and so this is what led george mason and patrick henry to talk about "we must control our militia.will be left defenseless against slave revos if the federal government controls it." and so it is that fear of sla revolts, that fear of black rebellion, the fear of blacks as a dangerous population that mt be controlled by these militias, that was essential in the drafting of the second amendment. when you think aut the bill of rights, how you've got the right freedom othe press, how you have no state-sponsored ligion, how you have freedom of assembly, the right noto be illegally searched a seized, the right to a speedy and fair trial, the right not to he cruel and unusual puniment -- and you see these incredible rights. and then you've got thisell-regulated militia? the right to bear arms for the security of the state? thatmendment is an outlier this bill of rights. and that outlier is because it was the payoff to the south to have a force unr state corol that could contain black aspirations, black freedom quests, that cld contain what is seen as a dangerous black population. amy: th

he is new englanders patrick henry and john adams would say he was patrick kennedy before the was patrick henry. i tell the story in that chapter of three people who are going to be significant overf the next 15 years. my story starts in 1760-61. one of them is skeptical of the people who will call themselves patriots. he actually is the most prominent loyalist, american-born loyalist on the continent by 1775, and what's stunning is that most people even really well read people don't really know his name or don't really know his story. his name is thomas hutchinson. is going to become the world governor of virginia -- of massachusetts, excuse me, when my story begins his lieutenant governor, american-born. if you would ask someone as late as 1770 or so, definitely 1765, which of these two famous boston born smart people is going to end up supporting american independence and who is going to end up siding with the king, benjamin franklin or thomas hutchinson, both boston born both really smart, people might it said franklin will end up supporting the king. his illegitimate son is the world

both mason and patrick henry against us. >> henry cannot be one over.lls the constitution a conspiracy to set up a monarchy. >> how will you answer that? >> as i see it, there is one workable answer. that is the one reached in massachusetts. the federalist in every state must agree to a bill of rights. >> i suppose that is the answer. but it will not win over such men as clinton and henry. >> no, but it offers as our last best chance to save the constitution. >> madison's strategy of compromise succeeded. as these state conventions can gathered, the opposition was powerful, and the debates were long and bitter. but a narrow margin, the constitution won the day. >> one by one, the state ratify the document. took their places in the new nation. north carolina voted no, then joined reluctantly. rhode island did not ratify after the new government was formed. but at last, they stood together. 13 states bound into a firm union. a union founded on the rule of written law. the constitution of the united states. use of amendment and interpretation have proved a

advocating and right before that was patrick henry.hat chapter of three people who will be significant over the next 15 years which first person 1760 and something 61. in one of them is skeptical of these people who call themselves patriots. he's actually the most prominent loyalties, american-born boylston on the content by 1775 right and what is stemming is that most people even really the rent people don't really know his name on the story thomas hutchinson is going to become the. royal governor of massachusetts. lt. governor, american born. if you and us, as latest 1770 or so, definitely something 65, which of these two famous boston poor star people is going to end up supporting american independence and who will enough siding with others. benjamin franklin and thomas hutchinson. they would say franklin would pretty illegitimate son is the royal governor of new jersey and hutchinson replied. as a lot of people that are more than hutchinson but i picked him in particular because i want my audience to see that there was another side

he runs into the problem in virginia that patrick henry is one of the great powers in virginia. henry is not a big fan of madison and his big role in the constitution. essentially madden medicine, even though we call him the father of the constitution, the obvious plum of getting a seat in the senate doesn't happen for james madison. he has to suffer through being elected and running for office and becoming a member of the house. as for election of senators, that actually bear recent phenomenon in our history. that would be the 17 commitment. 1913, we start electing our senators. only over a century ago. all the men prior to that have to court their state legislators. you think of lincoln douglass debate over senate. they aren't actually debating for people to vote for them. they are debating for people to vote for people for the state government to vote for them. it's very complicated system, which is why when you get into the 20th century populous people are saying, you know it? we want to vote for our own senate. we will prepare to much everyone else in government, why not th

one of the ones that's not is james madison and he runs into the problem is virginia that patrick henry is one of the great powers in virginia, henry is not a big fan of madison and his big role in the constitution so essentially madison was sort of -- even though he's one of -- we call him the father of the constitution, the obvious -- getting a seat in the senate doesn't happen for james madison, he has to suffer through being elected and running for congress and becoming a member of the house. as for election of senators that's actually a very recent phenomenon in our history that would be the 17th amendment so 1913 when we would start electing our senators. really just over a century ago. all the men prior to that just have to court their state legislature so you think of the lincoln douglas debates over senate, they are not actually debating for people to vote for them, they're debating for people to vote for people for the state government to vote for them. so it's very complicated system which is why when you get into that 20th century populism people are saying, do you know what

. >> patrick henry said give me liberty or give me death when standing up to british rule. we are moving towards government bondage. the unvaccinated will be considered second class citizens and in the workplace and society wherever they go. it's playing out before our eyes. >> that guy. that sentiment is having an effect from the public religion research institute. they will refuse to get vaccinated. that's up from 31% who said the same in march. at the same time new cdc data says the daily pace of people getting the covid shot is the highest it's been in three weeks which still leaves barely half the country fully vaccinated and still leaves everyone who's done the right thing frustrated. how to protect people who cannot get vaccinated like children or more generally frustration in being asked to bear the burden of people who haven't made the same sacrifices whether it's putting on a mask or rolling up their sleeves which brings us to a truly extraordinary part of the story, that sadly a sign of the times having to do with vaccine reluctance wrapped in horrible irony abou

i think many colonial americans had a guilty conscience about slavery guilty conscience patrick henry confessing his own guilt and hypocrisy said that he looked forward to the time when an opportunity will be offered to abolish this lamentable. evil. here's the point the american revolution it creates that opportunity. because the declaration proclaimed for the first time that a nation was coming into existence as the sworn enemy of human slavery the end of human slavery the revolution puts the institution of slavery on notice all over the world. it's days are going to be numbered. until recently friends. we used to know these facts. we used to know them abraham lincoln know them. he said he never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments and bodied in the declaration of independence. yes, lincoln the greater, man. so peter. why did the american revolution succeed it succeeded because at the moment of its birth it brought together the right ideas. the right institutions and the right kinds of people to lead them. what kind of men and women did this revolution p

. >> patrick henry once famously said give me liberty or give me death when standing up to british rule. well, in this modern-day america, we are moving toward government bondage, yet again. the unvaccinated in this country will now be considered second-class citizens. in the workplace and in society, wherever they go. it's playing out, before our eyes. >> that guy. that sentiment is having an effect according to a new survey from the public religion research institute, about 46% of republicans who most trust far-right news such as what you just saw said they will refuse to get vaccinated. that's up from 31% who said the same in march. at the same time, new cdc data shows the daily pace of people getting their first covid shot is now the highest it's been in f three weeks. and still leaves everyone who's done the right thing frustrated over things like what the upcoming-school year will look like or how to protect people who cannot get vaccinated like children. or more generally, frustration at being asked to bear the burden of people who haven't made the same sacrifices, whether it's p

many colonial americans have a guilty conscience patrick here henry said he look forward to the time when the opportunity would be offered to abolish the lamentable evil to create bad opportunity because the declaration proclaims that come into existence as a sworn enemy. 's days are going to be numbered. until recently lisa know these facts abraham lincoln knew it he said he never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiment embodied in the declaration of independence. yes we can. the great emancipator why did the american revolution succeed? because at the moment of its birth it brought together the right ideas, the right institutions what did it produce? and with the teachings of the bible there was not a robespierre among them. the washington. and then obediently and willingly what kind of men and women do this revolution produce? abigail adams and abigail was trying to persuade her son enjoying father and friends. and these are the times in which a genius was to live. but the habits of the vigorous mind with intended with delta, difficulties and with the char

jefferson clung to the idea that it was patrick henry that began it in virginia. their letters together should be mandatory reading. i consider them foundational texts. i would look to see -- at the jefferson-adams letters as a volume that tells us in a democracy you can hammer at each other, in these ugly, difficult elections and distill become friends and promote american -- still become friends and promote american democracy. we have seen bill clinton become friends with george walker bush. this magnificent biography of the ford and jimmy carter became incredibly close even though they ran against each other in 1976. this fourth of july we have to celebrate calvin coolidge. i wish i was up there at plymouth notch in vermont. it is important to think that founders for having the ideas of this democracy we love and cherish so much. host: thomas jefferson ranked number seven on this year's survey and in every survey. stability at the top of this, abraham lincoln coming in first in every poll we have done. the bottom three, pierce,, johnson, and buchanan. those are

jefferson clung to the idea that it was patrick henry that began it in virginia. letters together should be mandatory reading. i consider them foundational texts. i would look to see -- at the jefferson-adams letters as a volume that tells us in a democracy you can hammer at each other, in these ugly, difficult elections and distill become friends and promote american -- still become friends and promote american democracy. we have seen bill clinton become friends with george walker bush. this magnificent biography of the ford and jimmy carter became incredibly close even though they ran against each other in 1976. this fourth of july we have to celebrate calvin coolidge. i wish i was up there at plymouth notch in vermont. it is important to think that founders for having the ideas of this democracy we love and cherish so much. host: thomas jefferson ranked number seven on this year's survey and in every survey. stability at the top of this, abraham lincoln coming in first in every poll we have done. the bottom three, pierce,, johnson, and buchanan. those are alway