so if he adopts new technologies, that's very slowly and then very quickly, this is paul drummond, who's been figuring out what this means for electric cars, a number of their case studies had done done across a number of technologies in different sectors. and we now recognize that technologies typically follow an adoption and the shape of an escrow. to understand what he means. let's look at global smartphone sales, starting in 2007. when apple introduced the 1st i phone very at 1st, they only went up slowly. then around 2010, this muddled had become better and cheaper. sales rapidly shut up. and from about 2016 as more and more people owned a smartphone, they started leveling off, and then even dipping a little bit. this pattern of changed is called an s curve because well, it looks like an s roughly at least we can divide it into 3 phases, emergency, diffusion, and combination. so what does this mean for electric house? it's always difficult to accurately forecast the future, but we can see the electric vehicles have grown in sales very rapidly in 2010 way less than one percent of all