pacific fleet to hawaii. in early 1941, the two nations had begun negotiations to resolve their differences. but in july, japan emboldened by a new mutual defense treaty, it had signed with germany and hitler's swift conquest of france decided to occupy southern french indochina. we know it today as vietnam. fdr responded to this aggression by freezing japanese assets in the united states and imposing economic sanctions, including an oil embargo without american oil. japan's military would soon grind to a halt. roosevelt and his advisers knew they were risking war by doing this, but they hoped japan would back down. japan's leaders now faced a choice and their aggression or confront the united states while continuing with negotiation. they decided to begin secret preparation for war. should talks fail? their plans called for a surprise attack on the u.s. fleet at hawaii. but that was just one element. the key one in a coordinated set of assaults on american, british and dutch targets ranging from malaya all t

in, as part of the blue pacific youth initiative. this is a partnership that brings together youth chiement champions for training and community development projects. in other parts of the world we're supporting opportunities for local youth through partnerships with organizations like corps africa. on a trip to the region this past august, i joined volunteers in tonga in planting man grove trees as part of our first climate resilience cohort. in fiji, i had the opportunity to hear firsthand about the blue pacific youth initiative directly from our volunteer meghan, and her counterpart who had taken place in training around project design and management. and brought that training back to her community, went through a process of identifying local needs, and soon thereafter, the women's group was busy creating an evacuation shelter. the men's group was examining the housing structures and looking at how weather events had impacted housing in their communities so that they could reinforce and development resilience from climate related

the year before the allied had pushed deep into japan's pacific empire. by autumn of 1944. the liberation of the philippines was underway and american bombers had begun a devastating fire bombing campaign. japanese cities from bases in the marianas. in some of the bloodiest fighting in the war, marines landed on the island of iwo jima, midway between the marianas and tokyo. america was now in a position begin the end game in the war against and germany. franklin roosevelt long enough to know that victory was assured. but on morning of april 12, 1945, as world war entered its 2,051st day, an exhaustive president roosevelt awoke in his cottage. the presidential retreat in warm georgia, worn down by heart disease and the stresses of wartime leadership. he had gone there for a brief vacation at 1 p.m. he was studying papers and sitting for a portrait painter when. he suddenly complained of a terrific headache. seconds later, he collapsed. within hours, the commander in chief was dead of a massive stroke. less than a month later, hitler committed suicide in his berlin bunker and

the indo pacific.that is because success, russia's failure in ukraine is having a direct deterrent effect on the p.r.c.. they are watching. i just want to be clear on that. i don't want that to be politicized in any way, but there are relationships among them. they are symbiotic, transactional relationships. each is taking notice. each is learning from another, and there is a significant lin kage. but the capabilities we are on, i do not want to lose momentum on the air, missile, maritime, joint all domain capabilities that all of these services are doing across counter c5isr, survivable fires, and the platform to deploy them, and the sustainment that is capable from all domains, all services, from all domains, into all domains, and the focus on allies and partners in posture. it deters. >> i want to thank all of our guests for your insights today. [applause] >> former president bill clinton has been hospitaze in washington, d.c., duto developing a fev. president clinton's deputchief of staff has noted

campaign of any of the campaigns which report throughout the orleans and the pacific. on august 7th, 1942 american marines in their 1st major on the ration landed on bundles and at least landing on guadalcanal. an island in the solomons was the 1st time during world war 2. the us had invited japanese held territory, triggering a series of massive battles on land. and it's saying, amongst an extraordinary amount of amunition was exchanged by both sides and cruise. the camera was lost. the losses were numerous around 30000 main were killed, moving a 1000 planes destroyed in thousands of ships. sunk gall canal is extremely significant. that stops the japanese advance across the pacific and the american forces and pushed them eventually back to. i'm back to my mind japan. the rex these divers have come to see have been corroding. so i and there's mold and just rusting mitchell down there. there's also an unknown amount of toxic black oil trapped inside the corroding rigs. the salt whole lot of oil on things around here. total quantity of oil, like i can only as that i gues

i had to remember all the islands, the pacific islands. that is my memories. host: what do you think when you think back about that day? what you think about franklin roosevelt and him addressing a shocked nation on december 8 and then leading this country through world war ii? what are your memories of franklin roosevelt? caller: when he came on the radio and said we are now at war with the empire of japan, i remember that so clearly. when he talked to us, you know, he evenings, mayor luaia of new york talked about the funny papers on sundays. i member so much. i can't tell you everything. i was there.s old. you know what we used to say about the soldiers and sailors when they would pass by? hubba hubba. [laughter] so many memories. god bless america. i hope we turn out better. i won't be here but i pray for all of you that will be here. host: thank you for calling in. we take viewers back to december 8, 1941. about 12:30 in the afternoon. franklin roosevelt addresses the united states congress and the country. [video] >> yesterday, december 7, 1941. a date w

i had to remember all the islands, the pacific islands. that is my memories. host: what do you think when you think back about that day? what you think about franklin roosevelt and him addressing a shocked nation on december 8 and then leading this country through world war ii? what are your memories of franklin roosevelt? caller: when he came on the radio and said we are now at war with the empire of japan, i remember that so clearly. when he talked to us, you know, in the evenings, mayor laguardia of new york talked ahe funny papers on sundays. i remember so much. i't tell you everything. i am 95 years old. i was there. you know what we u say about the soldiers and sailors when they would pass by? hubba hubba. [laughter] so many memories. god bless america. i hope we turn out better. i won't be here but i pray for all of you that will be here. host: thank you for calling in. we take viewers back to december 8, 1941. about 12:30 in the afternoon. franklin roosevelt addresses the united states congress and the country. [video] >> yesterday, december 7, 1941. a

posture across the indo pacific, fortifying position northeast asia to australia and the pacific islands. it means modernizing command-and-control framework with japan, forging a defense cooperation agreement with papa new guinea. that means signing landmark industrial deals with india and major strides forward for trilateral security corporation -- cooperation among the u.s., japan and korea. and it means drawing on every tool we have consistent with long-standing policy to provide taiwan with self-defense capability it needs. think about the changes in our bonds. in four years we expanded our enhanced defense cooperation agreement to allow u.s. access to four more sites in the philippines for a total of nine. i visited one 18 days ago. i was impressed by the progress we are making together. i got back from darwin, australia where we announced japan will integrate into the rotation of u.s. marines. we are deepening our trilateral partnership, providing australia with conventionally armed nuclear power submarine capability. that is a generational capability. aucus will bring more cutting

military footprint around the world and the posture in the indo pacific.expanding basing options in the philippines are popular new guinea. in the expansion on pacing in guam and how you see this trend going. i'm pretty sure you are going to say it's going in the right direction, you started it yourself, but how much further doesn't need to go, what are the next steps at a future president will have to think about as long -- along with the sec.? >> i would be reluctant to talk about posture without talking about capability, capacity and the defense industrial base. the fact that we are creating a more resilient force posture is something we want to do, we all knew that was the way to make ourselves more operationally effective. but a couple of things are required. number one, when we started talking about four plus one, we said something that i think now is particularly relevant. we should -- any potential conflict in the future will have global implications, and any future conflict will have implications across all domains. air, land, space and cyberspace

military footprint around the world and the posture in the indo pacific.expanding basing options in the philippines are popular new guinea. in the expansion on pacing in guam and how you see this trend going. i'm pretty sure you are going to say it's going in the right direction, you started it yourself, but how much further doesn't need to go, what are the next steps at a future president will have to think about as long -- along with the sec.? >> i would be reluctant to talk about posture without talking about capability, capacity and the defense industrial base. the fact that we are creating a more resilient force posture is something we want to do, we all knew that was the way to make ourselves more operationally effective. but a couple of things are required. number one, when we started talking about four plus one, we said something that i think now is particularly relevant. we should -- any potential conflict in the future will have global implications, and any future conflict will have implications across all domains. air, land, space and cyberspace

that stops the japanese advance across the pacific. and the american forces and push them eventually back to back to my mind japan, the rex, these divers have come to see have been corroding. so i and there's more than just rusting middle down there. there's also an unknown amount of toxic black oil trapped inside the corroding rigs. the salt whole lot of oil on things around here . total quantity of oil, like i can only as an a guess. but yeah, we're talking tens of thousands of tons the today, new is going to be my dive buddy. we're going to see if we can find any oil and see what impact the corrosion is having on these chips. and if you take the, we're heading down the more in line to see us. this kind of was an oil tank. it sunk during a japanese a ride in 1943, the sitting 60 maces below the surface, as with its guns still pointing sky wood. it's a haunting sun, a wall grave. quite a large ship titled fuel capacity was a bit of a 9000 tons. this is the opening to one of the ships many fuel bunkers. just a few years ago they was oi

hegemony in the indo-pacific. we will have to bring back into focus another lesson of president reagan's leadership, and that is the link between capability and credibility. the 40th president knew that -- the 40th commander-in-chief knew that changing soviet hager -- behavior requires both the military capability to prevent or punish hostile action and the will to exercise this power and follow through on threats. today, the united states has given the world reason to doubt both our capability and our credibility. credibility. for years, we have neglected our military readiness and our defense industrial base. we have allowed our deterrent capabilities to atrophy, and we have let hesitation and half measures drain the potency of the capabilities we have maintained. rebuilding this mechanism of deterrence and influence begins with generational investments in the national defense enterprise. we are right to call out the growing alignment and coordination of china, russia, and iran. they represent the gravest combin

that is the main read between the atlantic and pacific ocean.here is that the us built the canal more than 100 years ago. a series of treaties exceeded it back to panama in 1999 so panama charges fees for us to go through the canal. last year fewer boats were able to do that due to a drought so the fees went up and donald trump is not happy about this.- is not happy about this. there is not happy about this. there is now only — is not happy about this. there is now only 28 _ is not happy about this. there is now only 28 days _ is not happy about this. there is now only 28 days until - is now only 28 days until inauguration day when donald trump officially makes his return to the white house as the 47th president of the united states of america. countries around the world are watching and waiting to see what the second term brings, including those indo—pacific where there is a particular concern about his views on climate change. during his last term in office, he pulled the us out of the paris agreement. during the campaign he promised to "drill

there is a new exercise that you were talking about a few weeks ago, return of forces to the pacific. tell us how that exercise is going to play into preparing for a potential war with a threat like china. >> yeah. so first, i think this may have been me mixing my terms. when i talk about that, it stands for resolute forces pacific, because it wasn't like we had a whole bunch to bring back in. but we are excited about it, because this is really exercising at scale. we have, i think, done a tremendous job of what i would almost say is part task training, doing small exercises that replicate fighting in a contested environment, and not on just contested in the air. this is one of the real differences. this is why the deployable combat wings are very important. as we have learned of three decades, which is about everyone in the force's entire career on how to deploy, yes, it's an ex-pe how to deploy, yes, it's an ex-ditionary environment, but it's not contested. so it's not every day you're going to your rack, that's the environment our airmen need to train for and understand how you wou

one that threatens the existence of small island states like those in the pacific. according to a world meet your logical organization report, sea levels and parts of the pacific ocean have risen nearly twice as fast as the global average, with increases of as much as 15 centimeters in the west in pacific since 1990. 3 climate change driven by the bonding of coal, oil and gas is largely to blame. pacific communities say not enough is being done to protect the homes. and now they have taken legal action to change that. a tom painless lump the international court of justice to decide what obligations state have to act on climate change and the consequences for causing significant environmental home. you know, the case is being led by the why to which will be the 1st of 98 countries to present arguments to the u. when's highest quote. for several of us. this is a tiny but it's taking us 5 years and we recognize this milestone. not as a goal, but rather as a check point, it check point because this is a nother step in the right direction in this fight for kind of just t

world, certainly, pacific and caribbean and all overthe world, certainly, into the loop.g distorted and certainly, the view coming from the newly elected president of the newly elected president of the united states is of great concern to the people of the pacific island countries and certainly to my country, tuvalu. we are deeply concerned about this and i certainly hope that under the new administration, in washington, that they seriously reconsider their position. we are very grateful with the positive progressive position taken by joe biden's government, which shows that these things can be done if we work collectively as a global community to address this very, very serious global concern to everybody on planet earth. so it is certainly my call crosstalk. the new government of... crosstalk. i apologise for interrupting. i just — i apologise, i wanted to ask if you could paint a picture for our audience of the kinds of things that tuvalu in particular is facing when it comes to climate change, especially with this year and last year being so terrible for climate chang

particularly in europe but in the end a pacific. every element of what we are able to do internationally benefits from that partnership. it's unbelievably close it's really in the headlines. i think the united states has an interest in doing everything possible to see that it continues. >> and finally of author number books what is called difficult transitions foreign policy at the outset of presidential power. >> that sold about seven copies. [laughter] >> it's only ever brought up right now like during these transition periods that are four days after the election and then four days during the transition. yes, i did write that book with jen jim steinberg. >> you've heard of it. [laughter] >> yes progressive are doing a book report what you think be the crises you would kindly advise the incoming k team? >> it's a great question, an important one. i think it is no secret the challenges you raised in ukraine will be top off mind we have not talked as much of these are incredibly difficult issues in the last three days we've had a co

for the asia-pacific re . ion tariffs. for the asia-pacific region whenever _ tariffs.tariffs - tariffs. for the asia-pacific region whenever tariffs are going up globally it is bad news, headwind for growth because asia is the centre for manufacturing exports and that creates a headwind but i think the intended trump tariffs and the intended trump tariffs and the threat to raise tariffs on china by 60% and on other countries i 10— 20%, one byproduct of that will be that some countries in the region could benefit from that as they did in the first trump administration if they can replace chinese exports to the united states and fill in those gaps. d0 united states and fill in those .a s. , ., united states and fill in those “as. y., , united states and fill in those “as. , ., united states and fill in those as. , ., , gaps. do you see that as being the way things _ gaps. do you see that as being the way things will _ gaps. do you see that as being the way things will head? - gaps. do you see that as being the way things will head? that| the way things will head? that ot

the pacific, a school district before it was lifted. did send a message out to parents asking them to come and pick up their kids and they move some kids to higher ground just as a precaution. but again, wasn't really a problem because that alert was a lifted a short time later. now here at shark park beach to talk to a couple of people today. we say that even though this kind of turned out to be a false alarm, they're still happy that the alerts went out. >> no, i think it's the right thing to do because you never know with tsunamis that they're going to materialize or not. and it's better to be safe than sorry. >> yeah, that is the sentiment better safe than sorry. again, if you're in pacifica, keep in mind that technically the beaches and parking lots here along the coast are still closed and the county is asked people, although they 30% of this the best folks for the time being to avoid some of the low-lying areas. but that's the very latest here in pacifica, charles. clifford kron, 4 news. charles, thank you so much. >> and take a

you could make the argument that the most decisive actors currently on the battlefield are indo pacific actors north korea and china and what's taking place on the ground in ukraine and something we had to be concerned by, one of the things i appreciate this forum that has been achieved over the last several years is a much closer dialogue between europe, the united states and the indo pacific. i think that dialogue is significant and it's important. it has security manifestations and economic dimensions are they think we very much want that to continue. there countries that have anxieties about and france in particular but at the same time there is the logic of this continuing integration of these two theaters where our key partners and allies. i think that should continue and i think it will continue and i would just point out that you think when we talk about south korea when the then prime minister of japan came to the united states for his state visit he made an address to both houses of congress that if you ask most of the congressmen that ended up voting for the supplemental for

indo pacific region as pentagon chief. secretary austin: i am especially proud of how we have improved our force posture, invested in our capabilities, and taken steps to upgrade our command and control, and work together with our allies and partners. i'm here to take stock of that progress, to thank japan's leaders for their partnership, and to engage with our troops here. with that, i will take a few questions. >> on syria, how surprised were you the rebels toppled the government? [indiscernible] secretary austin: i think the entire international community was surprised to see the opposition forces moved as quickly as they did. everybody affected to see a more stiff resistance from assad's forces. the speed at which that unfolded was surprising to most everybody in the international community. in terms of what has transpired, as this unfolds, there is a potential that elements in the area such as isis could try to take advantage of this opportunity and regain capability. we have been tracking isis as part of our defeat i

the pacific is waking up.here are several systems heading our way from that flow of the atmosphere. we'll look at that and the next good chance of rain shows up on friday. for now, back to you. >> thank you, darren. >>> now to oakland, where police had a busy sunday morning responding to at least three sideshow shootings and a mob of people ransacking a gas station. >> as da lin reports, the crime brings a new level of concern to a city that's already facing budget cuts and a shrinking police force. >> reporter: a mop ransacking a gas station. a car, catching fire. a sideshow spectator getting hit, flying into the air. many residents say nothing to see here. just another weekend in oakland. >> this is every weekend. every single weekend. they go nuts out here, they fight. >> reporter: deborah harper says it has become lawless and dangerous. she carries a can of mace just to smoke a cigarette outside her uptown apartment. >> for safety. i've had to use it once. >> reporter: she's learned to sleep through sidesh

we recently went and spent some time in many of the small pacific island countries. the federated states of micronesia, marshall islands and others. it is a very real competition going on. the risk that i see is that people are talking about going to war with china as though it is some small matter. there is a very, i have talked in a conversation with some of our highest ranking military leaders who both privately and publicly say that if we go to war with china, the level of casualties that we will see of americans will be unlike anything we have seen since world war ii. that the number of american troops that were lost in the entire post-9/11 generation of service members and wars and conflicts is miniscule in comparison to the loss that we will see in a few short weeks of that war. the economic costs on our country is something that i have found i have yet to see an economist who can accurately project the devastating effect the such a war would have on our economy. so what i want from our leaders and what we should expect from our leaders is to make our foreign

also coming up on the program, not quite strikes the pacific islands nation avante lawsuit, killing at least one person. and ensuring many more and recovery efforts underway in mozambique and miles off to the west. slight clone in nearly a century. the races on this is a live of food and water and to stop the spread of disease. the many troops thank so much for joining us. ukraine has admitted to killing a senior at russian general in moscow. lieutenant general eagle, carol died when a bomb hidden in an electric schools to exploded outside his apartment, building a training and official set, the country security service carried out the attack. cara love was the chief of russia's nuclear, biological and chemical protection for his assistant, was also killed in the attack. investigators and moscow are searching for clues to piece together the circumstances of what appears to be the targeted killing of one of russia's top military leaders. by ukraine, the bonds that killed lieutenant general eager could he live in his assistant outside. an apartment building was so powerful that it shatte

the mass of, of craig strikes the pacific islands, nation of underwater killing, at least one person that injuring many mobility of the latest from an aide work. and the reach the i'm gonna have enough is welcome. and we stopped with breaking news out of moscow, where a bomb hidden in an electric scooter has killed a senior russian general use agencies. ukraine's intelligence services have taken credit for the attack. the blast on monday morning took place outside of an apartment block a few kilometers from the kremlin, russian authorities, se, lieutenant general ego period of as an assistant, were killed who were left was the head of the process, nuclear, biological and chemical protection forces. i did have useful the most copier, and so you've joined us a little earlier from the rico where dw relocated when we were banned from that reporting from russia. here's what he knows was fair to god. an explosion happened on real zone ski avenue in red zone ski prospecting moscow on the morning of december 17. so today, earlier, as, as an investigative comment decided that the 2 men were k

pacific. we'll start with breaking news about the passenger plane crash that happened christmas day in kazakhstan. early information shows a russian aircraft system may have hit that flight. the kremlin saying it's too early in the investigation to make any hypothesis. we're getting new images of the plane itself as it was on the way down. warning, the images we're about to show may be hard to watch. you can see in this video the airlines flight on the left-hand side bound for russia carrying 67 people catching fire as it crashes into a field. 38 of the people on board were killed and amazingly here 29 survived. we'll start with nbc news white house correspondent aaron gilchrist. good afternoon, aaron. what are we hearing from u.s. officials about this incident? >> reporter: richard, the u.s. official i spoke to this morning made a point to say it's early in the investigation, as you indicated, but the early indications are that it's possible that a russian anti-aircraft system may have hit th

mountain and pacific, (202) 748-8001.ld war ii veterans and their family members, we want to hear your stories. (202) 748-8002. gregory first out of sherman oaks, california. good morning. caller:i have been thinking a lt world war ii. there were two wars that were fought. one of the wars was the fighting more. the dangerous, dirty, hard work. fighting in trenches and battleships and aircraft carriers in the pacific. there was also another were called the home front wars. the war people -- the people stateside participated in. doing all the stuff to support the war effort. it's an amazing correspondence between the stuff people did in the country then and what they could be doing -- people should be doing now to fight what i call world war co2. people were expected to use less gasoline, and they did. there was an article in a newspaper i found my father -- that my father's cap for an unrelated reason. -- kept for an unrelated reason. there was conservation of fuel. conservation of paper. paper drives, metal drives. what w

guam is in the indo-pacific area.t yields $4 billion for economic activity on guam and $2 billion for 2025 and is a historic investment for guam. it supports our infrastructure and defends our community. there is $600 million for guam missile defense for defense of north korean threats. it includes $100 million for our public roadway on guam for upgrades for easier access for our civilians and military. also, it recognizes guam's history which directs the d.o.d. to provide a report regarding the use of agent orange on guam and would clarify how agent orange was used on the island and start the groundwork for corrective action that is desperately needed. mr. chairman, i thank you for your support of guam and i encourage my colleagues to vote yes for this year's 2025ndaa. i yield back. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman yields. mr. rogers: i reserve. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman from washington is recognized. mr. smith: i reserve and am prepared to close. the speaker pro tempore: the gentleman reserves. th

admiral chester w nimitz and victory in the pacific. this conversation will last about an hour and then we'll open the forum audience questions for those streaming. please type your question in the chat field. alex will read questions from the monitor on stage. and for those of you here in the auditorium, please use one of the two standing microphones on either side of the auditorium. please introduce yourself and. please do ask a question. we'll try to address as many as possible. and finally, thank you for silencing your phones. after the panel discussion. our panelists will sign of their most recent books in the lobby. thanks again for joining us today with that. over to you. thank you very much. thank you, everyone, for coming. and well, i guess will get stuck in straight in with the questions. since we are on the clock quite literally so gentlemen obviously you know later golf everyone's heard of those three big engagements keeping garneau small and surigao strait and they really showcase a lot of the air and sea engage ments of th

ukraine also shows that european security and indo-pacific security are intertwined. over the past four years, we had convergence on the challenges that china poses to transatlantic security and russia's industrial base which enables ongoing aggression and intensifies the biggest to security since the end of the cold war. this growing convergence here in europe on the challenges posed by russia and china and then growing collaboration between allies and partners in the transatlantic area and independento pacific, that is the hallmark. as the sets evolved, we significantly increased engagement from the indo-pacific, to the arctic reenforcing 3460 degree approach and we were very glad to have him and open the office next year and further strengthen the relationship between nato and the middle east. all of these efforts are not taking nato out of area. out of area has been coming to nato and immeretive we work together to strengthen our capacity to strengthen our focus on these different challenges because they are having an effect within the transatlantic. this evolutio

one thing and that bucket is the indo pacific. the united states for too long took our eyes off of the ball in the indo pacific. and so i hope the trump administration has a serious economic strategy in the indo pacific and if he pulled out of tpp, it better be something else. if you allow china to totally corner the market in indonesia and the philippines and malaysia and have total access to two clement roles and have all the i.t., all the ai, that is a bad day for national security. so i think it is important, and relates to taiwan, we need to be stronger in that region, which reduces the probability that will ever happen. >> what are your priorities in the next two months? what are you going to try to achieve? what do you have left that you are frustrated you will not have a chance to achieve? >> i will be honest. i am sad to be leaving because i have more work i want to do. what i'm trying to do now is t it up for the next administration to be successful. i have these ships act deals i need to complete. there is a lot of work

we saw the winds as the result of a fire, and it began to move towards the pacific ocean.students — into the community - are faculty, staff and students --e - community - are faculty, staff and students -_ the university. thank you. it has been — the university. thank you. it has been a _ the university. thank you. it has been a long _ the university. thank you. it has been a long night. - the university. thank you. it has been a long night. it - has been along night. it started at 11pm and it really lasted throughout the night. we saw a fire heading towards the university's campus. we like to think we have the most beautiful campus in the world overlooking the pacific ocean into the santa monica mountains. it is also a place where we tend to get very dry wins. we saw the winds as the result of a fire, and it began to move towards the pacific ocean. by about one a:m., we issued a shelter in place protocol to get all of our residents and members of our community — are faculty, staff and students — into the centre of campus where they sheltered in our library as well as the

the heads of state meeting with asia pacific partners.nk we are building up and it's very important that we do so. >> and just want to press on one follow-up there, madam ambassador, which is the united states congress. we saw a debate unfold here in washington over support to ukraine. obviously, that debate was watched carefully by the kremlin, by our allies and partners and by the ukrainians. how do you think that all netted out. what were the members of that debate at the end of the day? >> i thank you so much for that question because many people misinterpreted the role of congress and its support of ukraine. there were other factors in the original votes because the -- there was an attempt to put both border security and ukraine aid together and that ended up not being possible and therefore, when you had the final vote that it was ukraine, it was overwhelming in the house, overwhelming in the senate support for ukraine and the rule of congress is very important, especially as we are looking at this next election. and having the pres