poland was the least disciplined derricks in the camp that even in poland solidarity after its dramatic rise in 1980, 81, was stopped in its tracks by the imposition of martial law in the senator 1981. the soviet leadership as we now know from the transcripts of the soviet bureau at that time seriously considered military intervention in poland in august 1980. but then decided this would create more problems than it would resolve. i'm sure there would retract that assumption. they were already bogged down in afghanistan at that time and i was also a factor. so of course in 1981, they put enormous pressure on the polish authorities to institute their own crackdown, which they did at the end of that year. so what needs explanation is much less, what happened in eastern and central europe in 1989 and the change of policy and moscow. three individuals in particular have been credited with playing a decisive role in the ending of communism in europe. president ronald reagan, pope john paul ii and the kyle gorbachev. let's become reagan first. what do people attribute president reagan's, th

in the paper i talk about his 1939 speech at yale about two months after hitler invaded poland.'s a remarkable speech that essentially lays out the core principles of brent woods. free trade, principles to protect labor which didn't quite get into brent woods. the removal of exclusive or preferential trade arrangements. so on and so forth. i say in the paper, and this is something we could debate, that if you wanted to name one person who was constituent or the person who constituted a logic of the post world war ii era, it would be dean atchison, first in the treasury department and then the secretary of state, and then secretary of state under truman. so when you leap from 1945 to 1989 and the end of the cold war and you enumerate the institutions that were built in the mid 19 40's by atchison and others, the world bank, the imf, the united nations, and a soft piece for japan and germany which was central to truman administration's policies, you see a world that could have been one world in the late 19 40's that turned into two worlds, a buy polar structure in 1947, but return

poland. it's a remarkable speech that essentially lays out the coy principles of -- core principles of woods. free trade, principles to protect labor which didn't quite get into bretton woods. the removal of exclusive or preferential trade arrangements, so on and so forth. i say in the paper and this is something we could debate, that if you wanted to name one person who was constituent or the person who constituted a logic of the post-world war ii era, it would be dean acheson first in the treasury department and then as assistant secretary of state and then, of course, secretary of state under truman. .. i haven't heard in a new warehouse say that and maybe it is so obvious that it doesn't require a repetition, but it was possible in 1991 to see a long piece not in the cold war as john said at a long piece developing which was almost impossible to imagine the major industrial powers not counting russia and china, china, of course, was not a major industrial power at that time. in some my co

and the second question, what kind of troops has poland promise? >> i appreciate very much the polish pledge. i had meetings in warsaw recently. we had a very constructive discussion. and we look very much forward to an additional contribution from poland. i do not want to go into details about the specific elements in this contribution. as you may know, there will be a force generation conference organized next week where our military people will discuss how contributions from each individual ally could possibly fit into the overall picture. >> afp. in his speech, president obama mentioned the credibility of nato, and you have talked a little bit about what the allied said need to do in terms of picking up their effort. -- the allies need to do in terms of picking up their effort. after september of 11, and we invoked article 5 and that is still in place, and president obama has taken a bold step, pretty much putting potentially his president on the line. so what more do europeans have to do? i know you cannot quantify in terms of the number of so

i supported the right of the people of poland and the czech republic to choose freely which defensive would be members of. that was not a popular point of view in the mid-1990s. what really concerns me and what i would like to your reaction on is afghanistan. i pointed to that in my paper. what happened after the operation had been carried out. i wonder about this. do you think when you look back after the invasion of afghanistan in 2001 that one of the points that stand out for the whole decade is the sense that the cause of the overwhelming support of the operation, the problem could be solved much more easily in a way that the general consensus carried over onto policy-making for afghanistan after the yvette? was it easier to solve with regard to domestic public opinion and would be easier to solve abroad? people who worked on afghanistan argue along those lines. it was so easy to achieve with regard to creating consensus at home. afghanistan could be written off much more easily. >> should we answer each? are you collecting? >> i have no scholarly it were for answering your questi

>> is it possible with these numbers of poland and italy and much heralded announcement to say these are caveat three or sought to be? >> you know, i don't know. i think that we'll have to see how exactly what kind of troops are provided, what roles we'll have. i'm not sure of the answer. >> next step. >> yeah, i said the secretary spoke with lady ashton about the meeting. about having a discussion. >> when will the secretary have discussions with the chinese and russian counterparts? >> well, she did meet with foreign minister on that report. and a brief meeting, as i said, i think that even mostly focused on afghanistan. i'm not sure, i don't know if they discussed iran. she also spoke by phone earlier. so we have had discussion. bill burns is regular, i want to say daily, regular, frequent conversations. it's more of the director's thoughts. and i would expect that in china -- i would expect the brood range of issues following up by presidents of china, russia, primarily focusing on the economic mission in copenhagen. the climate change this year. but of course they will talk abou

i wish she had done the same thing on the site in poland.ing that, will it encourage them, make them feel more a part of this? is that a good move? >> absolutely. >> what else can we do to encourage more of the non american coalition? >> secretary clinton has been talking to her counterparts. i have been talking to my counterparts. we are hearing at 1000 here, a hundred their, and so on. i think we will make the goal, and as somebody who has been critical of the allies and was once derided by my british colleagues for megaphone diplomacy, because i was giving him such a hard time on this, we have to realize that the non u.s. forces have increased in the last two years from about 17,000 to 18,000 troops to almost 44,000. with this ad, we will be at nearly 50,000 non-u.s. troops in afghanistan. that is a pretty significant commitment. >> for the record, madam secretary, you made the statement about karzai in the speech he made. i hope it is not just empty words. for the record, if you would give us your indication, your feelings about what he

police in poland said today it disappeared sometime in the wee hours this morning.the iron sign was erected soon after the nazi's built their largest extermination camp in 1940. the german words mean "work sets you free". more than 1 million people, most of them, jews died at auschwitz during world war ii. those are some of the day's main stories. i'll be back at the end of the program with a preview of what you'll find tonight on the newshour's website. but for now, back to jim. >> lehrer: and still to come on the newshour. why biodiversity matters, and shields and brooks. that follows an update on dna exonerations. >> brown: james bain is a free man tonight. yesterday, he was released from a florida prison where he'd spent 35 years for a crime he didn't commit. a court-mandated dna test proved bain was wrongly convicted of sexual assault in 1974. >> i am going to see my mom, the one i just got off the phone to. that's the most important thing in my life at this moment besides god. one thing i have to say about this dna, ladies and gentleman, it's gonna do one of t

revolution, but the first were largely like what they did at the first, through the soviet union, through poland, their first links, and connections and interactions were there. in 1988, that was when cuba finally started to become connected outside of that context. and over the next few years, they made a number of negotiations, first with canada, then with the united states on and off, and this was laid out in a number of publications, again sketching this history, but essentially, there are two types of negotiations. one was with the canadian government, and through canada, and this was set up in the early 1990's, 1991, 1992, and it allowed every night for all of the emails in cuba to be sent over the telephone lines from canada beginning at 11:00 at night until all of them went through, into the morning, and that went on for years, but canada was paying for it. the cubans in their negotiations said they really could not foot the bill for that, in canada did, but that ran out partly because canada stopped paying for it -- and canada did. cuba ended up getting connected through other means, th

and second question, what kinds of things they've promised from poland?appreciate very much the polish pledge. i had meetings in warsaw recently. we had a very constructive discussion. and we look very much forward to an additional contribution from poland. i do not want to go into details about the specific elements in addition contribution. as you may know there will be a fourth generation conference organized next week where our military people will discuss how contributions from each individual allies could fit into the all over picture. >> lauren cook from,a fp. any speech president barack obama mentioned. you talked about a little bit about what the allies need to do in picking up their effort. after september 11th we energy invoked article five and president barack obama has take% a bold step putting his presidency on the line. i know you can't quantify in number of soldiers but isn't it time for leadership to make some of the commitments from european allies. >> this really an alliance mission. all 28 nato allies are in this together. - and in add

the czech republic and hungary, poland, and even russia. remember russia had a century of a godless communism. the of a big december spending bump in 2007, slovakia and then again with, the united states. russia is very interesting. russia transitioned to more of a market, may not too long ago and the oecd has been keeping track of the december, the monthly data rather than back to 94. and so with this picture shows is the russians and the united states, it shows the size of the december spending relative to the month around and look at that the russians over to the u.s. in about 2005. i always think about doctor strange love, a member played by george c. scott worried about the cade gap between the russians and americans. here you have a santa claus gap. not sure if this is good or bad news but we are behind in something. let's move around the world a little bit more. the question is are we alone conjures other countries, the oecd covers brazil, mexico, south africa, all distinctive and large spending months. there are some places where yo

a man i was proud to call my friend, abe poland.my thoughts and sympathy are with his wife, irene, and his sons, robert and jim. abe's business skill, his philanthropy changed washington, d.c., for the better. and indeed his legacy extends far beyond this city. it is a legacy that will long outlive abe poland himself but i rise today to honor the man behind it. abe was the son of a russian immigrant who came to this country speaking no english and he rose to become one of this city's most successful developers. he was a boy whose fondest memories were paying 25 cents to sit in the bleachers at washington senators' games. and even when he brought basketball and the hockey teams to washington, he kept his childhood passion for sports. the same work ethic that sent him to local railroad yards at 4:00 in the morning to buy supplies for his father's contracting business helped make him a fortune. building howing for thousands. for some that would have been enough but for abe it was only the beginning. like his father, morris, whose gener

pope john paul's engagement with poland created space not just for the catholic church, but for laborh the soviet union, but empowered dissidents throughout eastern europe. there's no simple formula here, but we must try as best as we can to balance isolation and so that human rights are advanced over time. third, a just peace includes not only civil and political rights, it must encompass economic security and opportunity. for true peace is not just freedom from fear, but freedom from want. it is undoubtedly true that development rarely takes root without security, it is also true that security does not exist where human beings do not have access to enough food or clean water for the medicine -- or the medicine and shelter they need to survive. it does not exist where children cannot aspire to a decent education or a job that supports a family. the absence of hope can rot a society from within. and that's why helping farmers feed their own people or nations educate their children and care for the sick is not mere charity, it's also why the world must come together to confront climate

. >> [inaudible] i was born in poland and exposed to the documentary's and movies and all of the historical data about the nazi. and what hitler was trying to do. going to the legal war for the preemptive war especially when it was not related to september 11 attacks, not whatsoever. watching those movies when the nazi were setting of dragnets and other cities just to catch the people who had a permit to work or the resistance, the underground resistance. the gestapo, family was spending a fortune to buy-outs who ever got caught, innocent people, most of the time civilians. i was wondering about the bribery for american soldiers to release the prisoners to their family, most of the time? because the people were bringing jewelry or the value that they had with the savings to try to buy out those from the gestapo hands. i am watching news that disturbs me so much. because i can relate to those movies and the historical data and the documentary films with soldiers busting through the apartment houses. it is a terrible thing to do. maybe that will answer your doubts about if you did the right t

i wish she had done the same thing on the site in poland.by doing that, will it encourage them, make them feel more a part of this? is that a good move? >> absolutely. >> what else can we do to encourage more of the non american coalition? >> secretary clinton has been talking to her counterparts. i have been talking to my counterparts. we are hearing at 1000 here, a hundred their, and so on. i think we will make the goal, and as somebody who has been critical of the allies and was once derided by my british colleagues for megaphone diplomacy, because i was giving him such a hard time on this, we have to realize that the non u.s. forces have increased in the last two years from about 17,000 to 18,000 troops to almost 44,000. with this ad, we will be at nearly 50,000 non-u.s. troops in afghanistan. that is a pretty significant commitment. >> for the record, madam secretary, you made the statement about karzai in the speech he made. i hope it is not just empty words. for the record, if you would give us your indication, your feelings about wha

in the paper i talk about his 1939 speech at yale about two months after hitler invaded poland.able speech that essentially lays out the core principles of brent woods. free trade, principles to protect labor which didn't quite get into brent woods. the removal of exclusive or preferential trade arrangements. so on and so forth. i say in the paper, and this is something we could debate, that if you wanted to name one person who was constituent or the person who constituted a logic of the post world war ii era, it would be dean atchison, first in the treasury department and then the secretary of state, and then secretary of state under truman. so when you leap from 1945 to 1989 and the end of the cold war and you enumerate the institutions that were built in the mid 19 40's by atchison and others, the world bank, the imf, the united nations, and a soft piece for japan and germany which was central to truman administration's policies, you see a world that could have been one world in the late 19 40's that turned into two worlds, a buy polar structure in 1947, but returns to one wo

countries operating under united nations authority, the united kingdom, canada, germany, france, poland, australia and others, have over 30,000 troops in afghanistan and have suffered casualties as 2010, therefor example there will be more than 140,000 u.s. and allied military personnel inñr afghanistan. as of september 2009, there were 104 contractor employees working for the department of defense in afghanistan. the congressional research service estimated just this week that the troops surge in afghanistan could raise the number of d.o.d. contractors working there to between 130,000 and 160,000. we would note that those numbers, striking as they are, do not include the thousands of department of state and u.s. a.i.d. contractors in afghanistan. considerably speaking, then, the total war fighter and contractor work force in that country will likely exceed 300,000 by the end of 2010. the u.n. sanction military presence in afghanistan is large and growing. but we must note the challenge there is also large and becoming more acute. afghanistan is nearly the size of texas, but unlike texa

i wish she had done the same thing on the site in poland.y doing that, will it encourage them, make them feel more a part of this? is that a good move? >> absolutely. >> what else can we do to encourage more of the non american coalition? >> secretary clinton has been talking to her counterparts. i have been talking to my counterparts. we are hearing at 1000 here, a hundred their, and so on. i think we will make the goal, and as somebody who has been critical of the allies and was once derided by my british colleagues for megaphone diplomacy, because i was giving him such a hard time on this, we have to realize that the non u.s. forces have increased in the last two years from about 17,000 to 18,000 troops to almost 44,000. with this ad, we will be at nearly 50,000 non-u.s. troops in afghanistan. that is a pretty significant commitment. >> for the record, madam secretary, you made the statement about karzai in the speech he made. i hope it is not just empty words. for the record, if you would give us your indication, your feelings about what

talking about pulling troops out, the dutch will pull troops out, the germans are talking about it, and poland is having trouble getting their troops in? can he confirm these rumors? >> i cannot confirm all of these rumors. it is true that canada and the netherlands have made announcements about the time- limited nature of their deployment to afghanistan, but it is also true that a number of countries are ready to put in additional troops into afghanistan. this includes members of nato and countries that are not members of nato. and i am satisfied that there will be thousands of additional troops provided, not just by america and britain, but also adding to that number will be troops from other countries. i said to the nato secretary general, eight countries have already indicated that they have numbers of troops they are prepared to deploy. i think it is also true to say that he has indications from others they will make announcements soon. >> why has the president of pakistan just announced that he has given up his personal control of that country's nuclear weapons and transferred them to hi

aid is not very often leaders from countries as cuba in the pacific, and ghana and africa, poland brazil united states and americans come together to fight and succeed at a common cause. it is not often that leaders from 120 countries come to the table to seek collective solution to a common challenge. today, ladies and gentlemen, represents one of these unique occurrence is to read the entire world including my own tiny island, grenada and the rest come together to find solutions to our common climate problem we must do so and a participant remember. ladies and gentlemen those of us gathered here today have the unique responsibility to act. we must act now, ladies and gentlemen because there are millions of people depending on us to provide them with assurances that their homes livelihood communities and countries will not be swept away in the wave of climate change. they are depending on us to provide assurances that life dependent ecosystems and the ecosystem goods and services are preserved for this and future generations. they are depending on us to act to protect our plan at. we mu

union, you know, we know that in the past when these things have occurred, uprisings have occurred in poland, you just roll in the tanks and you crushed them. but if you do that, probably not going to loan you that $100 billion to keep you afloat. that's what happens when foreign countries are owed massive amounts of money by another country. they get to dictate to you whether or not you will preserve and protect your union. and everyone in this body took an oath to do that. to follow the constitution. we're supposed to protect this country from all enemies, foreign and domestic. and yet, we are going out and begging the chinese to keep buying our debt. there are indications that the federal reserve, although they said they aren't monday advertising their debt, that they have some third party buying debt that we put up for auction and then buying the federal reserve, buying that debt from the third party. so it's the same thing. we are monetizing the zebt. well, that causees inflation, but in the meantime, for countries around the world, they can begin to tell us what we can do in our countr

pope john paul's engagement with poland created space not just for the catholic church, but for laborcontrol and embrace of perestroika not only improved relations with the soviet union, but empowered dissidents throughout eastern europe. there's no simple formula here. but we must try as best we can to balance isolation and engagement, pressure and incentives, so that human rights and dignity are advanced over time. third, a just peace includes not only civil and political rights -- it must encompass economic security and opportunity. for true peace is not just freedom from fear, but freedom from want. it is undoubtedly true that development rarely takes root without security, it is also true that security does not exist where human beings do not have access to enough food, or clean water, or the medicine and shelter they need to survive. it does not exist where children can't aspire to a decent education or a job that supports a family. the absence of hope can rot a society from within. and that's why helping farmers feed their own people -- or nations educate their children and car

i supported the right of the people of poland and the czech republic to choose freely which defensive would be members of. that was not a popular point of view in the mid-1990s. what really concerns me and what i would like to your reaction on is afghanistan. i pointed to that in my paper. what happened after the operation had been carried out. i wonder about this. do you think when you look back after the invasion of afghanistan in 2001 that one of the points that stand out for the whole decade is the sense that the cause of the overwhelming support of the operation, the problem could be solved much more easily in a way that the general consensus carried over onto policy-making for afghanistan after the yvette? was it easier to solve with regard to domestic public opinion and would be easier to solve abroad? people who worked on afghanistan argue along those lines. it was so easy to achieve with regard to creating consensus at home. afghanistan could be written off much more easily. >> should we answer each? are you collecting? >> i have no scholarly it were for answering your questi

all the rest of them, poland, the rest, are way below that. considerably below that. and if you add them all up that's 4,300. that was my math so i might be wrong on that. to get to 7,000, what can you do now? is there any obvious thing you can do that you haven't done before? i know the effort has been there before. is there something that's open to us now that wasn't there before? perhaps one suggestion is that when the president made his commitment he first called the heads of state of our nato and other allies over there. and i think that perhaps that might have changed their enthusiasm for sending troops and participating. what do you think? >> senator, i believe our level of clear commitment on the part of the united states is a big part of the calculus. i think another thing we can do is we can encourage our partners to contribute where they can most effectively. what i am doing is asking for additional help in the training realm. >> yes. >> initial entry training and partnering because in some cases, that fits very well with what partners can provide. >> do yo

links that the maritime, which were largely through the eastern bloc, through the soviet union and polandhat context. over the next few years, they made a number of negotiations, first with canada and then with the united states on and off. this is laid out in a number of publications. essentially, there are two types of negotiations. one was with the canadian government and through canada. this was set up in the early 1990's, 1991 and 1992. an all-out for 11:00 every night for all e-mails sent from cuba to be sent over a telephone line. they all went through. that one on for a couple of years. but canada was paying for it. cuba, in the negotiation, said they could not foot the bill for that. canada did. but that ran out, partly because canada stopped paying for it, but also because cuba ended up getting connected through other means, through satellite means to the internet throughout the world. one thing about the canadian negotiations that were important is that they were generally not politicized. questions about who has access and questions about how the information will be used were

more sources having written this book more recently, so i had the opportunity to go to russia, to polandmany, britain, and france and to look at their documents on german unification as well as look at the materials in james baker's collection and also in the bush library which is also in part thanks to phil because he chose to footnote his book with the documents to which he had access. they were not available at the time, but as a result of his decision to the footnote them, it's been possible for scholars to request them under the freedom of information act, and they are now available. so there's a really extraordinary source basis available on 1989 for historians. it's in some ways unusual because often documents are kept closed for 25 or 30 years, so if you're a contemporary historian, you have to wait 23 or 30 -- 25 or 30 years after an event to have a look at the documents, then it takes you four or five years to work on them, then there's this 30-35 year gap between events and archival-based historical studies, and that's not the case yet. there has been decisions on the parts of