the naacp, phillip randolph, the most import african-american labor union in the country, the presidents of historically black colleges and universities, formed a coalition in the 1930s, 1940 to plus for african-americans inclusion in the air force. they saw this as the tip of the iceberg. and forcing the federal government to create greater opportunities for african-americans, giving them a chance to prove their patriotism, the competency so that they could use that to further civil-rights goals after the war. they were able to force president roosevelt to create the program in 1940 and the wave that came about as interesting. the naacp had been calling for this in 1937. every year at their annual meeting they passed a resolution that the united states army air corps, all the branches of the armed services but the air corps in particular because this was considered the cream of the crop, the most technologically advanced, if you think about what pilots looked like in the 1940s with their leather jackets and stars and bottles these with a masculine ideal of the day. every blue wanted to