >> brian, i think the question is is this the sputnik moment, you know it used to be the race to space, the race to the moon, and now it's the race to the vaccine we've got to wonder. you've just got to say how much has it been tested, and the fda would have to test it if we were to adopt that. and in the meantime you've got 160 companies around the world all told looking for this. i'll recall about 19 in the u.s. warp speed group looking for it. so i think we're -- you know, irregardless of whether this is on the market or not, i think we're getting closer to a vaccine, and the question is how quick can it go through the testing. how soon can it be arrived

semesters of letters from oppenheimer. i had no trouble getting army credit. i got out fast, went to graduate got a post-doctorate at m.i.t., for two years. . worked in nuclear physics i worked as a postdoc, worked with graduate students at m.i.t. . i went back as the -- an nyu,tant professor at everything i learned at m.i.t., and i established a laboratory in his stomach -- atomic physics, quantum mechanics, for many years, did very well. over 40 graduate phd students -- >> good for you. >> i finally returned from nyu at 70.ry retirement law, it is different now, but i had to retire at a certain age so i spent my entire , except for different times i was in different places here and there, i spent six months in boulder, university of working in colorado, the laboratory. eventually, i developed an interest in editing physics journals. i became the editor of the physical review, the dominant in the world.l i was the editor of that. society -- physics they hadournal, another five or six journals for other disciplines. my job was molecular physics. i was the edit