paul offit: the history of vaccines is clear. if you start to decrease vaccine immunization rates, you start to see the diseases re-emerge. it's a history that we don't seem to learn from. narrator: paul offit is an infectious disease expert. he helped invent a vaccine to protect against rotavirus disease, which kills hundreds of thousands of children worldwide. as a pediatrician, he's witnessed firsthand children dying from preventable diseases. offit: i guess we all have our biases. mine is that i work in a hospital, and so, for example, in 1991 in the city of philadelphia there was a massive measles epidemic. of the nine children who died during that 1991 epidemic, seven of them died in our hospital. so we had to stand by and watch while we tried to support them. and you know, as doctors your job is to try and save children's lives, and when you stand helplessly by and watch them die, it's, um... it just gets to you. narrator: human history is scarred with stories of deadly germs destroying lives. 500 years ago, about one in t