namely, we're lining up pfizer against pfizer, pfizer against moderna, and vice versa.efully in a reasonable amount of time, measured in a couple of weeks, we will have that data. but right now we're suggesting, and hopefully it would work out that way, that if you got pfizer, you'll boost why pfizer. if you got moderna, you will be boosting with moderna. but we are doing studies to see if we can do just that, si switch one with the other. >> thank you. i want to move on to kids who got covid. i know many are returning to the classroom. c.d.c. releaso reports, one that the hospital i increased nearly five times from the end of june to the mid-of august. can you help us understand that spike? >> doctor: it is pretty easy to understand because we're dealing with the delta variant. the delta variant, as opposed to the alpha variant, is much, much more transmissible. it has an efficiency of transmitting from person to person much, much more readily than previous variants. and so many more people, including children, are getting infected. and that's something that is not sur

how effective is the pfizer and moderna vaccine against the variant, and what's the criteria if someone wants to get a supplemental shot? they've read the news about sfdph affiliated facilities accommodating those requests, and do you recommend someone getting a shot from two different companies, so if you got a moderna, getting a shot from pfizer or johnson & johnson. so many questions, similar topics. what are your thoughts about booster shots? >> i'm trying to hold all those topics. so a couple of things. starting with one of the questions that was in the middle there was, you know, about the second shot, whether it's from pfizer or moderna. it's just really, really important to get that second shot. there is no recommendation from any major health care body in the united states, including the c.d.c. and the f.d.a., that people get boosters. i know there's a lot of questions, a lot of discussions about this. right now, we only need to focus on the support of people who haven't gotten vaccines to get the shot. that one shot is j&j or two shots of the moderna or pfizer vaccine. those a

against infection. that makes it comparable to pfizer and moderna's two-dose vaccine. he j&j vaccine was touted as one-and-done shot that provides 79% protection against covid infections. 81% against hospitalization. the company says one shot is still highly effective but it says real-world data shows a booster produces even better numbers at 94%. >>> a new report on how contagious the delta variant is. today a new cdc report on the outbreak at a federal prison in texas over the summer. the report shows the delta variant infected all but three unvaccinated prisoners and 129 out of 185 who were fully vaccinated. one unvaccinated person died. the cdc says the report shows the delta variant is highly contagious in crowds, in between places with a high vaccination rate. >>> the autopsy results are in. the teton county coroner's office in wyoming confirming they have found the body of gabby petito, but they're not revealing the details of how she was killed. investigators continue to scour the area where the remains of the 22-year-old were discovered. this is all happening a

moderna shots could they even get the pfizer? dr. gandi: there is looseness to the system. but moderna is holding up really well. a cdc study friday showed 93% persistent protection against hospitalizations regardless of age group. it was a little lower, 88% for pfizer and even lower for johnson & johnson. that means moderna is holding up well and they are looking at a booster with a lower dose. so, i would wait if you have had moderna. i am going to wait and see. kristen: the pfizer booster is supposed to come six months after the primary series. tell me what that means, does it mean six months after your second shot, and why six months? earlier, we were hearing maybe eight months. dr. gandi: the reason it is six months after the primary is extrapolation, extrapolation from the human papilloma vaccine, where we give it a zero baseline for one month than six months. that is a standard vaccine schedule. it is extrapolating from what is standard. kristen: if you are marginal, let's say you don't meet the criteria set today, let's say you are 48 but feel like you have some condition, but maybe it isn't technically considered really high-risk, but let's say you are on the ma

within two months of the first shot, a second dose can provide 94% protection against moderate-to-severe covid. pfizer and moderna says a booster of tear vaccines will increase anti-bodies especially in people over the age of 65 they said they would widely be available in september the fda has yet to authorize the shots for any of the vaccines, except for people's whose immune systems are compromised. >> my body doesn't make anti-bodies to any disease, so i have to be extra careful. >> reporter: sarah got her third shot in july for you personally, how much better do you feel having that booster? >> so after every single dose, it's just a little bit of like more relief. okay maybe i'm more protected now. >> reporter: last week, an fda board recommend pfizer boosters for people over 65 and those considered at high risk. a final decision is expected later this week, but some people aren't waiting. >> many of these are occurring in the context of people who may believe they will get another shot in advance of our recommendation. >> reporter: federal health officials announced in august, people are getting unauthorize

against symptomatic disease to 94%. almost identical to the peak protection seen in pfizer and moderna. and that second j&j shot offered 100% protection against severe disease. regulators will also review data showing a johnson & johnson booster given six months after the first dose produced even higher antibody levels, as much as 12 times the initial level. >> we have a growing body of evidence that a second shot is going to be important. now it's going to be up to the fda to figure out when and how that happens. >> reporter: the johnson & johnson news coming on the eve of an fda decision and a critical cdc meeting where they will decide the fate of pfizer boosters for millions of americans, including people over 65 and those at high risk from health conditions or jobs on the front lines. and new hope for parents too. 28 million children between the ages 5 and 11 could be eligible for the pfizer vaccine as early as halloween. >> i would imagine we're talking in a matter of weeks. possibly by the end of the month, beginning of next month. because i know the fda really wants to do it corr

cbc advisory committee today, said the moderna vaccine is slightly more protective against hospitalization, then pfizer'sfficacy against the delta. very it the committee says the moderna vaccine provided between 82 to 91% protection from hospitalization from the variant and pfizer dropped to 73 to 85% efficacy. the research is part of the ongoing debate on which americans should get an extra dose of pfizer's vaccine once regulators clear the booster shots well, school districts across the country is struggling to fill jobs problem. only made worse by the pandemic. giovanni luigi is live in sacramento giovanni. you're finding schools are having to make adjustments here. absolutely bus drivers, custodians, cafeteria workers and now substitute teachers. all of these job shortages, coupled with covid-19 cases, is causing some school district to shift away from in person learning. just weeks as school began. our ultimate goal is to have them in school in person so that they can have the country are struggling to meet the goal of having in person classes because of covid-19. so suddenly when you have one case

within two months of the first shot, a second dose can provide 94% protection against moderate to severe covid, both pfizer and moderna have said booster of their vaccines will increase antibodies, especially in people over the age of 65. last month the white house said boosters would be widely available in september, but the fda has yet to authorize extra shots for any of the vaccines except for people whose immune systems are compromised. >> my body doesn't make enough antibodies to any disease, i have to be extra careful and extra protected. >> reporter: sarah got her third shot in july for you personally, how much better do you feel having that booster? >> so after every single dose, it is just a little bit of more relief. okay, maybe i am more protected now. >> reporter: last week a fda board recommende pfizer boosters for people over 65 and those considered at high risk. a final decision is expected later this week, but some people aren't waiting. >> many of these are occurring in the context of people who may believe they merited getting a shot ahead of recommendations. >> reporter: federal health officials ack

how effective is the pfizer and moderna vaccine against the variant, and what's the criteria if someone shot? they've read the news about sfdph affiliated facilities accommodating those requests, and do you recommend someone getting a shot from two different companies, so if you got a moderna, getting a shot from pfizer or johnson & johnson. so many questions, similar topics. what are your thoughts about booster shots? >> i'm trying to hold all those topics. so a couple of things. starting with one of the questions that was in the middle there was, you know, about the second shot, whether it's from pfizer or moderna. it's just really, really important to get that second shot. there is no recommendation from any major health care body in the united states, including the c.d.c. and the f.d.a., that people get boosters. i know there's a lot of questions, a lot of discussions about this. right now, we only need to focus on the support of people who haven't gotten vaccines to get the shot. that one shot is j&j or two shots of the moderna or pfizer vaccine. those are the current guidelines, a

namely, we are lining up the pfizer against pfizer and pfizer for moderna and vice versa., within a reasonable period of time measured in a few weeks, we will have that data, but right now we are suggesting and hopefully it will work out that way that if you got pfizer, you will then boost with pfizer. >> it comes as hospitals across the country are seeing record admissions and with well over 100,000 new infections reported every day, cases are more than 10 times the levels that we saw earlier this summer. we report from washington. >> reporter: in covid-19 hotspots across the nation, the summer surge isn't showing signs of letting up. >> our situation is dire and we are setting case records and we have a record number of people in kentucky in the hospital battling covid, in the icu battling for their lives. >> reporter: the highly contagious delta variant continues to fuel the surge while only just over half of americans are fully vaccinated. a leading to a cdc report released last week, covid hospitalization rates for teenagers and children rose nearly 5 times from the e

booster shots, given two months after the first dose, increase protection against the virus to 94% comparable to pfizer and moderna. right now the one shot j&j dose is 72% effective. >> the j&j vaccine as two doses performs exceptionally well even with delta. >> reporter: this spring when vaccines were hard to come by doctors said any shot was the correct shot to protect against the virus, that is the situation father kevin keller found himself in this april. >> it was get johnson and johnson or get nothing. >> reporter: same for this man. >> it was what kaiser had available to stick in my arm when i showed up for an appointment. >> reporter: both of them are interest inside booster. >> getting the booster would increase my confidence in my immunity. >> reporter: they started offering a dose of pfizer or moderna to j&j recipients when the delta surge was happening to offer more protection. they see the writing on the wall for johnson and johnson boosters for some people. >> i think if you are in a vulnerable group, mainly those who are older or immune compromised i think i might, you know, think about just increas

a second dose can provide 94% protection against moderate to severe covid. both, pfizer and modernae said their booster will increase antibodies, as well. especially, in people over the age of 65. a pfizer board member and former-fda commissioner says the cdc could add clarity this week on who will be able to get one. >> they provide granular guidance to physicians and patients and they interpret the -- the recommendations that come out of the food and drug administration. so for example, um, they might say -- they might enumerate the kinds of severe conditions that would qualify someone for a booster. >> reporter: last month, the white house said boosters would be widely available by this week. but the fda has yet to authorize the extra shots for any of the vaccines, except for people whose immune systems are compromised like sue willis got hers in july. >> my body doesn't make enough antibodies to any disease so i have to be extra careful and extra protected. it's just a little bit of, like, more relief. okay. maybe, i'm more protected now. >> reporter: professor john from the uc

pfizer. what about the moderna vaccines? >> the cdc released some information today. a really great study that looked at vaccine effectiveness with three different vaccines. moderna is holding up extremely well. 95% effectiveness against all severe disease. a little bit less for pfizer around 88%. a little bit less for johnson & johnson, around 77%. the next question on the table is going to be about boosting johnson and johnston -- johnson & johnson. moderna is looking really good probably because of the longer time between doses and a higher dose than pfizer. kristen: what did they say about mixing? greg is wondering if his parents got the moderna originally can get a pfizer booster. >> there should be no problem mixing. unfortunately, the way things are working, this is only for pfizer recipients. moderna is looking into a booster with 50 micrograms instead of 100. we have all seen it. there will be what is approved and what people do. it is possible in moderna recipient can get pfizer. but they have to be by the book for recommendations and it is that it is for pfizer recipients. there should be no worry about mixing in the future. kristen: should be look at today's decision as almost a vote for vaccine effectiven

pfizer and moderna vaccine at the same time. j and j is further behind. the cdc show data looking at fie pfizer and moderna vaccine op those 65 and older and noted protection against infection declined by 15 to 25 percentage points over the months when the delta variant became predominant. smaller declines in protection against hospitalization but said they were more pronounced for those who got the pfizer vaccine. he'll disagree and we did ask him this morning on "squawk box. >> i don't think one is better than the other or it long last longer than the other. >> fierz's vaccine was rolled out first in u.s. and given to some of the highest risk groups like those in nursing homes. that's a key group the cdc focused on noting boosters for nursing home residents could help reduce cases but that's important to make sure that staff is vaccinated too to provide the highest protection the cdc plans to meet tomorrow but it's waiting on an fda decision on the booster. bloomberg news reporting that decision could be imminent and will likely follow the fda advisory group recommendation. if it's not in by noon tomorrow, the cdc may postpone >>> president biden says the united

against hospitalization remains in the 80% to 85% ballpark even with time since vaccination and even the emergence of the delta variant. so that is really quite good when you consider that with pfizer and modernaotection against hospitalization. those numbers are very close. with two doses of the johnson & johnson vaccine at two months after being vaccinated with the second dose, we're seeing that people are essentially 100% protected against severe covid. so the bottom line is one dose of j&j is very good. two doses appear to be excellent. but as with everything in the pandemic, we do need to keep following, gathering data and making sure those numbers hold up. >> you talk about something that i think is interesting, this idea of a mix and match strategy. can you talk more about that? if you got j&j, what should you do. and this other independent study that found that the j&j vaccine specifically unlike pfizer and moderna kept its effectiveness over time, maintained it over time. so does that mean if you got j&j your heed need to get a booste less urgent? >> i think that we're still waiting for a bit more data in particular on what the second dose should be. should it be another dose of the j

against symptomatic infection. that puts it right on par with the pfizer and moderna two-dose vaccine regimens. infectious diseases at florida national university. good to see you. what's your reaction to this st study? 94% effective against symptomatic infections. >> my reaction, duh. of course anyone who knows basic immunology knows a second dose will bring up efficacy. the johnson & johnson is a vaccine identical almost to the sputnik's first dose that the russians have. of course the russians followed up with a second dose. by lengthening the interval, it's exactly what we would expect to see an efficacy closer to the sputnik and exceeding it because of the increased interval of time between the first dose and the second. >> do you think a study like this, this information, will make fda approval of a booster dose for j&j more likely? >> first of all, i don't consider it a booster. it should always have been a two-dose vaccine. but absolutely. it's the exact thing necessary to authorize a second dose. >> you know, j&j is also saying that adding this second dose to their current one-dose vac

effectiveness team who said that, yes, during this time of delta, the protection against infection given to us by the pfizer and moderna is waning. and for people 65 and up, they have seen significant declines. but as you mentioned, we are still waiting for the green light probably from the fda for those third booster shots for people in that older demographic. jake? >> cnn's nick watt in los angeles, thanks so much. >>> let's bring in chief medical correspondent dr. sanjay gupta. so many 65 and up are now waiting to hear from the fda and the cdc, this official go-ahead to booster -- to schedule their booster shot. why shouldn't older adults just go get that extra dose right now? >> i don't think it's a safety issue. i think ultimately this is going to get authorized for people 65 and older. i think the big question is, will it be even a larger group of people that ultimately get authorized? i don't think it's a problem. obviously insurance issues, whatever aside, it shouldn't be a problem for people to get shots. there's plenty of shots available. so the case really has been made for people over the age of 65. what i

or not they should require them or recommend that we get a 3rd shot pfizer and moderna both say that, yes, the vaccine protects against severe disease, but they find the immunity. >> wayne's against infections, anywhere between 6.12 months after you got your final shot. infectious disease. experts say there's some data from israel that suggests that a booster might be particularly helpful for people over the age of 60. but this is all, you know, part of the pros and cons. >> that they are debating and looking over before they make a decision. >> the only vaccinated people i've seen personally who come into the hospital and those very likely was 70 and those me a compromise, but more than 90% were unvaccinated. everyone agrees that it was some may be helpful. the real disagreement is in the timing. >> the timing, the age, the biden administration says it is prepared to start giving the boosters to any american over the age of 16 as early as next week. one sand, if that's approved and recommended by the fda and the cdc. >> now, although teachers and staff at all. california schools are going to be required to get the va

so, when studies show vaccines still offer strong protection against severe disease and hospitalization. but officials at pfizer and moderna because data suggests protection weakens after roughly six months to a year the white house says it hopes to offer extra shots to the general public starting next week, but some health experts, including a few from the fda, are pushing back against this plan they argue boosters aren't really needed for most people. some americans are not waiting recent polls show anywhere from 4 to 16% of vaccinated americans say they've already gotten a booster. it's worth noting third doses have been approved already for people with compromised immune systems. cnbc's meg tirrell covers science for us i'm told this meeting could be a tense one. >> reporter: shep, it absolutely could be the discussion the fda advisers are having tomorrow centers around whether a third dose of pfizer's vaccine is safe and effective against covid. but there's a whole lot more brewing there, including the broader question of whether booster shots are needed in general. we know both regularity laters within the fda as wel

the companies pfizer and moderna both saying that their vaccine still protect against severe disease just with the shots that we've had. but they say the immunity wanes anywhere from 6 to 12 months after you get that shot infectious disease. experts say there is data from israel that suggests that a booster might be helpful put for people who are over the age of 60, but at this point there hasn't been enough data to make a recommendation for younger people. the only vaccinated people i've seen personally who come into the hospital. >> and those very likely was 70 and those me a compromise, but more than 90% were unvaccinated. everyone agrees that it was some may be helpful. the real disagreement is in the timing. >> the biden administration says it's prepared to start giving boosters to any american over the age of 16 as early as next week. once. >> approved by the fda and the cdc. >> now, although teachers and staff at all. california schools are required to get the covid vaccine. there's no requirement or mandate for students. >> but to east bay districts are now considering a vacc

. >> we have data that when you give a third boost to either the moderna or pfizer, you might -- that it is very effective againstave tested. that is the good news about our vaccines. if you bet the level of antibody high enough which boosters actually do, then you can feel pretty confident you will be protected against virtually any variant >>> the count down is on to the recall election just eight days out. governor newsom hit the campaign trail in los angeles over the weekend continuing his vote no tour. >> no sends a power frl -- powerful message that the state of california celebrates its diversity. california celebrates our refugee population and immigrants from every walk of life that came here for new beginnings. >> the governor is heading to the bay area this week. he will be joined by vice president kamala harris in the final stretch before they election on september 14th. >>> meanwhile the leading republican candidate larry elder spoke at rock land's destiny christian church sunday slamming the governor's record on homelessness. >> he promised to end homelessness in that city in ten years. have you bee

i'm pam moore and i'm ken wayne, the companies pfizer and moderna both argue that while their vaccine still protect againstevere disease. >> the immunity does wane against infections anywhere from 6 to 12 months. infectious disease. experts say there is some data from israel to suggest

. >> we have data when you give a third boost to either the moderna or pfizer, you might -- that it is very effective againstr vaccines. if you get the level of antibody high enough which boosters do then you can feel pretty confident you will be protect against virtually any variant. >>> well can count down is on to the recall election. just eight days out governor newsom hit the campaign trail in los angeles over the weekend continuing his vote no tour. >> no sends a powerful message that the state of california celebrates its diversity. the state of california celebrates the progress. california celebrates our refugee populations and immigrants from every walk of life came here for new beginnings. >> the governor is heading to the bay area this week. he will be joined by vice president kamala harris in the final stretch before the election on september 14th. >>> meanwhile the leading republican candidate larry elder spoke at rock land's destiny christian church sunday slamming the governor's -- [ indiscernible ] >> when gavin newsom was elected mayor of san francisco i think it was 2004, he promised to en

i'm pam moore and i'm ken wayne, the companies pfizer and moderna both argue that while their vaccine still protect against severe disease. >> the immunity does wane against infections anywhere from 6 to 12 months. infectious disease. experts say there is some data from israel to suggest a booster might be helpful over for people over the age of 60. >> but there simply is not enough data to make a determination for younger people. >> the only vaccinated people i've seen personally who come into the hospital and those very likely was 70 and those me a compromise, but more than 90% were unvaccinated. everyone agrees that it was some may be helpful. the real disagreement is in the timing. >> the biden administration says it is prepared to start giving the shots to any american as early as next week. once it is approved by both the fda and the cdc. it is still not clear how old you need to be to get it, though. and how many months after your second dose. >> although teachers students and staff at all. california schools will be required to get the covid vaccine. there is no similar mandate for students, but th

of vaccinating them have to be weighed up against the risks — like myocarditis, inflammation of the heart. it is a very rare complication from pfizer and modernare. they tend to recover quickly, but thejcvi wants to know more about the longer term effects. but some of the 3 million iz—is—year—olds across the uk will be invited for a vaccine. 150,000 were already eligible because they have conditions including down�*s syndrome or immune problems. same, too, for another iia,000 teenagers because they live with someone who is immunosuppressed. and now that has been extended to another 200,000 children with a wider range of conditions like heart problems, epilepsy or poorly controlled asthma. so as schools go back, teenagers who are most likely to be severely affected by coronavirus will be able to get a vaccine. the experts have made this call purely on the health of children, not other factors like missing time in education. the next step, the chief medical officers in england, scotland, wales and northern ireland have been asked to weigh up those other factors, which means this decision could change one way or another in the next week or so. ca

have strong immunity says doctor tol viewed if they receive pfizer and moderna the first 2 doses that they received remain very effective. >> against hospitalizations, severe disease and death. we will have a bit of flexibility on the exact timing of the next dose. if it's approved so as i've told my own parents, no need to get your blood pressure up about getting it exactly to the day. >> it's not worth going standing in line all day in the hot sun. there will eventually be enough appointments for everyone. >> now the county has opened a several smaller vaccination sites pharmacies are also gearing up for this. but so far there are no plans to open any mass vaccination sites. but again, the federal government, the cdc, the posed to begin the committee meetings this friday ahead of a decision which could have the boosters rolled out probably by the end of the month more on this coming up for you at 5 o'clock live in san jose. rob fladeboe kron 4 news. thanks, rob. some great the information there. >> well, a group of scientists say that the current evidence on covid-19 does not show a need for booster shots. the group which include

against serious disease is immuimmunological ce. the other reason they could argue is what's clearly happen, in people who have gotten two doses of moderna or pfizero some extent an erosion in neutralizing antibodies which is associated with a lesser protection against asymptomatic infection or mildly symptomatic infection, but do we really need to boost antibodies so we can be protected from asymptomatic infection or mildly symptomatic infection or is the more important focus making sure the unvaccinated get vaccinated. certainly states with higher vaccine rates have lower hospitalizations and death. that's states in the 50% to 55% compared to those in the 40% range. imagine where we would be if we were in the 80% range, 90% range with two doses. we could get on top of this pandemic. we just need to vaccinate the unvags natd. >> and that is the science. what about the public messaging? frankly i'm confused now. you heard from dr. fauci kind of leaning on this data coming out of israel suggesting that booster shots mean a tenfold decrease in risk of severe illness. you have the white house rolling out a plan for booster shots that should be starti

president biden announced a plan to make pfizer and moderna booster shots available to most adults starting as early as this week. on friday, an fdaal panel voted against providing boosters to americans aged 16 and over. minutes later they voted for pfizer boosters only for those over 65 and at high risk for severe covid infection. this comes amid sobering news that the seven-day average of deaths topped 2,000. though the number of cases has slowed somewhat in recent weeks, a hopeful sign that maybe the death rate with fall as well. it is arguably the most pressing issue facing this president. president biden won't be able to get his agenda passed without covid. joining me is dr. anthony fauci, national institute of allergy and infectious diseases. dr. fauci, welcome back to "meet the press." i want to begin with booster shots. would we be in this space of confusion if the president hadn't gotten ahead of the science here? >> chuck, if you look at what happened, it wasn't getting ahead of the science. the president and the medical group at the white house said we are planning to be able to roll out boosters essentially for everyone 16 years of age and

effective against infections and 81% effective against hospitalizations due to covid, and then with a booster shot it's 94% effective, so similar to pfizer and modernames from the comparison of about 390,000 people that got the single johnson & johnson shot with about 1.5 million people in the similar age group that did not get the vaccine. let's talk about the pfizer vaccine for elentary-aged children. after a trial of 2,000 children showed a strong immune response with dosing at one-third of what adults and older kids get. pfizer said it will submit to data by the end of september with urgency and they say it would be available shortly after that. >> if my children were 5 to 11 and we had fda approval, absolutely we would be the first in line. >> children go the daycare and school and will bring back viruses. >> i have mixed emotions about it. i am not too sure it will be safe for kids. i am not too comfortable with it, yet. >> cases among children nationwide surged by 240% since july. >> what about here in california? we are doing a little better, aren't we, because more people are vacc5 children died because of covid. 630 kids have been infected

the full course of the two moderna or pfizer shots or even that single j&j still protects us so well against disease, hospitalization and death, which has been the goal all along. we can use those doses more effectively to get the folks who haven't gotten shots yet protected. because you want to know what protects us all? it's getting us all vaccinated, not a booster shot. >> a new poll shows growing support for vaccine mandates. 55% say vaccines should be required to attend school. that number has grown since it was 49% in april. 55% sport it for attending sporting events and concerts. that's up from 47% four months ago. 54% for employees to work in person. 41 41% say vaccines should be required to shop in grocery stores. even if vaccines become required in all of these places, you say it's still not enough. >> if you look at those numbers, what shockses me isn't that the president of people supporting vaccine mandates has gone up, but rather that it's gone up so minimally, despite the fact that we now have full fda approval for the pfizer vaccine, with the moderna vaccine soon to follow s

a single dose had a 72% efficacy against symptomatic infection which is actually more potent than a single dose of moderna or pfizeris one of the reasons that they went forward with a single dose regimen as opposed to a two-dose regimen. what we would like to see is that data coming forward. i think we're going to find that the regimen of these vaccines, not boosters, is a three dose for moderna and pfizer and two dose for johnson & johnson. similar to our hepatitis vaccines. >> and doctor, we understand that as part of president biden's speech he's going to talk about vaccine requirements, what the administration might do and in regard to schools and businesses. what are your thoughts on what needs to be done from that perspective, to encourage more people to get vaccinated? >> i think as we move forward with our vaccinations and these mandates and perhaps even we should use a different terminology than mandates. maybe a dress code or requirement or corporate requirement, but i think mandate is also a word that people push against. but what we'd like to see is we start so see more and more corporations and entitie