the southern pacific railroad will come to control the central pacific railroad. it's going to become a monopoly. when the cartoons you have here, this is going to be the southern pacific, not the central pacific. it turns them into a strength. the weakness is the transcontinental cannot compete. they cannot compete. the cheapest way to get goods from california back to the east to europe or to australia is going to be by sea. it's two routes to do it. this one is the most important. it is the pacific steamship company, and there is going to be a railroad to panama and get them on the ships and get it to the gulfport or the east coast ports. there is no way in the world that the railroads can compete with this for carrying freight, and freight is all they are. all of these are freight railroads and not passenger railroads, and he says this is outray, you have and this is jay gould saying that it is outrageous to try to compete with the steamship company, and it is outrageous to carry our california businesses at such low rates. very little had changed by the 1880s

do you think pacific islanders in new- pacific islanders in new zealand still face discrimination, orat are still felt toda ? , ., . , felt today? yes, unfortunately the addae _ felt today? yes, unfortunately the addae pacific _ felt today? yes, unfortunately the addae pacific racism - felt today? yes, unfortunately the addae pacific racism that l the addae pacific racism that was fostered by the government in the 1970s process today, there was not any ante based education or work done to undo the racism that the government fostered against pacific peoples in society. we see this in our immigration laws, there was a lack of equal pathways for pacific peoples to gain permanent residency, and also other immigration programs which are openly exploit pacific labour for majority fight again. so pacific labour for ma'ority fight agaimfi pacific labour for ma'ority fiuht aaain. . .. fight again. so what can the government _ fight again. so what can the government to _ fight again. so what can the government to do, - fight again. so what can the government to do, and - fight again. so what can

the russians call it the asia pacific, while the indians insist on the in the pacific. isn't just the linguist picking or is it truly reflective of how different maybe 2 hours conceptualize this asian well, you know, i think the russian side should show the bushes that went 1st. the concert felicia pacific was developed and it was not included because it stopped at me on my india was never considered part of asia, even the when the euro set up this awesome india was excluded. we told them how can the explore the 2nd biggest country in asia, in an asian europe in dial, in earlier on when they set up the back of the asia pacific in del excluded. so in dollars, if it actually is recognition that they cannot be an issue without india because he's using china century, been a mistake is being nobody a china pacific either. right. or the simple reason that you are going to talk about is and then you must include india. now you want to call it in the pacific. that's us. that's a very unwieldy formulation, but you can call it just. ready like, but in the pacific i mean distribut

destroy thehe allied position throughout the pacific.ot of that is o due to the ft that the japanese in many cases were sort of punching into air. were the dutchar really going t put up much of a a fight agains the japanese?ot et cetera. et cetera. b all of the allied powers were unprepared for a war in that theater and they just got clobbered. what you see att midway, then, s thisho sort of at-will expansionism on the part of the japanese. anyplace they just bothered to show up they would win. that fate of the conflict is now over. now it's, okay, now you actually have to fight us for stuff and now it's a much more evenly matched campaign.it so w in that sense that it draw theu curtain down on this initl stage of wild. expansion and no we're sort of into a real war, if you will. >> you know, in a sense it works for llstalingrad. bar bros is a was a baltic to black seae event and then stalingrad was still a theater-wide event, the entire southern portion of the front, but after thatt the germans are only going to be able to launch one mo

also to the southwest pacific and bypassing a lot of japanese bastions. i would just note the conditions for being able to do that, though, where in some ways dependent on the attrition that we inflict on the japanese navy and particularly their air forces during 1943. but what do you don't see happening behind the scenes, is there's immense shift in the correlation of strength in the pacific the americans are building up their logistical apparatus for introducing new types of aircraft. and in the process, in new guinea, there is this constant attritional engine growing up, shoring up air forces. the island hopping campaign would not have been as quick to unfold, had we not done a lot of that fieldwork. and when i say fieldwork, i mean chilling that had to be done against the japanese in 1943 to kind of set >> next question seems to be geared towards niall, from jim, were gymnast and super gymnast the invasion of north africa, a legitimate aim for up the dominos for 1944. the u.s. to involve itself with or was it a political ploy by churchill to have u.s.

midway in the pacific in north africa. the historians detailed the battles and discussed the concept of world war ii turning points and how these battles may have changed the course of the war. this talk is part of the national world c war ii museum' international conference and they provided the video.o >> s samuel senior historian he at the national world war ii museum and the nationalr directr for the institute of the study of wrar and democracy. he's also a pretty marvelous guitar player and is jealous of the y display that john marshal has behind him, but roshgs the show is yours. >> hey, jeremy. now the whole world knows and i'm o happy and it's great to b with john partial and neil barr, two outstanding scholars on the history o' world war ii among other s things. the final session as jeremy says, we've been rocking in the free world now for two separate days and it's time to bring the conference to ae close. we wanted to go out, as he said with a bang, and we thought a good way to end would be with this concept tha

these rights, lossing effect on new zealand, pacific island communities. the live pictures from oakland where the prime minister just in the dun and taking part in the firm needs it began about 20 minutes ago. wayne hey, also joins us live now from oakland. when just tell us what's happening here in the ceremony and what we're expecting to come down to say yes. so that ceremony, as you mentioned, is now underway in the oakland town hall. behind me, it's a very long ceremony. full of cultural performances from the pacific islands represent the poor thing here to listen to that government apology given by the new zealand prominence. did you send to roger and who will make that apology some time within the next hour? or so that period in the 1970 is when these dawn raids were conducted with police and immigration officials, looking for over stairs from the pacific islands, has been described as one of the zealand dock has periods in terms of race relations. and at the time that has had a lasting impact on pacific island communities, me on any cool winter's ni

she will be talking about how the indo-pacific is a top priority to the u.s.eys of the speech will be on security, economy, and health, the potential for the united states providing vaccines to the south of asia on the back of security. she will warn of threats to the rule-based order. in direct aim at china in the face of all this, dave. david: yes, and a part of what her office released, i will read this word-for-word, based on her words and what that speech is going to look like, "now as we face threats to that border, i --, the harris -- i am here to affirm our commitment to that mission and --." these are pictures you are looking at a singapore and we are awaiting the u.s. president to come on stage -- u.s. vice president, stage. rishaad: she is talking about engagement in the region. perhaps people are looking at that and asking her, as they have done, whether this commitment to southeast asia is one which we can really believe in, given what has been going on in south asia as well. we are looking at this. she is planning to say that the indo-pacific is

obviously the pacific. i'm pretty confused on the east coast between the second fleet in the new nato joint command and you calm, and when ships go from second fleet to uconn. it's confusing. that one away, then we took second fleet. anyway, these geographic lines of combatant commanders is that it requires re-examination, along with other things and goldwater nichols. i thick i strayed from your initial question. >> that's a great point. the idea of the maneuver forces that you would have a multi-carrier force freedom move through the endo pacific. in the idea was to divorce that from being locked down and having to operate within a particular geographical constraint. so you can have the ability to train and practice. rep. luria: in your model, it does not consist of aircraft carriers. it consists of carrier strike groups. some different discussions on models in the four structures that were look that would be a light carrier. so use as a capability. but a capability that has a longer range. but in the mod

so roughly speaking the correlation of air power in in the pacific at this point carrier air power is about two to one in favor of the japanese at this point and what that means for the americans is that we've been placed in the defensive sort of stance where we've got a ward off, you know blows from the japanese and the japanese have the initiative in this conflict next slide, please. here's what the situation looks like coming out of midway, you know, ouch if you're the japanese you've just lost the four best carriers in. inventory and about 3,000 sailors 250 carrier aircraft. this is a very very bad day at the office. the americans have lost the yorktown in return but the net effect. is that now the balance of carrier air power has kind of reached parity, which doesn't sound all that exciting but in the middle of 1942 in the dark dark middle of this year where everything is just going catastrophically wrong for the allies for the americans to be able to claw their way back to parody is immensely exciting and it opens up a whole array of strategic opportunities for the americans tha

and they hope it'll help people of the pacific islands move on the l. a. stand proud because of who we are and achieve the theory. very basic and simple goals for why we even came to this country. so we want, they also hope saying, sorry will help build trust between the island communities and the government and into a future generations feel secure in new zealand. even if the apology has taken nearly 50 years. wayne, hey, al jazeera auckland's fella had hair on al jazeera, the a contentious dog proves less leaning leader faces protest, days of the taking charge and we report from tacky wall $540.00 evacuation have been la villages and coastal resorts. ah hello hot sunshine. really the name of the game across the middle east. take your pick any of these places. re add $43.00 degrees, also $43.00 degrees in doha. next i want to take you to pakistan. you know, the northern portion of that country has been dealing with some flooding rains all associated with that southwest monsoon and its impacted areas like islam about, for example, further toward the sou

it had a lasting impact on muse, elian's, pacific island communities. today, i stayed on behalf of the new zealand government to offer a formal an unreserved apology to pacific communities for the discriminatory implementation of the immigration laws of the 19th stephen teeth that lead to be a being of the dawn rights on his way. hey, me. on any cold winter's night unusual and main city, a taste of more tropical pacific islands can easily be found. oakland is the world's largest polynesian city, with indigenous mouldy, joined by generations of migrants from countries like sophomore fiji and tongue up . but the vibrancy color and contribution of polynesians haven't always been welcomed. here we were the people that were responsible for the disintegration of the economy. and the new zealand dream. the painters were vigilante group set up in the 900 seventies to defend the rights of modi. and pacific islanders and to change the racist views held by many white new zealanders . we can educate them, they're not used to our way of life. let's keep stuff. one r

and it's a period that has had a lasting impact on those pacific island communities. me on any cool winter night unusual and main city. a taste of more tropical pacific islands can easily be found. oakland is the world's largest polynesian city, with indigenous moldy joined by generations of migrants from countries like some or fiji and tongue up. but the vibrancy color and contribution of polynesians haven't always been welcomed here. we were the people that were responsible for the disintegration of, of the economy and the new zealand dream, the painters were vigilante group set up in the 1900 seventy's to defend the rights of modi and pacific islanders and to change the racist views held by many white new zealanders, we can educate them, they're not new to our way of life. let's keep stuff. one result of that sentiment was an immigration crackdown, targeting pacific islanders who had been brought here because of labor shortages. the often violent dawn rage, which the government has now apologizing for. so police searching homes, businesses and even churches looking

let us turn to the into pacific region. you are there -- to the into pacific -- indo-pacific. they do not have the resources to set up to an increasingly aggressive china. this was a question that was contributed. what you that the u.s. military faces? which of these congress must address the additional funding? what is your perspective on that? >> we need to have a longer, and more persistent presence across the whole indo-pacific region. the other is economic visibility should we have not been there economically. the prc has been there. the prc does not have the separation between the commercial economic sector and their government sector and national security sector. everything they do ties together. there civilian fleet of fishing fleets is a pseudo-military fleet. we have military officers on board. this fleet that is supposedly fishing is there to occupy territory and be used in a strategic military way. we are not there in the same way. i'm not proposing i sent a fleet -- we sent a suite of military fishing fleet -- i do not suggest we send a fake military fishing fleet

i think it's we have, we'll experience as in the pacific, the pacific ocean and particularly countries like pump and guinea will one of the 1st for foreign countries to issue commercial license for deep se mining to nautilus, inc. this is way back in the early, 2010 to begin commercial mining. it's never been done anywhere else. we have real experience in terms of impacts communities in p and g. you have reported that these tenements just 30 kilometers away from villages and communities in the bismark see, they reported what daniel describes, which is sedimentation. this, they call it cloudy, and as of the ocean affecting their livelihoods, the ability to go catch fish. and certainly cultural practices in the case of fishermen have reported that they've had to go further and further out. so i think there's 2 components in terms of understanding impact to are in the pacific. we know in the very early phases of exploration, what impacts look like. and so when you look at those kinds of videos that you just played, they, they just really the visuals that those are kind of just prototypes

over the last few days, asia pacific heavy rain, we can find it toward the southeast corner of china steering into taiwan. also, it's going to be unsettled across the korean peninsula on sunday. and the whole kind of dealing with some showers in the forecast is while we're going to end this weather report in pockets down where we did get some rain for southern portions of the country. so that reduces the risk of sand and storms that sure weather report. thanks for your company. sponsor cut on airways. i know jewish niger isn't much like to find a view to brand, to that point. you don't need to just grab a manager. i've only got mine. mine idea on, i'll get the ah, the me welcome back. you're watching al jazeera, a reminder of our top stories this half hour. the turkey president is promising assistance to areas affected by the worst wildfires in recent years. 6 people have been killed, most fire been contained, changes to hong kong immigration law take effect on the sunday. critics say they will be appeal pharmacies, unlimited powers to stop people leaving the chinese controlled terri

pacific labour for ma'ority white gain.�* white gain. what can the government _ white gain. gain. what can the | government do, and what white gain. what can the - government do, and what would pacific islanders like the government to do to improve things? government to do to improve thins? �* , government to do to improve thins? h .,, things? let's hope the government _ things? let's hope the government will - things? let's hope the - government will acknowledge that the dawn raids were not just a series of police raids, that it was a political campaign against pacific peoples, which in green anti— pacific sentiment within new zealand and therefore there's going to need to be a lot of work to undo that, sir, one of the ways they could show genuine remorse is the granting amnesty to all the pacific migrants and all migrants for that matter, migrants of colour, who are seeking amnesty overstaying their visas, and providing them with solid and equitable, accessible pathways to permanent residency. something rather out of this world is taking place in shanghai, where a futurist

now, these raids spread panic and terror through pacific communities in the 1970s.cific islanders in to work to boost a workforce that had been depleted by conflict overseas. but in the 1970s the new zealand economy was beginning to falter, and all of a sudden those valuable, welcomed migrant workers were turned upon and were accused of taking jobs away from new zealanders. and that prompted a wave of police raids, this crackdown included churches, schools, workplaces and also homes, many homes rated in the middle of the night. and thousands of people were arrested and deported. find the night. and thousands of people were arrested and deported. and what has the reaction _ were arrested and deported. and what has the reaction be _ were arrested and deported. and what has the reaction be into _ were arrested and deported. and what has the reaction be into the _ has the reaction be into the apology?— has the reaction be into the aolo: ? ., ., apology? both ma'or political arties in apology? both ma'or political parties in new _ apology? both major political parties in

the often violent raids were racially motivated because police mostly targeted pacific islanders for deportation, while ignoring people from other countries from auckland years wayne. hey, these experiences with the tears flowed as pacific islands, community leaders, and those affected by the dorm raids, gathered in oakland town hall. they came to hear new zealand prime minister jacinta rod durn say the words that been calling for for decades. today. i stand on behalf of the new zealand government to offer a formal and unreserved apology to pacific communities for the discriminatory implementation of the immigration laws of the 19th stephen teeth that lead to the events of the dawn rides the immigration quick down in the 1900 seventy's targeted pacific islanders who had been brought here because of labor shortages. the often violence don't rage, which the government has now apologized for. so police searching homes, businesses and even churches looking for august as to deport response from the place was welling. it was very reactionary, and it was very violent. the sense of injustice

anto the pacific.and in 1800, he learned from his friends in france that there had been a secret treaty in which the french had regained all of the area that had formerly been known as the louisiana purchase that had been given to spain during the french and indian war. and so this was pretty significant because france had been a growing empire and now was led by one of the great modern military figures napoleon. and so now there's not a crumbling, weak spanish empire on america's western flank but an aggressive french militaristic opponent. the other thing that changed his way of thinking was the publication of a book. you know jefferson loved books. he collected thousands of them. he went into great expense and debt to do so. and when the library of congress burned down during the war of 1812, jefferson actually gave much of his private library to form the corpus of the new library of congress. and as you go there you can visit it and see some of the collections that jefferson donated to the library.

now, these raids spread panic and terror through pacific communities in the 1970s.in to work to boost a workforce that had been depleted by conflict overseas. but in the 1970s the new zealand economy was beginning to falter, and all of a sudden those valuable, welcomed migrant workers were turned upon and were accused of taking jobs away from new zealanders, and that prompted a wave of police raids. this crackdown included churches, schools, workplaces and also homes, many homes raided in the middle of the night, and thousands of people were arrested and deported. and what has the reaction been to the apology? both major political parties in new zealand accept that the raids were racist. as you said earlier, these raids targeted pacific island communities from countries such as tonga and samoa. but at the time about 40% of overstayers in new zealand were visitors from the united kingdom and the united states, and those visitors were rarely if ever targeted for deportation. there has been this heartfelt apology by the prime minister, jacinda ardern. she has expressed

and the fears they all had were the unknown pacific. this was very early in pacific whaling, you know, the only thing they knew about these islands were rumors of cannibals. and you know, the nantucketers were very adventurism. they had taken it farther than anyone else when it came to the exploration of the world, but they're also very conservative. they built their knowledge incrementally. and unless they could hear it from someone they knew they didn't trust that information. and so the one thing they did know was the sea whale boats and whaleships and and so when forced to it they did they just as you described, you know, here's a whale boat right here. this boat's from a later era. it's much a larger than the essex whale boats were which were only 25 25 feet long and they built up their sides so that a wave wouldn't necessarily flooded they these boats were not yet equipped with sales, but they rigged up their own sales two little masks. they turned them into schooners. and and off they went finally falling into the only thing they

the fears they all had for the unknown pacific. this is very early in pacific whaling.thing they knew about these islands were rumors of cannibs. e nantucket others were very adventurous. they had taken it further tn anyone else when it came to the exploration of the world. they were also very conservative. they built their knowledge incremental. unless they heard it from someone they knew they did not trust that information. and so the one thing they did know was the sea, oil boats, oil ships. and so when forced to it, just as you described here is a whale boat right. the system the later era it is much larger than the essex, they were only 25 feet long. they built up their sides so a larger wave would not necessarily flood it. these have boats were not yet equipped with sales. they rigged up their own sales they have little mass and turn them into schooners. and off they went. finally falling into the only thing they knew, to get back to a civilized post. so for me, the story of the essex is a tale of human survival. but as you alluded to, these guys had tremendous sk

and eventually they arrive at the pacific ocean in november of 1805. now we don't have much more time to discuss their return trip, but i'll review that with you when we meet again on friday. but i want to thank you for your attention for today, and if you have any questions, i'm happy to entertain them. >> professor, i had a really quick question. >> go ahead. >> i was wondering if lewis and clark, if we know if they were aware that the spanish were trying to arrest them. >> they were not. in fact, one of the fellows that had sent out, or told the spanish that lewis and clark were even going was the commanding general of the united states army. his name was james wilkinson. and we'll be talking about james wilkinson as a potential figure in the eventual death of merry weather lewis. so they weren't aware the spanish were after them but they did learn later that the spanish had turned back these other expeditions. great question.is my pleasure tr speaker this afternoon joey pool who joins us from new mexico joy is a returning, missouri valley sunday sp