journalist is how does a microbe a tiny little thing with no locomotion how is it could become of pandemic pathogen? paula deen at the history of epidemics one in particular is cholera. has actually caused said did pandemic it could happen in a matter of hours in the latest is building on right now just off the coast of florida in haiti. and then going to wear new pathogens were either merging. to look at how it could shed light on what would happen to the other new pathogens. the history of cholera is indicative of what is have -- happening globally cholera came out of the environment like a lot of the new pathogens today although many today are coming out of animals and wildlife. said the cholera is a marine bacteria found in estuaries especially in bangladesh were the of major rivers drain and it is a huge wetland in the water is alkaline and freshly and salty and dylan is in conjunction with his 2.10 -- plankton in that environment. of a giant mangrove swamp garett is crocs the with the british decided then 90% tavis settled so now they have contact with cholera in their environment that allows

first i looked at the history of one of our most successful pandemic-causing pathogens. that is cholera. it has caused seven global pandemics since it first emerged. the latest one is still going on off the coast of florida and haiti. i coupled that with reporting from places where new pathogens were coming up.

the first i looked at the history of one of our most successful pandemic causing pathogens, and that's cholera. cholera has actually caused seven global pandemics since it first emerged in the 19th century. duluth, minnesota, going on right now just a few hundred miles off the coast of florida in haiti. then i couple that with reporting from places where new pathogens were coming up and this was what i was for import by the center. i went to places like south china, new delhi and port-au-prince and elsewhere to try to see how the start of cholera could shed light on where these new pathogens might be going. and what i learned is that cholera emerged in many ways in the same way that a lot of the new pathogens are coming up today. they came out of the natural environment. so called her back is a bacteria that normally lives in marine habitats. it actually lives in conjunction with dual plankton -- zooplankton and i performed useful ecological function in the habit of helping to recycle nutrients. laces like -- are full of cholera back to you. the water is full of it. this is water that

tiny little thing that has no independent locomotion -- how does it become this kind of pandemic causing pathogen? and so i decided to do that, anxious that question, first i looked at the history of pen -- pandemics and i picked one to focus on, one of the most successful pandemic causing pathogens of all time and that's cholera. so cholera is caused not just one or two pandemics. it's caused seven. it kills half of the people who are infected with it. this can happen in a matter of hours unless they're rapidly treated, and the latest is just off the coast of florida in haiti. so i studied the history of cal a and then went to places where knew new pathogens were emerging. i went to south china, hong kong, new dehli, port-au-prince and elsewhere to shed light on what is going to happen to these other new pathogens. what i found is that the history of cholera is indicate of tv what is happening globally with all these other emerging pathogens, too. cholera came out of the environment. like a lot of our knew pathogens today. 50% of the new pathogens are coming out off wildlife, animals and wildlif

look at as a journalist is how does a microbe, a tiny little thing, how does it become this pandemic pathogen. first i looked at the history of pandemix and one of the most successful pathogens, it's caused seven. it kills half of the people that are infected with it, this can happen in a matter of hours unless they are rapidly treated and the latest going on right now in the coast of haiti. and when i found out the history with all these other pathogens, coming out of wildlife, it actually is amarines bacteria, this is where the major rivers of south asia drain and it's huge wetlands and the water there is half fresh, half salty, it's quite warm, this is perfect for this bacteria to grow in the water and it lives in conjunction and actually helps recycle nutrients, it's kind of a helpful inhabitant in that environment, people lived in places like the zimmerman, tightly flooded twice a day, there's crocodiles, there's tigers, that all changed in the 19th century when the british decide to chop down and turn them into rice farms, over the course of century, 90% settled. there's people close in

first i looked at the history of one of our most successful pandemic-causing pathogens. that is cholera. it has caused seven global pandemics since it first emerged. the latest one is still going on off the coast of florida and haiti. with reporting from places where new pathogens were coming up. went to places like new china and -- south china and new delhi to try to see how cholera could shed light on where these new pathogens might be going. choleraearned is that emerged in many ways in the same way a lot of the new pathogens are coming out today. it came out of the natural environment. cholera is a bacteria that normally lives in marine habitats. it lives in conjunction with days will clinton -- with a zoo plankton. of cholera are full bacteria. salty.alf fresh, half this is where the major rivers are draining into the bay of bengal. for the longest time, people did not live in areas like this. they are covered in men growth swamps, tidily flooded twice per day, there are cyclones and tigers. people did not really live in cholera-rich environments which all changed in

the microbes that are tiny independent thing with no locomotion, how does it become this pandemic causing pathogen. first, i looked at the history of pandemics and picked one to focus on and that is one of the most successful pathogens and that is cholera. cholera has called seven pandemics. it kills half of the people infected and this can happen in a matter of hours unless they are rapidly treated. the latest one is going on right now. just a couple hundred miles off the coast of florida in haiti. so i studied the history of cholera and went to places where new pathogens are emerging. south china, hong kong, port of prince, and elsewhere to look at how the story of cholera could shed light on what is going to happen to the history of the other pathogens. and the history of cholera is indicative of what is happening with the other pathogens. cholera came from the environment like a lot of new pathog pathogens today. 50% of new pathogens are coming out of animals and wildlife today. cholera did, too. it as a marine bacteria and lives in places like in bangladesh where the major rivers drain. it is

first i looked at the history of one of our most successful pandemic-causing pathogens. that is cholera. it has caused seven global pandemics since it first emerged. the latest one is still going on off the coast of florida and haiti. i couple that with reporting from places where new pathogens were coming up. i went to places like new china and -- south china and new delhi to try to see how cholera could shed light on where these new pathogens might be going. what i learned is that cholera emerged in many ways in the same way a lot of the new pathogens are coming out today. it came out of the natural environment. cholera is a bacteria that normally lives in marine habitats. it lives in conjunction with days will clinton -- with a zooplankton. some places are full of cholera bacteria. it is half fresh, half salty. this is where the major rivers are draining into the bay of bengal. for the longest time, people did not live in areas like this. they are covered in men growth -- mangrove swamps, tidily flooded twice per day, there are cyclones and tigers. people did not reall

we don't know which pathogen will cause the next pandemic but we do know how happens which means we can predict where. emerging disease experts have come up with maps of hotspots of our pathogens are most likely to emerge. in those places at least, so we can't track every single micro-but in those places at least we can to active surveillance to see what all the microbes changing, where are they getting opportunities. let's analyze them and try to detect these things before they start to cause disease. i think that is a technological approach, but by doing that we will learn so much more about the underlying conditions that lead to these, and then we get this huge opportunity to address those. >> thank you so much. thank you all. [applause] >> i'd like to thank all of you for your attention. please are number two thought the evaluations. i hope you enjoy the rest of the festival. and sonia and karen will be here until 3:30 p.m. to add additional questions and design books. thank you. [inaudible conversations] and that concludes booktv's coverage of the 22nd annual virginia festival of t

pandemics. and the one i focused on was cholera because it was, it's one of our most successful pathogens, it's caused seven global pandemics since it first emerged in the 19th century. now, we think of cholera as, you know, a disease of poverty, and it is that to today. but when it first emerged -- [inaudible conversations] oh, there we go. okay. so this is, this is a map of epidemic in 1832 of cholera in new york city. thousands of people died. and, you know, this happened again and again over the course of the 19th century. and these -- and it wasn't just new york city, it was also london, paris, new orleans, a number of cities were plagued by cholera epidemics during the 19th century. so what i wanted to look at is how that happened and also how we responded and how that could shed light on the challenges that we face today as we face our own era of new pandemics. so back in the 18, back in 1832 -- [inaudible conversations] doctors collected this data. it shows a pretty clear picture. cholera's coming down the hudson live, it's coming down the erie canal heading straight for new york city. h

first started writing a few years ago i did not predict we would be living through a pandemic of a new kind of pathogenver the americas right when the book came out. yet here we are with the zika virus washing over the americas. not my talk, hang on a second. over the past 50 years, we have had over 300 infectious pathogens either newly emerged or reemerging in places where they have not been seen before. the zika is really just the latest one in a plethora of pathogen's have been doing this. in west africa where it had not been seen before. a new virus that came out of the middle east.

pandemics or what are you doing your daily life to avoid epidemic disease? >> i do things, keep up with my vaccinations, wash my hands, i tried to stay informed because each pathogen is different. i do. i do believe we live in a microbial world. disease is part of our relationship with nature. this idea that we should live in some kind of germ-free environment and never have this is really anomalous if you think about through the long history of humankind battle with microbes. we had the first antibiotic in the 19 forties, by 1980s we started having hiv and lyme disease, all of these new pathogens came out that we cannot really treat that well anymore. so that. of time when we had this sense, and this is a. of time when i grow up and i'm the daughter to dr. so so i grew up with that feeling that infection, who cares, i'll take anabiotic's it simple. i don't need to live with that, that's not going to be part of my life. well, maybe that was wrong. i think were going to have to adjust to the new reality as anabiotic stop working one by one which is already happening. >> thank you so much [applause]. >> thank you all. >> think it is on if you went mine folding up yo

pathogenic causing organisms. the rest of the story is how we response. we just don't take these things lying down. we put up political defenses and medical defends. only when the defenses fail that pandemics occur. so in 1832 doctors in new york state collected this data that we mapped. it shows a pretty clear picture to us today. cholera is coming down the hudson river and erie canal and heading into new york city. the obvious response was considered a quarantine. close down traffic on the waterways to protect the city. nobody wants to do that. quarantine is considered too disruptive to trade. so instead they said, well the cholera might look like it is coming down the rivers but actually cholera is being carried by -- based on 2,000-year-old theory, medical paradigm for many years that diseases like cholera spread through the smelly air that rose up from decomposing organic material. and zoo they said the cholera is being called by the mi asthmas, and blamed them on the drunks, the poor and immigrants. those people were actually violently scapegoated during cholera epidemics in the 19th century. there was a company making money selling cholera contaminated water to 19th century new york

pandemics or what are you doing your daily life to avoid epidemic disease? >> i do things, keep up with my vaccinations, wash my hands, i tried to stay informed because each pathogen is different. i do. i do believe we live in a microbial world. disease is part of our relationship with nature. this idea that we should live in some kind of germ-free environment and never have this is really anomalous if you think about through the long history of humankind battle with microbes. we had the first antibiotic in the 19 forties, by 1980s we started having hiv and lyme disease, all of these new pathogens came out that we cannot really treat that well anymore. so that. of time when we had this sense, and this is a. of time when i grow up and i'm the daughter to dr. so so i grew up with that feeling that infection, who cares, i'll take anabiotic's it simple. i don't need to live with that, that's not going to be part of my life. well, maybe that was wrong. i think were going to have to adjust to the new reality as anabiotic stop working one by one which is already happening. >> thank you so much [applause]. >> thank you all.