i'm joined today by my colleague phil brooks director of the office of civil enforcement division. epa civil enforcement program and develop and prosecutor civil administrative and judicial cases. epa sent a no,it's of violation -- notice of violation of clean air act of volkswagen. alleging that volkswagen audi diesel cars for model years 2009 to 2015 include software that circumvent epa's emission standards. volkswagen manufactured and installed software in the electronic control module of these vehicles. when the vehicle is being tested for compliance. put simply, these cars contain software that turns off or significantly run -- reduces the effectiveness of emission controls when driving normally. this is known as a defeat device. this design feature is in the cars emitting up to 40 times the emission that allows to ensure that public health is protected. these devices contains a switch. including the position of the steering wheel, the vehicle speed, the duration of the engine's operation and pressure. all new cars sold in the united states must have an epa issued certificate

i'm joined by my colleague phil brooks, director of the office of civil enforcement's air Ñcqñ enforcementivision, epa's civil enforcement program develops and prosecutes civil administrative cases. epa sent a notice of violation, nov of the clean air act to volkswagen including volkswagen a.g., audi a.g. and volkswagen group of america alleging four cylinder and audi diesel cars sold there the u.s. from model years 2009 to 2015 include software that circumvents epa's emission standards. volkswagen manufactured and installed software in the electronic control module of these vehicles that sensed when the vehicle is being tested for compliance with epa emissions standards. put simply, these cars contain software that turns off or reduces the effectiveness of emission controls when driving normally and turns them on when the car is undergoing an official emissions test. this is known as a defeat device. this design feature results in the cars emitting up to 40 times the emissions that are allowed to ensure public health is protected. these devices contain essentially a switch that senses whe

i'm joined by my colleague phil brooks, director of the office of civil enforcement's air enforcement division, epa's civil enforcement program develops and prosecutes civil administrative cases. epa sent a notice of violation, inov of the clean air act ot volkswagen including volkswagen a.g., audi a.g. and volkswagen group of america alleging four cylinder and audi diesel cars sold there the u.s. from model years 2009 to 2015 include software that circumvents epa's emission standards. volkswagen manufactured and installed software in the electronic control module of these vehicles that sense when the vehicle is being tested for compliance with epa emissions standards. put simply, these cars contain software that turns off or reduces the effectiveness of emission controls when driving normally and turns them on when the car is undergoing an official emissions test. this is known as a defeat device. this design feature results in the cars mitts up to 40 times the emissions that are allowed to ensure public health is protected. these devices contain essentially a switch that senses whet

i'm joined by my colleague, phil brooks, director of the air enforcement division. epa's civil enforcement program develops and prosecutes civil, administrative and judicial cases. on september 18, 2015, epa sent a notice of violation, an nov, of the clean air act to volkswagen. alleging that four-cylinder volkswagen and audi diesel cars sold from model years 2009-2015 include software that circumvents epa's emissions standards. volkswagen manufactured and installed software in the electronic control module of these vehicles that sensed when the vehicle was being tested for compliance. put simply, these cars contain software that turns off or significantly reduces the effectiveness of emission controls when driving normally and turns them on when the car is undergoing an official emissions test. this is known as a defeat device. this design feature results in the cars emitting up to 40 times the emissions that are allowed to insure public health is protected. these devices contain, essentially, a switch that senses whether the vehicle is being tested or not based on

. >> we are live this morning at the brookings-- brookings institute on the discussion with the federal reserve with phildudley and economist john taylor it is just getting started. >> based on where an inflation is and how far the economy is from unemployment-- winona greenspan was chairman of the fed and he was either incapable or unwilling to describe his approach to the rest of the world and what made the rule so amazing was he seemed to capture the greenspan with an equation in ways that were more clear than greenspan was ever able to claim to anyone else and if you read the transcripts-- transcripts, he talked the same way inside the fed as he did outside. the chairman's role has evolved and some use as a yardstick to see if interest rates are too high or too low and there is even legislation pending in the house that would require the feds to cling to congress want to deviate from the roll and if so, why. filled dudley takes a different approach and said policy rules are worth looking at, but are not a good substitute for in-depth analysis and judgment and he has called the taylor rule incomplete