can help to erase memories or stimulation of the brain using to control the activity of runs but opto geneticsthe most precise 70 of those mechanisms. the challenge there will be getting those genetics into humans because it would require brain surgery and gene therapy to put the ion channels to your neurons. it is scary. so o actually come in terms of something that is applicable inn the world the kind of techniques that you work with like we consolidation the cause of a memory to be reactivated and then to somehow disrupt that memory because we have learned that memories become unstable when you retrieve them and you can cause them to be degraded. that technique still isn't ready for prime time either but certainly it is the least science fiction of all of them. host: and the least invasive and having worked in this area, i agree there are several impacts how do you target the right one? how do we know the memory is active and then to tell us that time point and what is the right intervention? but i would be excited to be invested in that research. tumor questions. first, what is your worsto

opto genetics. are you going to work with primates in hopes that it might be helpful somehow? >> it's primarily a science discovery tool and it's given us so much insight. because you deliver a gene it's not the simplest thing for direct clinical translation. my colleague in switzerland has recently used it to confer light sensitivity at least on the human beings and so there will be cases where there are cases where it's dreck we useful but much more significant is the understanding when any kind of treatment becomes more powerful and with psychiatry we just need understanding of what we are doing our clinical trials. i came from a hospital where we are doing experiments to understand better the human state of this association. this is where the self becomes fragmented and people are aware of physical experiences but they don't attribute them to themselves so they don't care as much about them. this is clinically important shows people have trauma if, in end ptsd and borderline. optogenetic has helped us understand the state more deeply and going back and forth to the laborat

the stuff that you have worked on to try tot erase memories or stimulation of the brain using opto genetics controlling the activity of neurons that is almost certainly the most precise of any of those mechanisms, i think. the challenge there is going to be getting it into humans because it requires brain surgery and gene therapy to put this in your neurons so it is scary. so in terms of something that is both to being applicable. i think the kind of techniques that you have worked with such as reconsolidation, which is where you basically cause a memory to be reactivated and then use what we know about memories to disrupt that memory. because we have learned from people that memories become unstable whenever you retrieve them and you can actually kind of cause them to be degraded. and i think that that technique is still not ready for prime time either, but it is certainly the least of science fiction of all of them. >> also the least invasive. but i agree with you, i think that there are several different typesnt of memories, how do we know it's active in the human brain without any techn